‘Ake eating this chop ond cnawaring the quoton, you should be able recognize th ferent forms of ous demand nderstnd the rongeo foc influencing tourism demond including particular ‘ocr a he destination and in geneoing oeos be ewore of hot influences on tour demand which the urs indus ea fect nd hose which ore [eyand conta recognize he procedure for meouring tous damon ndestnd the challenges and probloms of alacing ous iss Demand isthe bosis pon which ressarchers conceptualize how vrs choos and pursue range of ppounies in tee lane fine. Thus, «consideration of damon in lation i furism can ost in nderstnding reeds and experince, es wel as being 2 esl indicator f changing trends. Hall nd Page [2002: 60) soe tha, an understanding of ers demand eo staring pon for he onalyss of why tourism develops, whe patonizes specie destinations ond what appa othe clint rarke’. Gite simply, os Sang and Wit (2000: 1) gue, uri demand iste foundaion on which ll tousmrelated business deciions vino res‘or sesh’ (Mathieson and Wall 1982: 1). The sz the impect on domestic ad rm destinations nage 3-1) sn demand witha particu while aeopalogis nd prbaly expressed not clearly by Pare (1995) : as tthe relationship between individ? mot ‘ ; tion ro eevel and ther ability eo do so. This Incaos that a range of factors inflence fourm demand in oth the cours generating and destination ares Towcve, before camiing the factors inflcncing demand tis ist ecssry fo conse ore closely the ier ene rypes of demand sued on Smiths (1995) observations, demand occurs a fou diferent eve nt of products hat wil e consumed at various pecs actual levels of patcpation re foremotonal and pychologicly-ased experiences Buskat and Medi (1981 d x the influences the tour make in © *Motinations refer to the personal actors that deta the individual an ee xpress ours desires and choices, by eral Personal) and See =~ S tor moto whch ere ce of ise ee cae chapter However, extrinsic factors of determi “i edge, informacion on and images of desing ae tion tectnologal change and wider recone dcerminanes have an equally importa role {olay inshaping turin destination demand (ce FIGURE 3.1 Foc shaping denopmet ls gure 32). Thee partic howe wil fon the desinaton demand focus of this chapter Src apd tom WTO (1995,The tem ‘Semang” i sometimes ambiguous ints we and meaning, often reering to diferent measures of tours partition and behaviour Subsequently, the say oftourim demand en be approached from fering perspectives leis thesefre importa to undenind she elements of tourism demand and how researchers and analy we the te The elements of tourism demand ‘Aggregate/effective/actual demand The term ‘demand? is often used fo specify actual or observed tou paription and acti. This rp o Eman bs Known ayletve orca” demand and refers othe aggregate number of tours recorded in Mere the total nunibers of people ase shown traveling fom one country eo ane or by purpose of vast Cissy tout supplier cequve demand for thet products, bt foo much efsive demand pose the problem of ‘aceding the supp of praduts sacha verbooking of tine seat Elective mand within pope fio can be mewured by mean o fourm ee as Suppressed demand Ics often sogeste hs nd canbe soblvided into “potenti and ‘defer demand (Coop tral, 1998), othe ve for some anon the att a reson ong eds ing fact Those wh lasted peril demand ae acon demand inthe ttre when creumstnce allow: Hr may wel he that wating fora iy ence needed for ta sppesocd, bu pote demand tobe tind potential demand iw he nd n eravelling ou in this aegory move apa ‘Sfstive demand i auc 8st indivi represent potential there is a proportion of the population that doesnot arate in tua, Reasons fo this maybe (hh nay be reslved ne in if), an swings or inabily to fid the ime necessary 03 Woy holiday tne at ome rater than ay from Whether the ean are trough choice or other se those in hiv eataicy represent ‘o demand’. Seas of poverty Sun me households, hoi days ae one lamuy that fares annot afford: With haliays in developed Perceived a eset ets may people’ ites the nab of poorer h day enforce material deprivation and explains why mo demandes in some houshoks Other aspects of demand There are other ways of view dace above, which build 0 ches banc cmcepn Cooper ef a (1998) refer cosa of demand when demand for an acy soother form atv, for example saying sn a tel rather than self tering In ‘xcs when che Eegraphical holiday locaton change, pethape as» rl fo Demand may aso be dplaced where an absence Olio other sprsng event) so dha peopl choos ving established the parameter 1 an analy ofthe ways in whch demand inl ch | Tro forme tho affecting |Factors influencing demand in the tourist-generating area poured es Economic determinants Personal incomes The availability ofthe necessary finance i pethaps the most tourism demand. Incomes and tourism expenditure ate cel Tike, si posible to examine this elation where the emerging middle class over 30 milion people and ae ston th op speners i the USA aor the Bealian Cental Bank. Asa produc, rorim hs traditionally heen ctosiered at demand cast (oe CChaper 16h, which means chat consumers tnd oe senate to apc se, Pa simplyas pices te demand reds; sim ncomes ise and peices emia the same hen demand incest 2012 President Obama ranouned changes ta areas o enable the Global Entry Panga To exp the volun of ser rom ‘apunding economies of Brazil and Chins, This volved using the capacity 0 na proxesng mt OS Embusis i ach country as wells condactng background checks to reduce delays ncatons onal nthe USA. This was in response to the easey poor performance of international tours eral siace 9/1 and the istribution of incomes Within a wurst generating n distin i key co affect. ome distribution, fer example, where tere are eltvly fw wealthy ta many tthe proportion of people wh can afford to trvelineraionll I wealth ‘sual come dstibation may resale in 2 high overall lev! of toi demand spend on tous produc, Accordin tothe Office for Nationa arin en household inthe UK ct ha they could ot ard a weeks Hold, archers who natrlly sine that such bari xs when looking ashe toaram enerating Propensity ofthe population in sndvidaalcouneries. The Family Holiday Asocation in the UK reared 2006 that the contnued poverty among fami inthe UK meant tht 1: families cant afford one-week holiday and 15 cannot atford& daytrip. This war mpl in one parent fais wlere 37 pe cee were unable ro afford holiday and 40 per cent unable t aford a day tp, The UK Departmen of Work snd Pensions and the governments Sail Exclusion Unit rand the lack of a one-week break a8 4 meas rn emparson, in France 30 pe ation didnot ake lays fr final rsaons in and around 47 pr ent of he Latin Pulation did noe take a holiday in 2006 and inthe USA. 138 milion people ve in poverty. "Whac is apparent tha the propensity for hlday-making, expcily mull eto erent desi higher occupational and come group, eure observed by the Ci Aviation Authority (2006 study of lowcost iin whee higher sca groups were the main benefice ofthe growth neal by a “Thos not aking holiday ae ore numerous among the ower i ps Added his are ferences in he pares of domestic and outbound demand within counie.As with ober sees xty (eg serpy met} tour activity snot eenysibted actos al soca roups or seoraphically with coun nthe UK for example igher income and woioeonomic rope ate overepest ae are hone ing the moe areas ofthe Sots, and thee groupe show higher propery toward taking holidays (ONS 2000, Sia (China the higher popes for waved exe among the major urban creo the southern cata seaboad Value of currency/exchange rates A destination’ exchange rate has 4 farseching influence on tourism demand fom a geetating anand international our i highly sss o exchange rate tuations, that cam alter he cont of holiday considerably The potential consequences of changes in exchange ats reified the impact of an imei ated upon by thew favourable eachangy rate to inches travel aos a edaction a expend of length of changes it the method or length of evel neal reduction i pending by business wae A movement in exchange Tater of test 10 pe com ncennryBelore consequent covrdation in vstor movement can be trace, seeing wo some sade and for sone desnaions (wth igh international appeal or very song, economies) rinly chan tours demand Resatch in 2010 by Tourism ‘movements of 20 per ent have been necessary twas yc and elated 0p Social determinants Demographic variables Although Chater 4 examine ‘fa teaeley il ten een flaece on the tpe of eave ih ori and the backpacker market nds psec, Sim tage nt fay ocyele asa eating eearch ony Cxpeence The impacto doc pil and therefore he tn the vali of tine rau ebu bea tnd esc aera currency factions fluence the des Torin the ours aren and thie he demographic varie in more dealin terms of wl affect demand For example, he age dc they choose, pei as we inflentil ages othe selesion of typ bch emplonmeat type an incre i Tortora oe lng 31) Other tors such as home aaa BRIC countries: Emerging outbound markets ‘9 lal sale, many of he nae rim motos n North Americ ond Eoopa hove seen reltney slow {pew in mca ors, wih che mors tng muh of tho expansion fg he yuh rol moist tre becpocin on eect ara) In cot, be ove soon major pros among hi pid pond ile cones, UN-WTO and te Euopeon Tx Commision scanned the coro: tm fans Chino dnd, ting lr mee ves of fie tenatoral uti gow Fer example oy ound 15 per eat fhe 140 mibon [eat poplton hve hare eae The malay nips cubwnd fom Rais oe predominant fr bat es pipes highiging he pole or grow in Fekeoy pe overece Exing sls (Le, UN-WTO 2011) wgges hl previnn rn of growth i abou row hove bean ely Dojo wi res feo To percent grow per Onnm, compared lo cweroge joel vate of curd gow of bwean 2104 per an. The fing mile closes ord exeme rch he Stic} mle hia mage growth matt fr Eve (Gren oniog potion ao ves, Tsimlor pater grew eve ind wich hos cho sno te load roth fp 18 per eet fer grmum sce 2004 UN-WTO (2011) show tht ends by cubovndindon ort xe Fom USS). tin n 1997 eclogite ht amount o 2007, to US86.2 billon, UN-WTO (2011) Frc! that he Cubond ldon mora wil be orund 50 mon ips pet num n 202, whch ily to vy Hom tho eret fu on Europe The eit pos of Wel ee dom noted by midledats, welehcred roralrs who ore fecdoninonly male erling cx couple/in rues Ee) UNLWVT0 reoch wages sow of gang © v0, Eee centre ela ‘Snlina wih he inage oth destin, coy ver feces, vrity of achaies ond otocons and good Ince fo shpe ths eucound markt. UN-WIO ‘esarch co defier r iay deterrent of eubond ord es. ovlabity of gear foe, clu ony, ool peed pocagns ene wckemarg amienenl Mach he gow nb Rs on ni ctv by cvoble dipole ince renliog hom fst growing ‘Soronies clone fe fend towards he prestige nd She onccd wih eeund Wve. Simdar patos of ‘Srelpmertn oer BAC cons (Chino ond Bal rit or oy earn al el word's pepo Ferther Reading UNSWTO 011 Poly end Prac fo Goblin adi UNTO LUNSWVTO ond Eapean bran Commision (2009 The funion Onis ore Mork! wih Spi sight in the nage of Epa os © Dosination. Nod UN-WIO and Exroptan Toe Carminion (2007) The Indian Outbound Tol Market wih Spel IlghtHoliday entitlements dope wheres ws ge Political determinants Government tax ly at the Arab Spring inthe Middle East ‘hose to Spain sn 2011, Bul (1995) zh Europe cin nate the UK & eater than in the pee hat shown tht, with US sand controls on tourist spending Ap demand. Examples in That govemmen clan ose potential profitability. Foe example exchange rate att or cheaper for those in the Ea, In March 2008 te Fare was 18 pr cen ea, pushing up the pice of UK to Europe travel and nice vera Vint rn This er UK eves, making pric an spartan ave ued cori a8 a source ft even, and Bu ‘was introduced, based on 2 bed levy in Edinburgh, i ws estimated tht ie Would generate £1 12649 milion in evenues. However, ETAG identified the risk to tourism demand. Ineregly 2008 both Roreerdamn and Aressoot in th Js abolished bed lety charges to make the destinations mor cr cent be levy which has een sed to belp fad ram ¥ many US'states (see also Chapter 15). In the UK, fx on at sel (Air Pasengee Duty ~ APD) was introduced in This war steadily increased Unt twas eeformed tobe based on distance t 0°2000 mies 20014000 4001-6000; 6001 plas. As Song, Page and Sectaran (2012) showy his epee ox that fs ally more coy fo lowerpried kes This ha led ro decline la outbound tay fem the UK for cota Factors influencing demand in the tourist destination area is destination is influenced by economic an pla actors, but cur prodace and sevice al have aol to pla here, Dominate ese are the pice ofthe ournm oducts the sappy of tourist products and erie andthe overall quai. Morcoes the goverment of he Astnation aca can fee the ain 3 supplies or the way tours purchase gods and sere and ‘herby inno demandEconomic Price Tourism suppliers, such 2 in he acommo port sectors may wel prise heir goods 5 EeSRacpendensy bur cane watch on the Behaviour thir ompettor cleat ecestary (Barkart and M 1981) The relationship between pie and demand i Higher prices esl n lower demand ‘ern, Low rcs Spain aed the Blears ans cour he demand from UK criss nthe 19605 19705 and 1980s, Howeves, in #0 Tashion and environmental damage hase combined to euse a dowarar in he region's popularity Inaion to the pe of wha might be ought fas the ena part othe oe sean and anspor), te dena or tursan als nvnsed by other forms of expenditure a0 sted wa the hobay. In heres the iaflene of prices nt staghnorward Whe ‘Sika tiday and changes the pricey edactson ay resulein the percep fa Tower quality prod. ‘Supply-related Competition Ifthe» the level of compe ‘Sipps als incteases as wl be dicts n Chapter S- The extent ofthis form of ‘ply compeiion wil elt to bah the number and sie ofthe splits involved rice compeiiveness ewer TREE ceo an se re Chapeer 1) and (Tan Dasstry and Sle (2006) ented tae he US outbound sake oman ity subarea sounery For another de Political Government controls at the destination Just ax governments in the generating area can inflence (wad te Ch. 3 Web Can) no can thse at esinaons. Regulation can direc ln the number of oars, (ftbugh cs seatiton, and case pin are hove nonce in Bhutan, Orher counties rest the opportunity care fight one agin lac san arsine to promote the at sirine.is possible for countries ta contrl the amount of fous expendare (es. F ‘tcuency tat canbe exchanged. Mon tourist destnatios can manage eapact th Panning regulations and heey resi Other factors influencing tourism demand ‘While there ave some factors which msl inflvene tour demand atthe dination trea there ae oes which fall been these categories ut ae nevertheless inp ‘hese te the promotional efforts of the dessinasion and the Gmelos of eave Promotional efforts of the destination "While it coud he argued thatthe promotional ffs of + detination are largely du so the destination ise tis of imagery how such efforts are rscved make dis ifenc dstnsve. AS ap intangible which means that ts impossible for the consumer ro "test the product before purchase (se Chap ter I} As sh, ourism promotion silent o promotion in the indies. When contenpatng a sito & Fomiated te ange of promutional rool bu the Inert Las gicly proved tobe one of isc ackering tol for tourom suppers with ustemers able to chk avail apd book oon Tera dd pany. The neces of promotional efor can inne trim demands howeve sae beyond the contol of ome sup nation epillyhen media ages of iss ce Chapter 25) pore the destination poo ight ae Pke 2008) Health, safety and security issues {ey inthe new milenam asthe 11 atacks onthe US affected tourism demand date ako see Chapter 25) Sad poles warslatd and srr activ have lng feared consainof the feed for ours ave ‘Gah event sac a6 SARS andthe ous of foorandmouth disease nthe UK in 2001, had short-term fess van demand inten rns That thse inser aed thi npistione for he tourism stor ae of reatfolic, deconsmakers andthe tourism instr to Time and cost considerations The cot and ime involved in the travel component self simporant While sie datunce need the tie and ot of travel over vey long distances may be pobre sed inflacce demand, As such i Ul that the faster an ravel to destinations the more popular the Fa product wl be. This as been ein os lowtotsifines have made it ses, Tue an cont cocdeatons lo hae significant wid age lanl ED and long the US-Canala border which am fers significa proportion foe ours and lear pur milion people cossing the US- Mexico ede in 2010 Seasonal variations rism demand, and an important determining factor in elation to es the cae of chan tourism, Butler and Mao (1997 dnt the types of seasonality Among the factor influacing seasonality of diferent markets are the interaction of temperature, rainfall and Akagi inthe origin and det ace Isight 32), pric polices of eur pervs and lines, the ‘erent olday habit of tavllers and importance of fashion, tes and provision of evens and atacions ib the denination. An inclement cline, suh asthe winter in Canad, may le tothe develope of indoor fc tes ke West Edmonton Malo erete a dem ing. Seasonally distorted pater of holiday aking oscuro reslt of tainly divn lay pei school hldays and calendar elated events, ich a8 Thanksgiving snd Chess. the ale lan re vd Tourism demand and weather The dena for on oy dob ofc by emer tamper. The nai o ‘gure’ good weather eae ‘ata ich do Kom ae doy fo the net arin 295) eon et he po shope sazonal pats of von. Cine my daly danond tur ace con be expanded ing done aly derma furl acu og hou of od wth, and ding inclement can Surtire, mpee, sow, wind ard pepsin) A leod a siching Kom odor t nde ec. The he some fine, climate = high varatle poromelr, eos thot acconmadoe denon ond urged et onto cane seen, ele ly vats wea, denatons mod ote elo wide eng of the dal range fom te highest fo owe! vor etocon: Gee Chop areal nesteneInsight 3.2 continued lene Chop re ol hay 0 be vy snow ood, be woes ‘cerbated. Cine wil erty inn oa. ‘Sind er wil be upended dhe he chanel ond tiie pycholgial rocoto © destination ‘linc can 2 cor tacon othe man oppeal ot Research in M 1 deocon & ton ond remain © kay coe 0d ‘leat ine obveing of esate ond vcore fg eyera, heavy o on, USA found tht 1 degree igh kmperore le a pe at ‘ion diese nde, othe imo eles of loo ond bose acto She ampere, 0 es nd al oe we tl wand dilacemen| om, visors amended of Regen clint by tur epee he washer ee ely wed rae sles end wah concer ‘han 80 pee cent of asivals al nthe May-Seprember perio, and this is ypc 3f many holiday ‘Bethntion sec wo rece patems of season that show marked peaks By cesing ners and ak short beak, sometimes based around event estes So fa this chapter ented he main deersinasts of understning demand fr tourism san appreciation of how tourism activity i measured, evaluated and reported thes ae cena othe appropsste Planing and management of tura aiity in desnations sm demand. However, an eset ape of Measuring tourism demand: Tourism statistics Sth (200429) copies thatthe fundamental concepe in measuring ours of couse, tours year, and fr abroad range of leisure, busin ms, health and personal which highlights the scope of what we might measure the sale of tour an economic activity, he restons Tor coming tour, where one goo on holiday through to am endless range of posible ise. According ‘Meassement of such diverse acy poses many methodological poems, Sich sacs wl he explored ltt, What do tourism statistics measure and how are they used? Burka and Moi (1981) provi msght ino the development of measzements of tourism phenomen by governments during the 960 sequent development through othe late 1970s, While sea Scknowledged by most tour resarchers ha sets faucet estblih sive demand fo rg, Bakar and Medi (1981 78) dey hep surement in tours + tocsane the magaitade and sin 2 nto the economy or sity especially the eet the Balance of payments {= roast inthe planning and development of tour nasa and the eft of ferent volumes of Thana wth sie md to usta the evaluation al npeneton of merksng and promotion actives ‘sere te tsi mart tees foation on he acts pote markets and hee characteris.ue of tours at diferent geographical sae from the global to the county level dawn tote nda rc aise naive sucha the planning and devclopment of ourien mp smc capa and market researc, runs sats crucially provide data on he «accommodation arrivals © tours recep, sion af the inherent problem in data collection In addon, sights on inrnational International and domestic tourism: Statistics and insights he to principal organizations tht collate dst on intentional ours ae the United Nations Work Tousen Organization (UN-WTO) andthe Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Develpment (OECD). UUNAWTO provides che main source of at, collated fom 3 survey of major govemment genes responsible {at cllcon and the tend in international eas sine 1980, As shown Chapter 1 an almost contant growth in annals dept War inthe 1980s snd SARS) While moe temas ice check) the we of arvaldepatre cords (where usd ours and whee they area {ae maybe imted bythe colin ag trod eather than sng al exer of arta The major publications ofthe UN-WTO and OFCD in elation international suri are 197 Gall ial (a are deter sso deal vo periodic tourism sures often are, UNLWTO, Texel and in some cae geographialdsaggregition ofthe descipions and categorie for ai of snp (eg esto the for almow 150 eres and 1 the OECD Tenn Poy and International fered to the Ble Book hin is ens. areas, While che main testo he plication x government policy and the abuacc to ineratonl iatratonal regional Working Group, APEC snd the tt Organizations (NTTOs) also collet da tables of iti data such a the Pacific Asa Travel Anoition the ASEAN, also collec international tourism satis. National Domestic tourism statistics ta on domestic tourism volume, pendture and partrs are normly coordinated by national ours orga fen withthe asintance of regional turism bodies, Tourism data are alio Galected by commercial ganizations and those requiring the eur ean subset ot Prchas eports Kom tng of bse achat the Esropean Union statistical agency ~ Eurostat intp/twwaceurope-cuan). Morcowe consulta cam be ‘ommisioned to specifically cole the daa segue: Hom in both cases the expense sc tat oe tor According tothe UN-WTO, domestic our setae to be wp ot times greater ional ori and ye comparatively ite research has been undertaken on this neglected aca Pearce (1998: 67 argues hat eis may bested othe ls isle natreof much domestic ten move informal and es sucrre than sterational tours and sueguet tenancy by many Romer ies, searcher and others to regard ea nigfcane, Where govemment agencies and cer public undertake dats cll on domes ave not often dtcly comparable tral pattern and trends (Pearce 1995-67) akhough the eudy By Singh (2009) nc the station in Asa. Yee one ofthe ending pele in ourson research at orgniatons thatonions tourism researches is whether busines rave should contin 20 be sidered ss distete prof turn. Chadwick (98 75} note thatthe conse of North American opinion nat Be tht despite eran arguments othe contrary, busiest tavel sould te considered pare of travel and tours, Lacan (198959) songs that he man types of itenatoal tourism sass ole eae wo: Yer she principal fea wh «volume of out * expendi by tourists the profile ofthe ours and thee rp characteristics, nt tation nteratonl tourism since the method rc nt For xi ve att ae oe ered eo out may make more than one trp a year and each sip daca olan doesnot numbers of trips xe than india ours, sin sr tounted separately Inthe cae of expendtre sti, ourit expenditure ‘Satins county and caclaes payments to tour tanspore operator, Yet driving sch seat fen es dered rm bak records fom deta provided by wuts Teetmeture bed on foegycurency ex FHuviders more commonly, om socal surveys undertaken dic with rowrig-Tourt sass are usally 1) The ast ae of at collet is prof statis, which examine the Slee none of Fie ways (ee Table ‘Sarcterates snd tere abi of vistors: Fr example the UR ternational Pasener Sur that incrportes volume, expenditure aod ool data on intratonal tourism fe Ch. 3 Web Case Establishing demand for domestic tourism Perc (1995) scknowlets hath cal and vlume of dont tourion weld de exceds tha of iteration thurs although fen viewed the pore patna the companion of atts. For example nT {tour in China genre 639 mils oe ut by 2007 thi had wen 11.6 on ps whi ineratona trea re fom St mon n 1996 01318 mon in 207, sta ter rolume of domes turn. ‘Sot iseiicul understand demand a domestic conta bezse not domestic Darian stasis tend wo under one the leah velar of fon cen specs of domestic turin noxementsteing wets ened in off ‘Eiltoucce The rst to fends and clas the we of fois of asconmmeation ter han hots (or example ‘Seon homes camp sts and earavan es) and teae by large erent of poplin from ans othe county Side arene forthe mot par ince (Latha 1989-65Trades the example Future demand for tourism :+ Pola dvvee = inlading dew onogrphy and pling ranspore + Tecmoloey drivers =i recog, enr. ing information iy polis and 5 Seth gal dvd, aviation These drivers are often analyzed ing diferent what may happen (pose fares, what is foro hap (peerble aturs)Tneah athe sand techniques to dpi frre sxnai rent specialists sch s forecasting a wel ax scenario planning, which eek omider how uncertain fares may sven relon vo tours. SenaioPlrng embraces a wide vey of Telp create coe baud on looking a aerate pe ent likely to happen pea utc) and soba we wondd ism sector ting to west bow tourism demand Silites Famed scound thre key qoestons: Pr change ithe frre: For example, Visita has examined forcast whch iden thatthe number Tonle inthe UK ape ver 68 wil be preter than those aged under 16 by 201 The inplctons fo tourism [crtand are tha he torts setor wll ned tobe more atanod othe aces ofthis growing market, many of Grom wil have expeienes of oversea evel ala tavel story (ce the stck of experiences accumlated Through thee hese of tenell which will make them 3 dacering and urate markt, in pte of changes 10 Conclusion The demand for outem produc sell crcl © Inn ol he tunam indy, Recon of he Bree {> mond ein art, market prtlyonpotant in tems of ring produc ond promotional far I ‘ome conte, hr te rowing moves by ergy Vlltng ofthe worlrc ord leave enitamans oro Urconinly bong improved In cher coves hee (growing ater in Europe fot has of work enero: Bp orl in cous tafe UK whe ter com tres thy eve devin, providing mote liste fine ‘Winer the socom i chop hos shown that © Compl ory of asus ol the dom for ri ‘hate re nec crs hol nuance demand hich {eboyond he self os thn the fourm In ‘annie sabi are cbs ext of whee tin ‘kmard con be upped, cues of govorimat In the gencrng of drinon crocs hoe oo baa howe tobe nero cussion quest 1 How ofthe foe pe totem demand ined 12 What ar em 23 To wh eee prieinoront i inn economic delenit inflencng er change ia wellae peor The cope lo recap th ur ic eased ond wrlotd by goverment ond ogres In ren! nd tometioes conficng ways ofan making ato ‘Surcee ble mre than on nton fe ode J op do of tour rchar thon © preci denetion of hs "Soe end vlna, Ofte tits adda sources hove ‘Ste reaed wih coven, cs turan son tues, Se peta of ociron; mtodsogy ord conn ent fncorhrs on sodas, Mah of fhe serch Stich he pre seco conmison examine rior Ved pretoms i hg conden om chen evn Though Wsomaines uncial ves pbc el sources Shpplmenid wah ocesioce areas wih decison. Ine here ram steps re being Svlpod For govermens, Clohing ond enumerating Yours fain a compos pclon, nt ea! bcane the pop: on highly moble od ay ere conning on exper tre rather thon @ tangle prod At vtuk any ‘rales of ovam high dependant opr he sd tod fens one moog ent 44 Whotore he mein oso inuecing demand thes denon raReferences epi, M196) Te Sxl Pca ee Asoc) 11991 Che ¥ Tan. Maen Bua ord Mea, 51901] uri ot Fase! ond bla ond menor oP May fe) aly ‘ed in navel and tut resmorch n }R.Bot Riche ‘nd Colne) onl Too Hey "Evan, Ci Avion Author, london, wr cfleinge oa offre Rema 380} 220 ol, CO. od Pop, [202 The Geography a cn ond Reason Enionne! Pls Space, Sec ry, and Sci MA. [206] Moding mond fo Euan arin deinen laham, J (1969) The diced meatrement of ua’ atom) ord Ehcrdy 12009) The sate ‘nemaranent tin in © Congr Cos el 201) ram Soc aratond) Pevpeche ond Cares nde: Contre, oi Aol (90 im anne pal ore breton Sig EO on Set (99 et Ai coed song ges ed ere 012 hp et 185 aol ian rte urine arate tre oe 0 ae ge 995) Goa ut