SHORT ANSWERS

Week 3

Discuss some of the bureaucratic barriers to travel between countries that

currently exist. How could many of these be either minimized or abolished?

- Some bureaucratic barriers:

 Visa: A Vietnamese citizen seeking a visa to travel to the United States

must have an interview with an officer at the United States Embassy and
bring their passport, detailed plans for travel to the United States, a
Household Registration Book, and proof of income.
 Vacination passport: A vaccination passport is required for travel to
Europe, but some European countries have implemented a 270-day expiry
date for foreign travelers' vaccination certificates, regardless of which
vaccine they have received.

- Solutions:

 Enhancing the visa process facilitates travel; removing unnecessary ones

and applying technology
 Extending the expiry date of a vaccination passport and using technology
for long-distance registration

Week 4

Evaluate the importance of safety and security in all forms of travel? What
is the safest mode of passenger transportation?

- The importance of safety and security in all forms

 Air: ATA’s actions

o Assisting the airline industry in continuing to provide the world’s
safest of transportation
 o Protecting airline passengers, crew members, aircraft and cargo,
working collaboratively with the Department of Homeland Security
and the Transportation Security Administration
 Rail, water, road:
o Ensuring the security and safety of passengers and crews
o Passengers prioritize their safety want to feel safe in a stable
environment

- The safest mode of passenger transportation

According to the research by economist Ian Savage - “Comparing the fatality

risks in US transportation across modes and over time”, passenger plane the
safest modes of transportation

High speed trains are very successful in Europe and in Japan. Would such
development in Vietnam be likely to be successful? Why or why not?

High-speed train development in Vietnam is delayed and costs more because the
government and investors fail to deliver on former plans, resources are wasted,
and public trust is compromised.

Week 5

Def. time share: The right to use the accommodation (an apartment or villa) for
a given period of the year (one to several weeks).

What are advantages and disadvantages of time share?

- Advantages:  Be able to trade times and

locations with other owners,
 Avoid year-round
allowing chances to
maintenance as you only pay
experience new places
for what you use
 Be able to rent out block of
 Own a guaranteed vacation
time if you can’t use it (for a
destination
fee sometime)
  Let friends and family use - Disadvantages:
timeshare for free or offer it at
 High annual fees
a charity auction
 Hard to sell due to high
competition
 Big challenges of buying
timeshare oversea (laws and
regulations of the Gov.)

- Advantages of Fast food chain/why fast food chain grow rapidly:

 Limited menus  greater purchasing power  specialization

 Less waste, using disposable paper and plastic
 More portion control
 Lower operating costs
 Leaders in labor productivity in the restaurant industry  job simplification

Week 6

Describe the main tasks of a tour operator

 Puting together a tour and all its components: gathering transportation,

accommodation, meals, and some special activities or special interest
 Making reservations with suppliers, marketing these vacations and selling
them to customers.
 Buying services from suppliers in large quantities: it helps them offer
discounted prices for the customers and earn the money from that
discount.
 Week 7

What are the differences between recreation and entertainment?

Recration Entertainment
Types of activities Mainly outdoor activities Mainly indoor activities
Impacts on visitors  Having impacts on  Having impact on mental
physical health health
 Having the sense of  Having the sense of
keeping fir, working out changing emotion or
feeling
Participations  Joining a team or  Taking part by
having a partner themselves, more abt
 Tourists actively join in, individual
they entertain  Tourists passively join
themselves in, they have other
ppl/factors entertain them
E.g. Hiking, biking, golf, Going to the theater, playing in
sightseeing, swimming, theme parks
climbing

Week 8

What is motivation?

 It is a part of understanding of human personality

 Describe the factors with an individual which arouse, maintain and
channel behavior toward a goal

Why is it so important for tourism people to have a good understanding of

travel motivation?
  Adjusting products and services: Customers are the firm’s target of all
products and services, understand travel motivation of customers 
provide suitable products and services in any situations
 Increasing the total revenue: creating tourist satisfaction  higher
purchases

Explain the relationship of customer (tourist) satisfaction and travel

motivation

 Creating loyal customers: As consumer’s expectation are met or

exceeded, they repeat their purchases
 A way of marketing: loyal customers engage in WOM advertising by
persuading their friends and relatives to purchase the same services

Explain the difference between Intrinsic motivation and Extrinsic

motivation

Intrinsic motivation Extrinsic motivation

Def.  The motivation that comes  The motivation that comes
from the unique personal from the extenal
needs of tourist that environment that shape
encourage them to persue individual’s attitude,
tourism preferences, and
 Involving the desire to perceptions toward tourism
satisfy personal needs  Involving the influence of
society or culture
Length of Long-lasting Short-lasting
maintaining
E.g. A group of youngsters decide to A group of youngster decide to
choose an eco-destination to spend choose an eco-destination to
their holiday as they understand the spend their holiday because these
importance of protecting the day that is a traveling trend
 environment and want to preserve it

Explain the essential concepts of Pearce’s travel needs or experience

ladder?

Provide an example of a travel motive and a travel product which provide a

good match?
Week 9

What is sociology? The science of society, social institutions, and social

relationships

Def. and give examples of cultural distance? If you should take a trip
to another country, how would you manage this?

 Def. of cultural distance: The differences of cultural values and norms

among countries
 E.g. table manner: Asian eats food with chopsticks, Western eats food
with knife and fork
 How to manage:
o Study the culture of the destination beforehand: search on the
internet, look for some reviews from other ppl
 o Respect the their culture: When in rome, do as the romans do;
Watch how the surrounding people act or react to our actions or
behavior.

Why it’s important for tourism officials to recognize social problems

in mass tourism?

As mass tourism

 Influences on national understanding and appreciation of other people

 Affects the living patterns of indigenous people: changes their mode of
life and attitudes
 Increases qualities of life and respect between tourists and residents

How can local resentments of tourists be mitigating?

 Local sectors or gov. sectors should conduct a servey and a market

research in advance: to see how much the carrrying capacity is; if they
want to extend the carrying capacity, what they shouldn’t do in order not
to affect daily basis of the local ppl
 Prepareing before hand the number of goods and services at the
destination: to avoid increasing in price when the quantity is low

Illustrate ways local pride could be increased?

Intelligent planning and progressive management methods

Discuss the five step of Doxey’s Irridex Model?

1. Euphoria: tourists as “honour guests” (as they provide good company and
monetary returns for the local community)
2. Apathy: visiting tourists become more frequent, residents are happy with
them
3. Annoyance: full of tourists, residents feel “annoyed” and start to conflict
with tourists
4. Antagonism: carrying capacity exceed, residents ignore the tourists
 5. Resignation: quiet acceptance of the tourist incentive destination or
choose to leave the destination altogether

What are barriers to travel? Provide examples?

1. Cost: a Vietnamese student who doesn’t have an income

2. Lack of time: A full-time front desk clerk of a hotel
3. Health limitations: Old people
4. Family stage: A parent with 3 kids
5. Lack of interest: teenagers prefer theme park destinations to natural
destination
6. Fear and safety: travel to Ukraine

Week 10

Multiple use: Supplement the peak-season attractions of a destination with

other attractions in order to increase demand in the off-season.

Price differentials: a tool to shift demand away from the peak-season in favor
of the off-season in order to balance high-season and low-season

List out and explain all steps of a task analysis?

1. Identification of the present demand

2. A quantitative and qualitative inventory of the existing supply
3. The adequacy of present supply with present demand
4. Examination of present markets and the socioeconomic trends
5. Forecast of tourism demand
6. Matching supply with anticipated demand

What are the components of supply? Briefly describe those components?

1. Natural Resources: Climate and physiography; Landforms, terrain, flower

and fauna; Bodies of water, beaches, natural beauty and water supply for
drinking, sanitation and similar uses
2. Built Environment: Infrastructure and Superstructure
 3. Operating Sectors: Transportation sector, Accommodation sector, Food
and beverage sector, Attractions, Tourism services
4. Spirit of hospitality and Cultural Resources:
a. Spirit of hospitality: favorable attitude and behavior toward the
visitors
b. Culture: language, customs, and religions and their work-and-
leisure-related behaviors

Week 11

Multipliers: increased income in an area due to respending of tourist

expenditures

Leakage: amounts spent for imports by those receiving tourist expenditures plus
savings not loaned to another spender within one year

Direct effect: Result from visitors spending money in tourist enterprises and
providing a living for the owners and managers and creating jobs for employees

Indirect effect: This is the multiplier impact where visitor spending circulates
and recirculates.

Balance of Payment: the difference in monetary value of a nation’s exports of

goods and services and their importation of goods and services

Tourism Exports: comprised of the total foreign tourist expenditures in one’s

own country

Tourism Imports: the total of one’s own country’s travelers’ expenditures in

foreign countries.

Gross national product (GNP): an estimate of the total value of all the goods
and services produced by a country in a given period

Elasticity: the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded to changes in

price
Price Elasticity: describes a situation in which a reduction of price of a
commodity or service will result in an increased demand so that the total
revenue at the lower price exceeds that at a higher price

What are the three (3) major goals in tourism?

1. Maximize the amount of psychological experience for tourists

2. Maximize the profits for firms providing goods and services to tourists
3. Maximize the direct (primary) and indirect (secondary) impacts of tourist
expenditures on a community or region

Explain “constraints” and give several examples?

 Def. factors that place obstacles in the way of goal attainment.

 E.g. Technical and environmental constraints, Time constraints, Legal
constraints, Self-imposed constraints

Describe the income multiplier. How does leakage affect it? Why?

 Def. the situation when from an initial amount of spending by tourists,

others spending will take part in the circulation and recirculation of that
money
 E.g: a tourist spends money eating in a luxurious restaurant -> The
restaurant makes extra money that they use to pay their waiters -> The
waiter spends part of his wages on schooling for his child -> The school
makes extra money that they use to pay their teachers -> The teachers
spend their money on produce in the local store
 Leakage effect: An economy with a high proportion of leakages  tourism
income multiplier may be quite low  the economy will not benefit greatly
from tourism
o Why: Leakage brings the money out of the money circulation.

In what manner do tourism (ex) imports affect a nation’s GNP?

- Tourism exports: foreign tourist spends in one’s own country  contributes to
the income of local people and businesses  generates tax revenue for the
government, funds for the development of infrastructure, superstructures  all of
which increase a nation's GNP

- Tourism imports: people travel to other countries and spend their money there
 flow into visited countries pocket  a loss for the nation’s GNP

How important is the price in determining demand for travel?

- The important: cheaper prices for products and services leads to increased
demand for travel and vice versa

- Reasons: Cost is the first barrier to travel of a customer  When traveling,

tourists are more inclined toward no-frills, low-cost airlines, and budget hotels.
Week 12

Sustainable tourism: Development of tourism that meets the needs of the

present without harming the ability of the future to meet tourism needs

Ecotourism: Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment

and sustains the well-being of local people

Enumerate the four (4) benefits of ecotourism

 Provides jobs and income for local people

 Generate revenues for conservation and improve natural areas to attract
more ecotourists in the future
 Provides environmental education for visitors
 Encourages heritage and environmental preservation and enhancement

How important role do local people play in ecotourism? Explain

 Role: Local people involve and empower the development and

management of ecotourism.
  Reason: when they can effectively manage the development of
ecotourism, the benefits from ecotourism will go back to the local
community

Describe how economic leakage at the local level can be minimized

- Purchasing as many goods and services locally as possible

- Encouraging other forms of enterprise besides tourism

Define “carrying capacity” at a natural destination. How is this

determined?

- Carrying capacity at a natural destination: The maximum number of people

that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction
of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment and an unacceptable
decrease in the quality of visitors' satisfaction

- Determined by the number of people at a particular period of time and the

damages they cause to the destination

Give some of the principle reasons why ecotourism has become a

fast-growing component of international tourism?

 Provides jobs and income for local people

 Generate revenues for conservation and improve natural areas to attract
more ecotourists in the future
 Provides environmental education for visitors
 Encourages heritage and environmental preservation

Describe some of the basic philosophies of sustainable tourism?

 Economic sustainability: generating prosperity at different levels of

society and addressing the cost effectiveness of all economic activity.
Crucially, it is about the viability of enterprises and activities and their
ability to be maintained in the long term.
 Social sustainability: respecting human rights and equal opportunities for
all in society
 Environmental sustainability: conserving and managing resources,
especially those that are not renewable or are precious in terms of life
support