UNIT 4

Neuro
psychology
ALMAZ SAHANA IQBAL
MULTIPLE
SCLEROSIS
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of a

group of demyelinating diseases, meaning

that the principal pathological process

involves the progressive loss of myelin.

The progress of the disease is often slow, starting in

the periphery and gradually working its way into more

central locations including the spinal cord and

(eventually) the brain.

symptoms
 MOTOR
NEURON
DISORDER
Motor neuron disease (MND) is more restricted in

terms of its targets, but also usually more

aggressive, with death generally occurring within a

few years of onset as the motor neurons that

normally control respiration and swallowing become

affected.

As motor neurons die, there is progressive and

unremitting loss of muscle function, although

intellectual abilities remain intact until later stages

of the disease.
 One of the most
common forms,
amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis
(ALS), is also
known as Lou
Gehrig’s disease
after the New
York Yankees
baseball player
who developed
this disorder.
 The causes of MS and MND

remain a mystery, although a

small proportion of MND cases

are thought to be genetic.

Poliomyelitis, an infectious
Polio may leave lasting muscle

disease caused by a virus and wastage as a result of nerve

otherwise unrelated to MND, damage and the resultant loss

also targets motor neurons. of innervation to the muscles.

SPINAL
DAMAGE
There are a number of rare diseases of the spinal cord but the

most common damage to it results from accidental injury.

Although the nerve tissue is normally well protected by

the backbone which encases it, spinal injury often

involves a displacement of vertebrae resulting in a

‘shearing effect’ in which axons are literally torn apart.

Transection of
the spinal cord

Brings about a permanent

paraplegia in which there is

loss of sensation and motor

control of the body regions

below the point of damage.

Transection
in the neck
region

Resulting from injury

(usually breaking of the

neck) is likely to bring

about quadriplegia.
01 How to tell a
simple story
Engage with your audience using the
Live Q&A feature of Canva Presentations. What
You'll
02 How to describe
stories and events Learn
Send surveys and questions your
audience can answer on their devices.
 My 5
Classroom
Rules
Quick list so you know what to expect
from attending my class
Rule 1: Be
on time.
We start our class on time
so we can end on time.

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 Rule 2: Raise
your hand if you
have a question.
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Rule 4: Wait
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Rule 5: Keep
your space tidy.
Only the things required for class
should be on your desk.

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 01 Be honest

My 5 02 Be responsible.

Golden
03
Reminders
Be respectful of others.

For a fun and 04 Be kind, polite, and caring.

productive class!

05 Be a good listener.
 Thank you
for listening!
Do you have any questions for me?
 Teacher
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Resources
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 Teacher
B for blur C for confetti

Resources D for a drumroll O for bubbles

Page Q for quiet X to close

Find the magic and fun in
presenting with Canva
Presentations. Press the following
keys while on Present mode! Any number from 0-9 for a timer