Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract-In this paper we discuss the impact of PV on dynamic PVs are being connected at a lower voltage level due to cheaper
voltage stability. The power system becomes more vulnerable as interconnection costs and smaller commissioning times. Thus,
we add PV and displace conventional generation, and displacing conventional units at high kV levels with PVs at
consequently inertia and VAR support. While PV inverters have
lower kV levels will result in the reactive power from these
the capability to provide reactive power, the fact that most PVs are
resources to be shared locally and not with the rest of the system.
connected at lower voltage levels limits its usefulness. We use the
Thus, it becomes necessary to study the voltage stability impact
Dominion Virginia Power's system with different PV scenarios to
show how dynamic voltage stability of the system was significantly ofPV.
affected. The purpose of this paper is to increase the awareness to The authors in [4] investigated the impact ofPV generation
the dynamic voltage stability issues the in case of significant PVs on small signal stability as the dynamic characteristics of PV
connected to the system. are dominated by the inverter. The authors in [5, 6] showed how
the system transient stability becomes more vulnerable to
Index Terms- Dynamic Stability, Renewable Integration, Solar
problems with higher levels of PV penetration. The authors in
PV, Voltage Stability.
[7] discuss the impact of large scale PV on static voltage
stability. Steady-state power flow analysis in not enough to
I. INTRODUCTION capture the complete phenomenon of voltage stability,
With the continuous increase in electric load, power especially with the growth of dynamic loads (more will be
generation must increase with a similar rate to keep up with the discussed in section III). The impact of PV integration on static
demand. In the last few decades, the sources of power and dynamic voltage stability with effects of meteorological
generation were mainly coal, nuclear, and natural gas. In recent factors has been addressed in [8]. This paper comes to study and
years, however, it has become mandatory to include a emphasize the impact ofPV integration at transmission level on
percentage of clean electric power generation. The Department power system dynamic voltage stability, which has not been
of Energy has set requirements by 2030 to use renewable addressed.
resources that do not produce harmful by-products, like C02, The outline of the paper will be as follows. In section II we
coal ash and nuclear waste [I]. There are many ways to convert discuss the index we used for voltage stability, which namely is
renewable energy to electricity. These are mainly seen as Transient Voltage Stability Index. Section III describes the
hydropower, wind, biomass and solar generation. While other dynamic models we used for solar PV and load in our studies.
sources of renewable energy resources can be more efficient, In section IV we describe the process of how PVs have been
solar energy can be optimum to use in certain locations when integrated to the system and show the results we obtained for
the amount of sun radiation is high and the price of land is our case studies. Then the paper will be wrapped up with
relatively inexpensive. One of the ways to convert solar conclusions and future work in section V.
radiation into electricity can be done using Photovoltaic (PV)
II. SHORT TERM VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX
cells. PV cells can convert solar radiation into DC electricity,
which then can be converted to AC through inverters before Since we are studying the impact ofPVs on voltage stability,
integrating it to the grid [2]. it is important to set indices to measure the effects that PV s
Owing to the EPA regulations [3], utilities are driven to leave on voltage stability of the power system. Thus, we use the
heavily reduce their carbon footprints. In the case of Dominion Transient Voltage Stability Index.
VA Power, this drive is further fueled by a 30% tax credit for Transient Voltage Stability Index (TVSI), which has been
solar developers. Thus, a lot of distribution and transmission proposed by authors in [9], to quantifies the transient voltage
interconnected PV is expected. To get the maximum economic performance of the system buses following a clearance of a
benefits from PV, it seems attractive to displace the more disturbance. TVSI can be calculated using the formula in (1).
expensive peaking units with it. While being an economically as
"N " T
-'"'=l-'"t=Tc TVDI',.t
well as environmentally justifiable option, this could lead to
TVSI =
NX (T - Tc )
serious reliability concerns, one being the dynamic VAR (1)
supports from the displaced units. In a practical system, most of
the big generators are connected at higher kV levels making the
sharing of real and reactive resources possible over longer
distances. PV inverters can provide reactive support. Yet, the
978-1-5386-1539-3/17/$31.00 ©20171EEE
Authorized licensed use limited to: DELHI TECHNICAL UNIV. Downloaded on March 14,2023 at 05:49:36 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
where N is the total number of buses in the system, T is the (fault for example), induction motors slow down and in extreme
simulation time frame, Tc is the fault clearing time and TDVI cases stall, which is marked by a rapid increase in reactive power
consumption. This will depress the voltage further and interfere
is the transient voltage deviation index, defined in (2).
with voltage recovery. In extreme cases this could lead to a
TDVli,t =
(IVi,Vit-Vi.o .ol, if IVi,Vit-Vi.o .ol 2:: 15
collapse [12]. The need for including a dynamic component in
loads to truly simulate the system trajectory during collapse was
first presented in [13]. The problem ofFIDVR is not pronounced
0, otherwise in our test system so a PSS\E standard complex load model
CLODZN was used with 50 % constant current and 50% large
where V;.[, t is the voltage magnitude of bus i at time t and 0 is induction motor as used in planning studies.
the threshold for unacceptable voltage deviation level. Hence,
TVSI accounts for the buses with unacceptable violation during
the transient period in addition to the magnitude and the
duration of the violation. Therefore, it can provide a
quantitative comparison of the system transient voltage
performance following a disturbance. A smaller TVSI value
means the transient voltage performance is better.
Authorized licensed use limited to: DELHI TECHNICAL UNIV. Downloaded on March 14,2023 at 05:49:36 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
priority order, rest of the non-base load units have their outputs First, we want to see the impact of different displacement
scaled down uniformly. The cases of 0 and 1 displacement ratios on the system voltage response, without the presence of
ratios are studied in this work. grid support. As discussed earlier in this section, we have four
cases for each voltage level. TVS[ for all cases forPV at 115 kV
Table I Mvar displaced per zone
level and 230 kV level are shown in Fig. 3 and 4, respectively.
Zone Mvar Displaced It can be noticed that displacing generators can have a negative
1 138
impact on the voltage stability. By comparing the displacement
2 165
ratios, with and without grid support (blue vs. grey and orange
3 198
vs. yellow, respectively), it can be seen that the system has
4 23
5 87
mostly higher TVSI, which translates into worse voltage
6 102 recovery of the system. This can be related to the fact that while
7 135 displacing conventional generation for PV MWs, the system
8 103 loses their reactive support as well. This has been noticed when
connecting PVs on either 115 or 230kV substations.
The cases created for our study are summarized in Table [I. For those faults where the system TVSI had small to no
Three variables were studied namely: PV kV level, presence of impact (faults 1, 2 and 10), this can be explained as these faults
grid support and displacement ratio. occur in zones where small to no displacement happened (zones
5 and 9). When no generators are displaced from a certain zone,
Table II Case Studies
it will maintain its reactive support. This will be seen in the
Case PV kV Grid Displacement voltage response of the system after a disturbance, as it remains
Level Support Ratio unaltered or slightly affected.
1 230 N 0
2 230 Y 0
3 230 N I 160
.0dispOgrid
• 1disp 0 grid
140
1 ll5 N 0
2 liS Y 0 120 .1 disp 1 grid
3 ll5 N 1 100
Vi
4 ll5 Y 1
80
i::
Fault Locations
60
I I ,� I I HI
B.
40
To study the dynamic voltage stability, we simulated faults
of 150ms and recorded the voltage response across the system
1111
20
for 5 seconds. The process of selecting fault locations was as 0 1111 1111 ••••
7
follows. First, we acquired an idea of each bus's reactive power 4 10
Fault
basin in the original system. This was done by using a Q-V curve
stress test which has been proposed in [15]. This test identifies
Figure 3: TVSI for Different Faults for 230kV PV Connection
all ioss-of-voitage-control and clogging-voltage instabilities due
to shortage of reactive power supply. The output of the stress
test is a set of generators associated with each bus. These 160
.0 disp Ogrid
generators had their reactive limit exhausted trying to save the .Odisp 19rid
140
bus from the voltage collapse. These generators make up the .1 disp 0 grid
reactive reserve basin (RRB) for that bus. Secondly, this set of 120 a1disp 1arid
generators was cross listed with the generators displaced byPV. 100
I � I� I � I I
A bus with its whole RRB displaced is at the greatest threat of
60
III
ranking to study the faults at. For each bus fault, the line 20
Authorized licensed use limited to: DELHI TECHNICAL UNIV. Downloaded on March 14,2023 at 05:49:36 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
140
_230 kV
voltage response of the system improves slightly but not enough
120 _115 kV
(comparing blue vs. orange and grey vs. yellow). This could be
attributed to the fact that a solar developer doesn't necessarily
100
choose a site based on system reliability. PV locations are
mainly chosen based on land availability and prices while the Vi
8 0
60
generator displacement is driven by operation costs and i::
Il.dlll 1111
environmental concerns which do not necessarily result in the
40
same location. Thus, the PVs interconnected in our case are not
20
electrically close to the displaced generators.
To have a closer look at the voltage response of the system, 0 I. II ••
140
120
l.15 ' -- � ---�---
1=
'---'=======::;-J
DR=O.O. GS=O 100
.
DR=1.0. GS=O
I
•
�80
l.10
0
6
40
..9-
>
�
1.05 2 0
0 II II ••
5
Fault
8 10
l.00
1-
�====J
-
230kV
115kV
l
regardless of the dispatch ratio. The results are shown in Fig. 6
and 7 for cases 2 and 4 comparing TVSI for PVs at 115kV vs. l.05
230kV substations, respectively. It can be seen that the TVSI
had larger values for almost all faults for PVs connected to
115kV compared to 230kV. This can be related to the transfer � 1.00
>
of reactive power through the system. Here it should be noted
that the transformer impedance plays a key role in limiting the
flow of reactive power fromPVs to the rest of the system. When 0.95
PVs are connected at a higher voltage level, the reactive power
they provide can be shared across the system in a better way.
Lines around the system tend to have smaller impedances at 0.9 'C.';;-0
--
--'---c 0�.2;--
--
�0.';-4 ------Oo';;
-; .6=--�0.;;-B ------1.-,J 0
higher voltage levels, compared to lower voltage levels. Time (5)
Authorized licensed use limited to: DELHI TECHNICAL UNIV. Downloaded on March 14,2023 at 05:49:36 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
V. CONCLUSION [9] Y. Xu,Z. Y. Dong,K. Meng,W. F. Yao,R. Zhang,and K. P. Wong, "Multi
objective dynamic VAR planning against short-term voltage instability using a
This paper discusses the impact of integrating large amount decomposition-based evolutionary algorithm," IEEE Transactions on Power
of solar PV on the dynamic voltage stability of power system. Systems,vol. 29,pp. 2813-2822,2014.
The paper demonstrates how displacing conventional [10] S. PT!, "PSSIE 32.0 Online Documentation," ed,2009.
[11] D. C. Folts,D. 1. Gritter,and M. P. Ross, "Low voltage ride through," ed:
generators, compared to only re-dispatching, can have a Google Patents,2012.
significant negative impact on the voltage stability of the system. [12] B. R. Williams,W. R. Schmus,and D. C. Dawson, "Transmission voltage
This is because when generators are displaced (shutdown), we recovery delayed by stalled air conditioner compressors," IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems,vol. 7,pp. 1173-1181,1992.
lose the reactive power support they used to provide.
[13] 1. Dobson and H.-D. Chiang, "Towards a theory of voltage collapse in
While PV inverters can provide reactive power, the support electric power systems," Systems & Control Letters,vol. 13,pp. 253-262,1989.
they can provide is limited because PVs are being connected at [14] R. Karki and R. Billinton, "Reliability/cost implications of PV and wind
low voltage levels. This has been established by comparing energy utilization in small isolated power systems," IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion,vol. 16,pp. 368-373,200l.
different cases where PVs were connected to 115kV against
[15] R. Schlueter, "A voltage stability security assessment method," IEEE
230kV buses. Lines at lower voltage levels have larger Transactions on Power Systems,vol. 13,pp. 1423-1438,1998.
impedances than higher voltage levels. This will result in a
bottleneck when the reactive power is needed in a distant
location across the system. In addition, PVs sites are not located
in the same place where conventional generators are being
displaced. This will cause a problem as the reactive power
provided byPVs will have a local region of intluence and not be
able to support the whole system as conventional generators
used to.
Part of the future work is to investigate the impact of Low
Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) capability of PV inverters on
dynamic voltage stability.
REFERENCES
[1] DOE. Renewable Energy Available: http://energy.gov/science
innovation/energy-sourceslrenewable-energy
[2] M. A. Green, "Solar cells: operating principles, technology, and system
applications," 1982.
[3] U. E. P. Agency. Clean Power for Existing Power Plants. Available:
https://www.epa.gov/cleanpowerplan/clean-power-plan-existing-power
plants#rule-history
[4] H. Liu, L. Jin, D. Le, and A. Chowdhury, "Impact of high penetration of
solar photovoltaic generation on power system small signal stability," in Power
System Technology (POWERCON),2010 International Conference on, 2010,
pp. I -7.
[5] T. Alquthami,H. Ravindra,M. Faruque,M. Steurer,and T. Baldwin, "Study
of photovoltaic integration impact on system stability using custom model of
PV arrays integrated with PSSIE," in North American Power Symposium
(NAPS),2010,2010,pp. 1-8.
[6] Y. T. Tan, "Impact on the power system with a large penetration of
photovoltaic generation," UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER,2004.
[7] R. Shah,N. Mithulananthan,R. Bansal,K. Y. Lee,and A. Lomi, "Influence
of large-scale PV on voltage stability of sub-transmission system," International
Journal on Electrical Engineering and Informatics,vol. 4,pp. 148-161,2012.
[8] Z. A. KAMARUZZAMAN,A. MOHAMED,and H. SHAREEF, "Effect of
grid-connected photovoltaic systems on static and dynamic voltage stability
with analysis techniques-a review," Przegl,!d Elektrotechniczny, vol. 91, pp.
134-138,2015.
Authorized licensed use limited to: DELHI TECHNICAL UNIV. Downloaded on March 14,2023 at 05:49:36 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.