reading tis choptr and anevarng th questions, you should be able: understand he principl Factors thal have infuenced the developmen of ours ough fe ond space recognize he theme of continuity and change a cel feature of turism develope undertond hot the development of tram glablly, in 9 gen lca o of catain ine, is explained by (combination sf polio, econom, social ond technological inflnces, Throughou hisory peopl hove roel or mony diferent eases nd so arism as ol a hunon cv, hough is development rom angus ight rita ink — that one ha thaw the by which fo consume ous, Tel for pleasure purpes is eroticy re recent pheromenon wich fas gr roi inthe lst 200 yeors. Frm the end athe eghonh cea, when ony he wecthy fo coud indulge, ora hos developed ino something thal mary ordinary people new conse os a neces Touran i by no meats a new phenomenon with historical origins the ancient cles ofthe Grek and Ronan Wale we may consider the sesde resort to be 2 feature of todern tines tere were many Said sons inthe Roman Empire wher he uppercase nd masses Hock each umm vo getaway fom the SRS Oacr ty unheathycondons i Rowe Inthe respec hat these carly tous pused pleasure and vel trap mmahope 2 ” ly tourism co be found much late As lglis (2000: 1} observes Vacation taking and haiday-making rm up at oreo les the sme moment asthe consume. rom sometime eal mth sna hao che ih ‘our sa considerable force in the pari of plesure though history atthe sat ane eso sal atlorded co travel experiences ae considerable in Westen svi. Flowevee tt Table21 shows houshow en dependent upon several factors which ave facia ts growth nd devclope asl teanspore and acces, alongwith the lesa time and means by which to ton tote ties eet isponale income and wealth Turing to a dierent perspective om hitoral anata, the le owen eur sw the se ofthe hrtge nse a8 3 eore interest within touring with dramatic i, dso for mani story andthe assorted of ment and ownership provide some itresing debate in contemporary sue tour Tourism, history and the past: Its significance and analysis How should we stay 2 subject such s the historical development of tourism when tas ats haman cian Yin el? The historian has adopted ferent reciqucs toward che stay of turn na tose, tana the emergence of social history inthe 1970s and 1980 altnugh many examples ofthe sudy of tonne eon ee dated to erie periods, parila these of seaside ress in the 1350s, The hora analps of tous ‘dominated by two complementary snd yet divergent themes the devlopment of phenomenon through tne, which i offen running pare vo aad uometn’ a {armstrong and Willams 2008), Perhaps summed up by Lafren (2002 282). bn sted, ebethern 1799 or 199. Resse, frat, oa religion, a quest for that fulflmentsating ot there some bere ithe clom ae part of ht grea persona nest on: he perfect ly. I his holds tae through history, then che constane demands aon fours for laces to ian diferent expe riences lps to keep the phenomenon of tour growing. Ths te perhape ha Backpool, One of Brains most popular seaside resorts Mackpooldevloped sa taj sap ceo wack Promoced by i main railway company and aba working-class dome tourism Baiday wasn the Vesenes The resort continned to grow trough tthe 1980 (despite the impct ofthe Fist aad Sond Wes Wars, in 1916-18 and 1939-1945 respectively ad then stared to decline in the 1970s a5 vere sae mot fashionable. Despite attempts to atact conferences and convention Bat hanged and desined sinc is Vctrian, Edwardian ad interwar bey Therefore n any analysts of tours the hora dnenison ha a gen deal tor the sue of tourism, Yer as uae (2003) noes inspite of several god sae by histone (eg Walton 1283) and peepee 1996), he trical sudo tors remain compsrately el of ty However nace 20091 me aes our, the Jona of Tourism Histon has expanded the knowledge bate ofthe history of tr, Ay Hse amas tours wl reveal arent del of aetion to mpl esearch concer ofa a gs) a5 el 2s interest inthe factors promoting eran development [eg transport andthe ml of kang soca ages of changin deelping plas rm no Your atin to tous locaton ce Ch? Wes Ca A more in-depth review of some othe ways hss alec have eg fo attract atten, nclading (oe 1 The emergence of pleut travel as a dnt active (Walton 2003), 1 The se and continuing roe (6 Walon 1983, 2000 * Thecural history of tourism and hoidy-making (eg, Lgren 2002) The ise of th package bolday and mass ours (Bray and Rais 2001 The ise of commercialized leisure and touts inthe American city (Hannigan 1998) sich asthe evelopment of Coney sland Amusement Pass eure aerationnnudopion an ould 5 pus ean uy Pou oeBLOy ann mudora mg J NODAbo provided development portant or nd inthe 19305 in the UR ides, such aria companies, and the imagery and promotional slits (ce Ch 2 Web Ca) and the formative inflences on the rary er, and he in-depth sad of specs eas and phenomena pastimes this acer approach is described a aking crow ston of specific ev. Some of the Key sti and ataal envionment and lanscape ose ‘Why did devlopmene occur when and where it ‘What wae the sale dt by ous? change induced by and co [Whar tole dd the peivate and publi str play inning, managing and promoting tours To address thee questions histori searchers fou spatial ue economic sca cltiral and pla din ites in pst times. Tht leather co the sl-mportant se als available to reconstruct the history of tourism, including pic themes antes epee upon ter inerest or he eographers concer ith plac aod lea. * The Censs to lsat he population composition, growth and impact of tourism o employment and he demand or migrant a Records of resort development by bles snd thei involvement i ours 1+ Recon of turin lated business (the Thomas Cook archive) where these eso avallble for comsltation fe Insight 21 and ae ile sis chapter cannor present a compchesive review of tourism trough history or the separate tourism histories ofthe worlds regions, i i hoped that some of thee pina features ofthe historical anal of ‘ouram wil be portrayed: For example, historical sna of tourism being sed by the publi ator heoeg oral istry anda living traton of ous. They have alowed ths historia sociation th ters treat and promote dexinatone The ie of oral story involes the coring of past hoi, of remembered cher experiences of tourism, t9undestind bath the culral meaning of tows to pope Fan sm system developed sl unthone inthe areas thee pe ted evidence survives reconstruct turiam poet the eighteenth entry (as we sw in after 1700 ohen acknowledged asthe beginning Othe rt of densi travel tough sss tee inthe Victoria years in Europe The origins of modern tourism cis imposible pinpoint + prc point in tne when corm as we understand it today bea. Rate "hough time balding on the nee compris ad ese of soy an the opportunites hat we Plgsiapes in medial Bet (and bough oie foramen sudo by Chasers Cerny Tals bow tht Sach the siply and demand foe what igh be lol el ura pods an seve eh sexed22 Fan! sas operating as far bask a the izenth century In he and ane a cultural cote ad the aly cxigts ofthe VFR frends and BLS set ae easily ented inthis peri. From he seventeenth “our, form of tours knoe a ple sting emerged hos in she Upper cases tveled on ccs of the county oF wok day tps ving ig ae Ce tc copeater ae foe | W@ a ferry of the me, perhaps th most well Known example being Jane [Rosen's Pride nd Bree (1813), ip owhich the protagonist visit to Darcy coum ete is duet. bleatons by respected weiter in tart velo unknown ad emae pices om chelate ight eaery tarde A good example the Hebridean nds o¥ Solan west coast Stick prior tothe 1705 were noe vised for please purposes, Ae he ublicaton and soces of Jobnons te Hebrides 1775) aod Banwells Jou! ofa Tort the Hebrides (1785) the lands bear 2 magnet for travellers, most notably ports arts and composers, w Feber popu te eon to odes through that work. These ec We ogued pei preperation and degre of discomfort in es of Gccommodation, wavel and food mat to be expected. However visits nied coined co a stl umber of cadens an illus wl he ration of egulr steamship. om lego around 1840. fom of touam base on soctl and cultural eperences and eds ion came patil prominent ving the eigh teenth century it was Known a the Gran Tour Historical evidence ‘Sows that several nationaliges undertook Grand Tous, inching the Ish, Fench, Germans and Russians, hut most research on the subject concerns Be outbound traveler es [taney sens that the numberof Bons endeeing Grand Tours per ear was 15.000-20 000 atthe Fens he mdstehcnthcenery. rom the landed a, as they gee in wealthy te niddle cls, Towner 0) pent comprehensive review of the Grand Tou and notes some ofthe reoas for travel, which Melodie away from the increasingly unfskionble sory and cltre of Britain nd he perception shat eli bran th ond ra ener were fennel ar, ons ed “Gronacsaswell yong ith fashionable society on thee raves Sart "he Grand Tour was pied by diac seisonal pater Av Towner (1996) wots turin wished ose patie In places at particular times ofthe eas Venice was popular around May and June fr te Ascension, while Hee iouad's Chrsiman both for the renowned festivities. Othe places were acy visited when the Climate was less spite the Best of agus, the poor winter ravel condos inthe ‘lps were usually avoided The length of a 1m afound three years ne seventeenth emtry se Bets mnths oles inte intcenth century, Stay oF around tice mands were ammo sth cultural ‘tec such as Pars and many of he ian ces, whe other loc ined veright Only fora shoe sty (oven 1996) pe cxampic i thi section have emphasized the imporcance of the continuity and change theme wii toortan fn tes of the lunge of erate andere om eavel behavioural this ws giant yet ey sc sherry fit conte, where mesa luce, chat rave wing, erature and ele eee sealatsatein ximulting mttest in rising certain Icatons. inlay, whi the Grand Tow sl TROERY icSan par of tevel eel contemporary Forms of travel suchas the todent gp Year ince Chapter 1 backpacking. The rise of mass domestic tourism and the seaside resort [the same time a the aiocracy and upper clasts undertook thei Grand Tours of Europe and beyond Ans ReUK sad norchern Ferope thove who could afford visited seaside esorts and spa towns nn domatc tel for pleasure purports akin ro what we could eecogize aay, became popula inChap? sm 28 The major form of ruriam at this time might be more acuraely serie as hel cours, as the denk ing and bathing in mineral and xa water was puporcd to contain helh-iving propestics. Many nd spa resorts grew up inthe eighteen cencury crore Fron, and later estended to seer located at thes nthe Uk; the first apa was in Scarborough (Nowth Yorkshire, which developed ery carly, the mad-seventent® ‘enury, a esl of Dr Robert Wit’ eats on the carat powers othe Scarborough sca water 1667 Indeed Seatborough was to become Brin’ fst watde resort foo and was well estabshed as ashionable su resort bythe 1730s By the end ofthe eightenth century ses bathing had become poplar among the pet ‘nse, Visits to the snide andtakng the watery” were often stimulated by royal patnager with George IV ‘ning places suchas Brighton (where Dr Richard Rosall had promoted the theraentic uals 1250 and Weymouth in the 1780s The Royal SexBathing Infirmary opened at Maga i 1796. According 10 ‘Walton (1983: 216) elerring tothe writer Willam Hutton, who tenarked in 1798 tht ‘wherever people in the high fe take the lead, he next class eagerly follow, tourism began a proses of democratiation, This patter, where either he ete othe adventurous fist vist» destination of make an activity fashionable and fre subsequently followed by others ison that was to continue forthe nexe 300 years a5 we saw ilustated However nthe cightenth encry, i ws only the money" and inet n soit who possessed the reou requied for travel ona thei own immediate aren Antherbistrkal theme emeres hee: a technologies advances tke place within acc che impact the csonony such dat a wider sectn ofthe sciy can tke advantage of greater level of dsporahleinvome and re tine for lesre proses. Cera the Industral Revolution in nother Europe in the ate eighteenth and nineteenth cena he vase of taney ince a the middle ae upper cane found they could afford to trove ote coast The fact that some in sci had the Financial means to participate nls rele only parcial expe sation ofthe factors that initiated oars. Tne fre from work or oter responsi alo a key deter nant, Working stoctures Became more highly organized and ratonakeed ithe later rnerenthcconry and svorking houre were reduced (Urey 1990. Inthe UK, lgilation to create public or bank holidays came 171 (establishing four days per yet) and led tothe emergence of the weeks holiday. Walton (1983) states that longer weelclong breaks were pioneered inthe north of England’ texte vegans, where total stow ‘of facore would take place to enable workers to cojoy a holiday en masee ava community and giving al ‘workers the same holiday enlerent.These"Wakes wesk’, ae they were known, were fivoured by employers inthe hope tha i would promote morse and thereby eficency st regula atndance at wok, Ths nas fxodus meant that many workers travelled atthe same tine to similar destinations. Cotton workers in Lancashire, with their reanively high incomes and able employment, ff the year Holidays taken bythe working class were common by the 1190s (ton 2000) The more allen claus took overseas tps parcalary eo Europ, which grew from 418003 in 1991 to 493946 Ar well as money and time the supply of services such as accom ‘modation in factaing tourism is equally important in generating tourism demand Inthe USA's Yellowstone Nation! aly demand for ‘haliy hotel accommodation oustipped supply nthe ae nineteenth Entry, andthe park authority acknowledged the need fora new itl so meet the neds of visors, The Fountain Hotel bul in 1931 lp co popularize vss eo the Park by offering Inwury alongside tasy accest to wildland. As well as accommodation the mente of teael isa ctucal factor in simulating tours. In the period from 1300, railways had a significant effect on leisure travel. It was the railway that brought an even bigger change a aieudes, frit changed the clase serctare of the English seaside holiday. Thomas Cook i twdelyseeited with using railways for sure teavel wit guided Tours fom the ery 18405 expanding to European and Far East by the Bebe (ae Insight 24, As an example ofthe lve of leisure travel inthe mi-Vietrian pestod, there were some SOD0 miles of rallwiy and Brighton received some 132000 vistors by tain fo 2 single day in 1862, The coming ofthe raway enabled people evel further, fer and ata claticly alfordable pie. As Walton (1983: fand NIE,Inthe raitoy age anspor and distance fram polation cntes coms to have ony secondary roan gta reoter cosines. The cary rial fo ay cou ie a res ahead art ao rt oa tate wi areas of potential development. witout determining the pace and “acter ofthat developmen nny articular plc. Ln The history of the Thomas Cook Company: Milestones in its development 1841 Thoms Cook eran sco Loughborough rol oe 300 ovelos Toor Cok enon. trea wth on tuenson a Conoren nd Sowden 104s Fat end, DD mls 0 gies, with [500 ponergers Sheng Sing Ayre bok bu ear iss Teo Kt plo Scord. Exon ie Lake Dua Rstrcod Blgod, past ef Men rd lion Ri crton by a ai compan at nao Ton he own ol ct rege, Ben cach pte alin it eto The Econ! Fee Eopeon ar alarm fo le mre uit Sa Stor 6 Froth Arion ou 1869 Fs vernon ar Ne 1270 Opening cn four Eoopon cis 1872 Caro ois opens 173 Cook’ Coninata Tnablued 1874 medion hemos Cook Cet Note 1879 Pulcton The Excoronato promote toe ped ovwrec ns mage 2.1 French een of The sere bled ie 1919 Sen offi ir chen 1928 Company a0 opens, main compat 1239 Opened Hldoy Campo Psy, Nec es 1948 Sha cwnornp of Tranot Cooks pr of he Bin arpa Heldrg Conrony Pete 1 ion let pvt sec conorium of Midd Bonk, £77 Mien tak bacora slower 1990 Phone reign change company become fhe lenges gn echange eer Sid etUGop Company wi ne ord slect prod rr ear vas 162 vet 1965 972 199 1999 Jon Moon Cock YMC) brand rhe Fressuy Aine company (CaN ec AG la cer comny ns rome! Thane Cook AS Thor Cok oes ch Norgeel Tor Cask AG ond Myo Gop pe 2009 hy oe ard Thm Cook mare 2010 Themes Cosk ond Caoptie Hl merge 2011 30par cota Thome Cook bss nw cle: £9. bllon ror ith 238 lion comes 2001 2007 oak s widely eckrowldged fr ht eo fl in the on of date and erations whan) he pone | (Coos Exition Hold end Ecrsn Advert Scnvedwnil 1999. This brochure romoled company (Cencowoge hovel and incuded olersemens fom ote nd onspartcomponses. The Excursions high Need power adrian ne nope 21} ge (Se rovel burs ang 100000 cep ooh nthe 5800 Engl end sgn dion For example, 18 fh conpany ook 200000 ies Paiste be {i Toner ming ecard rl oF 222819 By 1691 fhe compary won emerging on 2 gob op tnt bd oes 85 opens, 26722 (wich ToaO ‘were Egy nage 22) sorchng ot ino Sherr he Wel nisin 1399 and core {alg tours of Europe n 1896. by 1899, tbe more Sibton Expose vd woe record yoo! In which Fallon roving tlt wae ued, double lene ihe provi cs, Further reading Sunda, (1991 Tha Cook 150 Yor of Popaor Towramlrdon Seca nd Werb Wibye [1998] Grond Tous ond Cook’ Tvs: A by fete ove, 1750-1915. london: Am2 wid rowing auencs, re ime an inpoved transport systems, seaside the end ofthe nineteenth cenary snd firmly essed thematees inte late Vintovan yess ses of mass England and Wale the numberof all eaves icra went fol berwoea 1840 and 1470 and tl for thei al share of hn trac (Walton T9834), As more and more people wee able re herarchy decloped where cram ple [sch Tourn to be desed a the cae th rebel high ver sich 48 Boursnout) Isc sprees Dighton and Blackpool wile wera st ane hit development, Walton (1983: 9) apy summarizes: Victoriam and Edaardian ease retort ws importan sh loin local nd tring excursons Understanding the development of resorts in time and space: The resort lifecycle model fons develop ovr tine (Fi ler (1980 devs mol o show how tourism desi The model depicted ig tom the nia sage of being Fond explaton enough the hcahoment sd dalopmet See 0 Stage. Beyond this «numberof opsons ae posubl rn define to ohne The eit the development pha dnersion add alo posible tine ln the can of Bris eas the pene 17505 ital growth of elt resort foc Woymevahsc 30 a9 fn Wales (aswel asin Scotland) os hat ay seat mors inthe UK wee ‘veri century Homes sich Tourism in the twentieth century: c.1900-1939 The rowing ar rave among the working population gan a ay ip nial in dhe ae eighccach cnnry ad inereasingly throughout tennant entry ew thi fom of tors that we develop ater the roca cnt The sn nthe easly prof the owen entry dol FigURE 2.1. Dn quickly towards EICaper? Ea Ineraional ri - gol eimates an and Non American experiences of costal tourism led Leuk and Bosker (1998 Atte tu ofthe Ineteonth) cent, seaside ie at the [New Jersey ho ‘ates, sc lnbing end beat, And abou ony and fasion As they lo noted atthe southern dp of New Jersey, Cape May which was inthe 1880s a hundred stretch of in revenue and nari pending cach senso. By 1900, hate Cy had 400 heel sone cw scommodat to 1000 gues. Inthe USA, Newport, Rhode Island lve developed asthe lie mesa of he American milionie Much ofthe development was Bae on second homes, ful by dsl wealth, whch led oa demand for summer hoaes afer the 1860s ro met the neds ofthe rich in the north-east seabod In usta, somal rests develope i eh ate nineteenth entry in Queensland, South Australia and Vicon loweves besey ayn [New Zealand, daylight bathing was banned nel the early yeas of th weaith century all 2003) ote tha was nor unl 1903 tha it came legally permited to swim at Sey Manly Beach aad the emergence of the Austin beach cute wa stimulated, Intern of he teri Austaba Rais ne Astral url tr and aces to ts etropitan population sucha he Sydncy-Ble Mowat alway ater the 18505 which do the development of inland tour towns a locations ack as Katoomba (Hall 2003, Before the oaea ofthe Second World War the Amulee Report inthe UK led eo the Hides wth Pay Act 1938, Simla legion was also enacted in Scandinavia and ober court oe Insight 2-2). Whe this onl ‘stablaed voluntary 1 feewcen 1931 and 1939 the amber of workers ented pi Iolidays nce rom 1.5 mllon 011 milo, This coupled wth shorter working week reduced rn 4 urs in 1919 to48 hour by 1938) and a doubling of average weekly wages ove the same pro ll contd ot evelopment of turin, particularly inthe for ofthe seaside hoi By the 1930s holidays had bestmnean expected par of he by many in employment rather than hoxuy preserve forthe slit, Improvements cuewbere fle the demand fr lure tave, While the masses ma) Rave taken a short annual hliay by the sa, wealthier indidaals rook advantage of echnologieal advances in transportation systems and tok more exotic holidays by oean-liner,aesoplane motor can 1931 500 00 Bech ours eavlled to Europe, The fesdom offered bythe car wa quick recogoee. In 19 200000 earrom Bets roads sing o 1 milion by 1930 and 2 milion by 1939: In addition us service in the form of charabancs began fo challenge de railways Tor sped,a a Holidays in inter-war Scandinavia nthe sey by Rowson over (195, Eg ie ‘nd Labour: A SacalSy, evidence wos elated on (Stietine arut in Scandinavia bseruing he 1938 lgiationeracad in Danmerk, Norway, Sweden and Filan proving foe pat boey. In wach county [econ Frond, 12 day paid ld wor provided [Crerploen ha cay waked A7:how weak, whe infin hes mes pad hldoy wos ound by bse ‘ho hd ban employe by ocmgany lx ve yea, Wo Velo afr one years sonic ond se week alr si ‘nih serven on cow computor pid sae publ oly andes day’ paid alia wich wes valle Imesh couy wore! eases se p by be ve trian promo Roy snr hose in the Sit ‘iin uch ote Donk Flr Osama, Non Fe Foro in Norway and eso in Snir, whch pried Faldo compe end szommodston promo dome {ond some cos crac] hale For ext, YH Ucn Feld od the pony fo 28.00 people ton norcanmadaon ot cmp the fevuaien wor 41 mien) conplnenied by some trplpe who povided hobday acrmodeton inentl Europe coach tavel for holiday purposes wa also widely wed in Feance, Switzerland tn al The volume of posenges card onthe new Imperial Airways and Retsh Empire routes cos ror T1000 in 1995 to 27300 n 1928, deoppng 19231931 duc wo economic conditions bu increased to 48.0 in 1982 and exceeded 135000 in 1934, These vom doubled to 200000 in 1935, eaking at 244000 in 7237 In conten, Pan developed soutes rom Nor to South Ameri and KLM gjanered routes with its oni in the Ditch East Indie Imperial Aigways routes connected L india Africa and tale As Di (2009) showy he tourism eich eed at fueling and sop over lca Hone wat an incidental touts based om affluent lsu traelers and largely busines travels who could lord the cox of longa ai ave Ina international contest, PRO steamer routes mulated tours tavel fom che UK and Europe to the Far as, capil the pets expansion of crest the opening ofthe Sbez Canal in 169, PECO' association swt Thomas € thee fs sod Sons, having tendered most of Europe safe fr Bish revels, under Wing P&CO ships for the min sa travel The Thomas Cook company sued that geeter numbers of viatrs to Indi, Malaysia and [yond were nthe hande of is rave enepreeus By 1886, Cook and PSO were organising tripe fom Hombay Yo Jeddah for Mastin Pilgrims, an act for which the shipping company ler bulk spec fron ofthis form of vel s cepted in Umage 3.15 Th Puy sma development associated with cus ing have abo been documerned hy Douplar and Dovgls (1996) whet they obsered the impact of the Canadian Asstlian Royal Mall \ Steamship Line andthe New Zeland Union Stensip Linen develop ing tours in Fj (vith stopover tae at Sura afer 1893, By 1930, monthly services pede by steamship bad atc a a cata fo inte ional tourism ad they formed te precursor ofthe mosey wary Tiers tht called at South Pace por. Dovgla and Douglas (1996 fesmined the provess in other pats of the South Pace including Melanesia an Hamar aswel athe emergence ofthe South Paci athe playground of European and American toate Tere i boa degre of slept Co se a ea cog tay oe pos wh ORS ih comes! ce oon fonts tel ranean sigs Flowing year Samael Canad founded the Cate Line afr winning the Ieee Noth Adnic mai contac By the 1930s howeveg ea ave hadCxgundd considerably and cmsing wa popula form of rave] among thove wh cul afford 0 cavelteway. fhe ea went ear Esuan years 190-1914 n she UR Faroe tnd Noh Aenea. Tes change impacted pon the cations Ise chor the popu Sow ome forte expansion turn operates forthe ade Ind working ames (Clare sn Cicer 1985) fe ce thre evince af Parking by sete rr) (Wd 1998) ad se oun ing the Ieadeg New Zaland wich ashe he fs na ors Incite cre ine, paid holiday tnd detlopmens te transport inspired and ena sy ene, expanding te steutre sabe ant oA the sete elon he Edward peso an aerth fhe Fst Word War prado eomomi ag sued The hora devlonen of toureon ws dt aes by Sonomi suwergy,anemployet sd ancl ip flowed which Suppesed many ofthe sntal opportenics made arabe in the Ecard prod. Atri forms fours sty ban © appeal! pons 943 . nrgernunber of parcipets, parla cold be coped (O30 Sich as rambling and citing. and the aecommodation favoured ws eer camping othe Youth Hostel In Eland and Wale he Youth Hose! Anon ha 200 etabanent in he 1950 ith a meen of 22500 people waking een Ams th teva pod the grorh of evs fs ao Be ‘ay take bush waing event This le other of th consaraton memes Ha 200) ad the fre tom in 1982 of he Natal Paks and Pate Aras Coun [NPPAC) i New South Wale Lovee cos forme of Somer orn, parc he eo olay homes on ch neo rb ares such as London gen bel, povided bait fr blenny So todd working eldays sno canped condition. Whats appar hatte develop of mse ou opportuni for he pope Spee counts ey mach» ec proces ed the comany andthe abi of dapuate nce The Second World War and tourism According to many survey of warns, holidays were suspend: historians of UK conditions have pointed tothe Railway Execrive Commie logan is your bliay realy neesn? (Sladen 2002), something which Page sd Durie 2009) have questioned in Felton to the Fist World War Sinden (2002) shows tha such advertising had coal a minor impact on erbing travel behaour consent with the Fst World War wher tar fare et were invoked 1o ty ad sie demand. Inthe Second World War, Sladen (2002) show that many rly compari red government istractions nt to run ext tins at olay tines, an Lancashie Wakes week continue (the annual factory close-doven period). In common with newspaper advesving and arelesin The Tomes newspa er 1914-1916, Sladen (2002) hows that domentc holidays were romted nthe Second World Wasi spite of tical ravel conditions Railway company sisi indicate that the volume of plesure wave rom 19331943, inthe UK was broadly silt pr-1938lerel and in some ens tay have exceeded he pre-war evel Even though she rtioning of peel was in fore, this was nota major cron demands the numer of ears repsered atthe end ofthe 1930e was less than 2 millon for 240 millon population. Sladen (2005) shows that fom 1943-1945, the volume of alway pasenger journeys ineresed from 1335 milion to 1572 milion of which 28-30 percent was excursion tei 17-20 per cent was hy serice personnel and 20-26 pr cent by Therefve, while wave decreased in some lanes of tke the st purchasing Fall fre takes istead of exe sion rickets saw a geoweh afer the inl outbreak of the wat. The Great Wester Rai way serving Wester) England saw the volume of excursion atic drop fom 44.7 milo journeys in 1938 to 365 milion in 1940 but trove again to 544 milion in 1943. Ancedoaleidece and orl history can expan apo the experiences of Searimetnvel ss many safe resort which were not at rik of ail bom baedmen, such Backpoo,Benelt From wartime in pte of long qe fo a.30 for! Udovonde Tourism in the twentieth century: c.1945-1970 Australia, Hal (2003: 52) confiemed that The per ‘mean dat people had greater disposable n rary tc week of nul holidays be frown personal moti through carrer “This was alo minrored inthe USA on the development of mots 1 meet the ing the continay ss well sch Inmet post-war period was one a {milion by 1985. In many key tours desi stdin the USA ad sc using haner aif, and {cern nthe home challenged the cinema a 2 nahn tradaly nse by tour operator 0 pr ‘Shove by the upper and mia cases Inc ‘sonny One ofthe major Fnaresof ou {B60 was the development ofthe hisy Inet of holly camps he UK, he Man. The enrepreeur Bal Ba Ea Wr wimessed an werparleld deve “randard One ofthe greats pee oa the ch larger sa rea) demand mi rowing affluence, which feted growth nthe previous Ps ccesen and Factors ipact po rin 1946 202680 overseas ours ned the UR which ose to 04 360m 1948 and exceeded the eel ad etering se ent ofthe lea working population in 19S In terms of overseas stor the Uky | pet cet from Botan’ hs inks with the Commons 30s and 1960s a get changin the ature of owt rave wath the nod inthe developmen of home fa ones travel aly ame witha the asp 0 muon and domestic + eave, rst to the UK aio Ica 3 valabl vile exp "Dizi ding the irae years and teva 1 the T9505 and Ward aa Hane (1986 provide» detailed is nth they date ack o 1897, eth a emp inoften ceded wth the cone a pn atonement parks in he UK 1928-1937, and ceil Bin il was pression of he Time hich ens the pros ving the ne consequence in Ausala ad North Americ wa travels: Many sept sch x olay enlements “Somnath period fer 1985, sta ‘wort behaviout The package bodys by red form of sare ce sgh 2-3) Radio sad of lesureeneriinnent. Tekeionadvertng 25 Arthe sre de, gown a the working class, having peo bon aly ism in he UK and dep st of the develop yang mn onthe Ie of Clvelopnet of olay cam afer deve rt nie elope inthe UK. The Scandinavian tourism boom by air ‘According lo Kaiser (2010), in Scndinvia mse ‘orion cnpanded roi between 1950s and 1960 (pclae er by conch ere eploctd by ood ore on chr sc The teu wot ha by 1985, Sreden hod the gree! per opie consumption of pockoge halday i Eucpn. Gon he poplin siz of ndiara fe eon tot postage Hldoy woe 2.5 fies mare commen among! he popdston compared 0 The UC A hay Sine fe gront in Sweden wos ho tray of pid tals, whore the Sroka ve fe night 22 we Moka 1951 ond fie went in 1978 Uo had by sng wage rao nthe 1950s ond 1960, thle le coo tol ning evel haope Tho el was growth note rf Swaden fom 75000 cubed powangers in 1947 to 375000 in 1950 to 1104000 n 1954. the began 2 cabal shit from domestic an strana rv coach ad gh ang ig ea coronene on [Sh eo end snd hole ond avin novo. Deinclons which domincod were Mojoco ond the Conary nds ox walla desc on he mailed {hs was i pe of alnct gh ory me om Scandinavia wi meer hi sop en oe Further Reading: Kater T2010) From sightesing 1 sunbathing ‘honing radon in Swedish package low Fom uleton by bee fe rlncin by vlan in ha 1950s ond 960 furl of Burm Mary 2 (3)opr? Th ior doabine any, gy usta opened in Skegness with capacity of 100 followed i 1938 by Clacton wi sens By 1948 twas sina that Tn 20 ofl laymen he UK stayed at’ tach ear (ard and Hardy 1986: 75. Howes, rom the 1960s the pope of day camps dae and many closures tok place. The company then focused on thee te = Mnchend esa oe Regi in dveloping «news of hoiday reso Ineptense bution coal, eSd0l ako ot ‘conference and even market to extend is markets. Holiday camps ata fh of belay ae non ee ‘UK and, following the theme of continuity and change, have been rcloaned and edocs Sef Sutin’ resorts but inthe shape of ventures suc as Center Paes sad the Dicey here eke Tourism in the twentieth century: Post-1970 In the las 40 years, ours atv as developed may te features established in the earl pis of the sent century, wile new tends have altered the ature of demand snd spply The neo cntead ese sion remains aplicable into the new milemam. Some of the themes that are partelaty seen en * treater inematonaization ad globalization of ois evelopment of marketing research and information The dcustion of tori hisory is somewhat Western ax, for many counts and ates, tuts develop iment isa very recent phenomenon, Some ofthe mos wllkaow and love buiday daensans tet nek *scet history in rms of tourism, For example, ours in the Maldives began in the easy L508 ak ead ‘of he fist tour group in 1972 andthe fs resort, Karumbs Village, complete in the sine pay lovee oy estnations are sil subject tothe wider lob change: In many canes, hey havc eseicds ies A greater internationalization and globalization of tourism As Figur 2.3 shows, global oursm expanded sigan in the 1970s (excling the ect of the al crisis 8 shown inthis end line) and a¢ a much fase fate afer 1984, hough the anal change inter aca e wide has flacanted between 1.5 percent and 16 per cent depending ona Wie rat of facto. Whar table is the growing soba each of tour, aided by deltingelatve cons of tach saed renounce in tourism and constant innovation in prodats and provision. The mumber of domes ein ta Uk holidaying inthe UK) has remsinedrelatvely costa, bono Teele are now becoming more adventurous, wit long haul travel to Austalaia an AsiaPac growing, rn though North America and Furope have remained the dominant dextnatons im eros of ance aia, Aesompanying this growth an increasingly wide peoraphic ange of destnatons ened inte ae "ot jst inthe more tational holiday counties ba inching areas a dere pal secs se A ae Asia Pacific and Antarctica, There have aso been sgisicnt increases in iragionl ov samen ‘eaions where ours is a elatively new activin which to engage or example euramis Dat ee Pane o Amine by demand generated from wich the region A ial area of change has been in the growth of he shorbesk marke nally within domestic markets but resin intra rexional and ternational destinations which ae competing forthe shot ea eaves, Cites ch a New York, Paris and Brussels have sationaly been popular for Europeans taking shore beak but a increasinsy wide choice of further flung destinations, suchas New Orleans, Reylavk, ages cea’ ee have begun to compete inthe markeplce. A numberof factors have boosted the short beak satien rela seater disposable inom, politcal changes allowing travel into Eastern European coumrer sed toe tape ‘ent in travel echo.FIGURE 2.3. Te growth nitrate un 11 1950-2012 Soe: Bond nN de Changes in technology Improvements nano have ben an ening teen 197D ours inlopalbealcvoug na tap, ith he aodton of he DC 1D adhe ch Recrg"#en a al sah re we bed oa Thea 10th fe Anse rom Nw York co Landon bad ring psd of 600 mp ng OF GOD kes pases tr tone) One of tenga ofthe now en ira ere the Ineaing more epl col tae none shape guky and more cay coven Thi hs comin within tnd fhe Air ASD. In addon oa pts gt hse ais an mponenens oa anes bed ur hogy, in toe tine inde. The The legislative environment Since de late 1960s, a growing politcal sscgntion of tourism a sigan pat of + mation developed in many counties of inthe cave of countie where ours activity has 9 “Srctre daring this period For example the 1969 Development of Form Act ak down 3 pi fare inthe UK etablahing a apt projcts Othe esa ‘ied vo have an Ai Travel Throughout Eutopelegsation for ours has been a feat tourism have been replaced with £U-fanded regional incentives ‘hat new employment opp sced measure ¢oliheraie air and road transport the haronizat is and eons o balance VAT and dy-tre Political and economic events “The explanation of why certain events fect the oui than sing inflence,Pliic ssues affecting the industry are cul 0 exp faeors As our demand inst se Caper 6), variations the cr levelopmemt from he 1980. State sub lopment in areas of dsline and ‘Eomand (se Chaper 3) Patclar factors that impact upon tourism demand inlad high wnemployient(Caper 2 Th son ad despa iin 88 high intrest ates and high level of inflaon. When such conions preva tourism demand ean be suppres eonomic uncertainty due to high interest rates and fen of edndancy may case man) onset shanon plans for expensive overseas hla. oles can influsce the ours industry in other ways too, Dips can sviwsly impede tavel especially ‘when conditions exalae. During the 1990s, ethnic cole inthe former soos decimated th county ‘our industry. Satis show that arrival fom the UK to Yagolavi peaked at 656 00 in 199, ater which they fall to 22000 by 1992. More rece the 911 attacks and subequene eons ales have andoubtaly fected tourism demand ona global cle noc seen since the oiler nthe 1970 The rise of a consumer society ‘As Page (2011) argues, society has passed from the stage of indastiaizaton to one now described as pos industria, where new technologies and ways of communicating snd working have evolve, Socologs neh ss Bnudnillrd (1998) in The Conswmer Society: Me and Sacre, have argeed that Ws have moved omy 2 soci wee work and production hasbeen replaced by one where leur and tours consumption now dom fate This has hee flected in soil changes, sachs thereof new middle clses in many developed ad devel ‘oping counties, nd these middle clases have a defining fear, which e the concen wits ere ifsc and sumprion, Since the 1970s ther ae heen ger alfience for those employment For example inthe UK et wealth moe than doubled 1987-2000, and 1990-200, al household asposble ince rose ONS 2011) Atthe same time, the impact ofthe global nancial cin eo changes nthe eonounpson sais of UR residents in tems of ourism, Between 2008-2008 oversea is dropped by 151 per cet the ans decline since 2000, Households took more UK domestic hlday, which rose fom 7S milli in 2008 to 84 nal in 2002, Within ‘hese tend, the 45 to 54 age group took the most holy tefleing a greater disp income, Dupont Income cleary an impoeat determina of shore erm and much lager rend oly aking Changing products “Through ine destinations and thie prodacewhich aac vitor ce ina state of constant elton aint the resort lieyele model we dicased earlier. The implication intra tourism sry ae ha hough time, some destinations which evolved based on amass tour product have ten maf changes in the demand and taste ofthe vistor market. For example inthe UK many domestic sors decined dae thet Ink of ort competivenem and lack of sraciow conpurel weeny verses package slays nage 2 The changes led toa lege of landscape deine in he bulk coironment of sorts orev tut sot ins concerned with seaside resort neresingly inthe lat 35 years niche produce have emerged and deve "ped some have even become mainstream Examples include ecrorim, fil fourm, adventure tours ad hee tourism, and many others which wil be discussed in various parts of this Book. Sach product development elect the tend away from a produced (ord) tourism indy to amore connumerfocused. approach, (pst Fords which able to respond toy stonate And prec consimer needs and wants, What tho important this tsnstion from what Pon (1995) describes a old to new tour ie an increasing demand for quali, servie, eibiity and ferentiation, very diferen from the san Alrdized package) that dominated ost 1945 “he period fom the 1970 aw the spy of and demand for ours grove apy at an er "ational level The period alk saw the develop Inet of powerfl oor operator segmentation ef products services and experiences ah ew niches nage 2.5 Ime mr ith os Bsnmouhy, UX doped lke voluter tous ate the new Grand Tou?” Seoninree/ahioen tas del praca eon (Wearing and Meet, 2013) Soma oe-— UU Linking history and tourism: The rise of heritage tourism Tour ha Tongan fascinating history the race of which has. ff thecomemporary fourm induty. Throughout the wold of developing tourism products va ceurent heme. othe po Ind, histori buns and ples ad those Wich Pyramids Tj Mahl and he Sy Forman cy bres Inthe UK, itso Nation of Naat a she foal post fo Trost hoi house and yn eis chapet. The trl aegis significance, sch asthe Acropolis he rn hay eatin and ack in South Aca the end of racial Fron recent istry can quickly become negated ino tourism. Fr examp segretion ae tinued the growth of tub atactions based on he apartheid thee and dark cour 5 ‘SB the Web Case Indeed snce 1997 the Rel sara prison where Nson Mandela wasn capi has fen pen to rts st museum Instat heritage olen reflected in tourism prcass, particularly i he Uk wher st sch sites ave attained Wor Heritage Site ate. These include Irnbride New Lanark, Bacanton, Saar, Bennet Valley Mill an, in 204, ee marsime mercane Cty of Liverpol, one ofthe worlds mse tending cemes nthe eihtcenth nd ninth centuries was added othelist (ee whe esc. org and cara site nen of oth tl be dics ae rt Conclusion Ths chap hx shown Hot he dopant fut In the lat 200 yours hr ben riya ope ‘caonie, sacl ond holga rbencs, Whe he errata hon baer ane of aio ero ome ‘Setpos cnd condone Fe tarts ord ner ht cave univalacinay rl Toughot her hose ‘tue fecal nar rine ovale have met eer Dine parcnae Wise be pop eae in ice fry hr dara helm sme onlin cet Yeor the proarion of hoe ot aking Pky bos oma a eas "he Creech (1999) ae, vn ae werk ce fing tinreatingly difeaooeSine For nok ond hols inibe kare oy become nore Regu hat, sso Trorgheu! he yor ond more ene, TMs ade 0 stool concen, et othe derapmen of be Frode! tl Tle copier fon thown tht desnakons fore tough eye cf develope ichlend oa Sage ‘Fencidton eer del wor ad wee 0 ‘ott er change can be nabaes, rejuvenation oy fear ty and nd o new sononi ore kr ch tec. Seve chonges in on ado hare f ten Se: dro hr mene at nw ype of ey ond ace Teo peal feof be develpnen ftom in ae belo oon puto cata eso the developer! ol ‘tconmodton sock, now phd down. A thd eo am import role ‘istor we ruses ay competing and config challenges forth planning ad manage ism, Howerc te operstion of storie ment. Sach mnagemen late es tcuram tht should be considered is th vltty of he moar, Again i a connate of Todor some ‘pevting ct 9 moc eal ht con have faveohing Shes onthe Indasy Aogach sch os pital o Stoning ron esi th vn of crenty ard conan tut posing on Cie the noe ori aveling fom 9 cowry Sil gre, competion ond he quly ot poly he produc! can nonce he esrsion ae HSn7 shows hl sch amp con be asap pid ‘henge and rely rhe rim indy. Whon al of ‘hee ee aod changing connie os nd fsion icon ba seen hy tren may voll Ye, shown in Chop lablston and ¢ pale conoaon ‘ovo mean places need lo sy ahead ofthe game Ico einetmat fo ty Ord aie ends on fo told rer aig the canon aonale once hey ioe oraior appeal, Once tuum has bacane & main fay ef any commis, fen over ong Hone ‘depen ond chonge con be» dif proc, What 1 fsorca prpectve shaw whl adoption, nove Fon foe Chop 12] and undetonding he wri 1 @ ensues oe elo montage on deve Shon he ei so conse nderond whol me Sis hi hero it ren laceDiscussion questi ee ee P deeee ws ced at hope 2 3s 2 Suggest how carom change havea fri yh kt 100 yoo 23 Show hw changes in fahion hove aca he popular of selec destinations. 4 Wha! ferent pe of rit goon hada inthe UK ond wy References ‘Amoeng, and Wom, [2095] Th teanboot ond eo ond Ros, 201) Fgh oe Sue Sry of ter [1980) The concep of four oee cyl of rr pleatas ec management neon Sogo 2) 5-12 Doug N. and Dail, [19965 nthe ati Hore lo, CM. Hal an Page a) Da, Ad 2008) Scand fr te Hedy: Hey of lal, 0.2002} On Haday: A History of Yocaioning. Botley cds Arges: Clfome Uraty Pr Neral 11936 he Bua ey A Note nd 1B Acate Sy elon nd nor ‘Cnt hones Thane Cook & Sorin) Are rd. Fi. 200 cil oo: th np te 30 Jul an Hy hf 2-26 Poon, (1999 orn ecg and Cnet tone Sion & (95 pe and tae A Sloan (2002 Holey ot hoe te Scand Woe Mar, maf Cnenpray Hay, 37 7-6 Sleen €.2005) Warn hay ad the yh cle 111985 The Grond Tow Aly phase int ‘nto Tuna sare 13 (0 ‘and ens in the Western Wi 150-1640. [2009 Preece is Monognen 2078893. ted on Hoy D198] Gonight Campers iy he rth aly Can endo, Mon. Wed 59 (199) Sting Pes The Maratng ond romano ns nd ie 150-2000 orden ‘arn ord McGahee, N. 2018) Yo im: “Arve, ian Manageme, 38 120-130