INTRODUCTION

On September 24, 1972, President Ferdinand Marcos enacted Presidential Decree No. 1, which
organized the provinces into 11 regions as part of Marcos' Integrated Reorganization Plan. The IRP
created Region IV, known as the Southern Tagalog region, and was the largest region in the Philippines.
At this time, Region IV consisted of Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Marinduque, Oriental Mindoro, Occidental
Mindoro, Quezon, Rizal, Romblon, and Palawan. In 1979, Aurora formally became a province
independent of Quezon and was also included in Region IV. On May 17, 2002, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo signed Executive Order No. 103, which made reorganized to the Southern Tagalog
region. Due to its size, Region IV was split into two separate regions, Region IV-A (Calabarzon) and
Region IV-B (MIMAROPA). Aurora was transferred to Region III, Central Luzon. The next year, Arroyo
signed Executive Order No. 246, which declared Calamba as the regional center of the region. On June 5,
1901, a convention was called on whether or not the province of Manila should annex the province of
Morong, which was found to be unable to be self-sufficient as a province. Eventually, on June 11, Act No.
137of the First Philippine Commission abolished Morong and created a new province, named after the
Philippines' national hero, Jose Rizal, who, coincidentally, was a native of Laguna. The new province
comprised 29 municipalities, 17 from Manila and 12 from Morong. In 1902, Macario Sakay, a veteran
Katipunan member, established the Tagalog Republic in the mountains of Rizal. Ultimately, Sakay's
Tagalog Republic ended in 1906 when he and his men were betrayed under the guise of holding a
national assembly aimed at the self-determination of the Filipino people. On September 7, 1946, the
Third Philippine Republic enacted Republic Act No. 14, which renamed the province of Tayabas to
Quezon, in honor of Manuel Quezon. Quezon was the second President of the Philippines and a native
of Baler (now part of Aurora). In 1951, the northern part of Quezon became the sub-province Aurora,
named after Quezon's wife. Calabarzon, formally known as the Southern Tagalog Mainland, is an
administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-A. The region comprises five provinces:
Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, and Rizal; and one highly urbanized city, Lucena. The region is the
most populous region in the Philippines according to the Philippine Statistics Authority, having over 14.4
million inhabitants in 2020, and is also the country's second most densely populated after the National
Capital Region. Creative nonfiction (also known as literary nonfiction or narrative nonfiction or literary
journalism or verfabula) is a genre of writing that uses literary styles and techniques to create factually
accurate narratives. Creative nonfiction contrasts with other nonfiction, such as academic or technical
writing or journalism, which are also rooted in accurate fact though not written to entertain based on
prose style. Many writers view creative nonfiction as overlapping with the essay.Creative nonfiction
writers have embraced new ways of forming their texts including online technologies because the genre
leads itself to grand experimentation. Dozens of new journals have sprung up both in print and online
that feature creative nonfiction prominently in their offerings. Drama is the specific mode of fiction
represented in performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or
television. Considered as a genre of poetry in general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the
epic and the lyrical modes ever since Aristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic
theory. A short story is a piece of prose fiction that typically can be read in one sitting and focuses on a
self-contained incident or series of linked incidents, with the intent of evoking a single effect or mood.
The short story is one of the oldest types of literature and has existed in the form of legends, mythic
tales, folk tales, fairy tales, tall tales, fables and anecdotes in various ancient communities around the
world. The modern short story developed in the early 19th century. Poetry (derived from the Greek
poiesis, "making"), also called verse, is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic
qualities of language − such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre − to evoke meanings in
addition to, or in place of, a prosaic ostensible meaning. A poem is a literary composition, written by a
poet, using this principle. Poetry uses forms and conventions to suggest differential interpretations of
words, or to evoke emotive responses. Devices such as assonance, alliteration, onomatopoeia, and
rhythm may convey musical or incantatory effects. The use of ambiguity, symbolism, irony, and other
stylistic elements of poetic diction often leaves a poem open to multiple interpretations. Similarly,
figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, and metonymy establish a resonance between otherwise
disparate images—a layering of meanings, forming connections previously not perceived. Kindred forms
of resonance may exist, between individual verses, in their patterns of rhyme or rhythm.

SHORT STORIES

INRODUCTION

EXAMPLE The Myth of Mariang Makiling

On Mount Makiling Long Ago, A Stunning Goddess Named Mariang Makiling Resided. One
Day, Some Individuals Stole Her Jewelry And Left The Forest At The Summit Of The Mountain
Empty. Mariang Makiling Was Angry About That Night's Heavy Rain And Thunder. She Was
Heard Saying, "I Have Given You Food, Treasures, And Shelter, Yet It Wasn't Enough For
You!" She Laughed So Loudly That An Earthquake Occurred. After Her Large Voice Was
Heard, She Never Showed Herself Again To Those Mortals Who Abused Her Kindness.

  The Myth of Wawa Dam in Montalban, Rizal

There Is Local Folklore About Montalban, Rizal, That Is Unique To That Area. It All Begins
With Bernardo Carpio, A Participant In A Rebellion Against The Spanish. He Was Trapped
Between Two Boulders By Magical Methods, Using The Abilities Of A Local Engkantado
(Shaman). A String Of Cave-Ins Prevented His Co-Conspirators From Entering The Cave To
Rescue Him When They Arrived.

The Legend of Holy Mountain-Mt.Banahaw

Mount Banahaw Has Been The Subject Of Numerous Legends. According To A Tradition, The
Middle Eastern Disturbance Is Why The Four Archangels Traveled To The Holy Land.
According To A Different Legend, The Spanish Dismembered And Threw Juan Ynbin, A
Chinese Woodcutter Who Had Joined A Revolution Against Forced Labor, Into The Sea, Where
He Miraculously Survived. He Went To The Mountains To Seek Amulets And To Escape The
Spaniards, Who Thought He Was A Rebel. Every Time He Tried To Leave Mount Banahaw, He
Would Go Blind, Which Is Why He Stayed On And Became One Of Its First Hermits.
POETRY

CREATIVE NON FICTION

INTRODUCTION : Paz M. Latorena, Jose Rizal and Alejandro G. Abadilla are one of the best writter of
novels in region 1A because of there personal experienece that gives them inspiration to make
these masterpiece such as small key,el fili, noli, ako ang daig. That inspires most of us filipino
about there stories.
by their creative minds that gives life to their books and at the same time inspiers most of us
filipinos because some of thir novels such as small key,el fili, noli, ako ang daig.
EXAMPLES

Paz M. Latorena

(January 17, 1908 – OCTOBER 19,1953)

First generation of Filipino English writers. In both literary writing ang education was a
poet,editor,author,and teacher.

Wrote poetry under the pseudonym. Mina Lys

Won the third price in Jose Garcia Villa’s Roll of Honor for the Best Stories of 1927 for her story.”The
Small Key”

- A short story about Soledad, a woman in her mind-twenties who is married to a man
named Pedro Buhay. They lived in a hut within a prosperous farm awayfrom neighbors. Soledad looked t
the beginnings of an abundant harvest with familiarity and discontent.
DRAMA

INTRODUCTION Drama is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance: a play, opera,
mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio or television. Considered as a genre of poetry in
general, the dramatic mode has been contrasted with the epic and the lyrical modes ever since
Aristotle's Poetics (c. 335 BC)—the earliest work of dramatic theory.
EXAMPLE

WALANG SUGAT Introduction: Walang Sugat was written when the zarzuela became a "potent
means" of expressing Filipino nationalism during the American Occupation of the Philippines that
followed three centuries of Spanish rule. Apart from the political themes, Walang Sugat is also a love
story. Towards the end of the Philippine Revolution, Tenyong leaves Julia to become a member of
the Katipunan. In his absence, Julia is continuously pressured by her mother to marry the rich
Miguel; she succumbs when she stopped receiving news from Tenyong. As Julia and Miguel are
being wed, Tenyong arrives to interrupt the service, and is dying of injuries sustained in combat.
Tenyong mentions his dying wish to Julia, but the play features an "unexpected twist" that shows
how Tenyong is able to outwit the persons separating him from his beloved Julia.

Characters: TENYONG: isang mapagmahal na lalaki na lumaban sa mga prayle. JULIA: ang iniibig
ni Tenyong. LUCAS: kanag kamay ni tenyong o matalik na kaibigan. PUTIN : ina ni Tenyong.
KAPITAN INGGO : ama ni Tenyong. JUANA : ina ni Julia. KURA / PRAYLE : mga sakim at
mapagmalabis.
Plot: Tenyong leaves Julia to join the Katipunan. Her mother pushes her to marry a wealthy man. On
the wedding, he comes back injured. He begs to marry her before his near death. Then, he stands up
unwounded. The crowd yells, "Walang Sugat!" Regarded as Severino Reyes' masterpiece, "Walang
Sugat" broadly underscores the injustice of Spanish rule even as it dances around the cruel fate of the
young lovers Tenyong and Julia with humor and song, Set in the final leg of the Philippines
Revolution, Tenyong is forced to leave behind his childhood sweetheart Julia to join the Katipunan.
Meanwhile, Julia's mother pressures her into marrying the wealthy Miguel instead. With no word
from Tenyong as the battle prolongs, Julia give in, but her wedding is interrupted by the fatally
wounded Tenyong, who returns with a dying wish for him and Julia to get married before he dies but
nothing happened as he show up with no scratch, leaving people with an exclaimed "Walang Sugat"
Theme: The play is about the injustices Filipinos suffered under Spanish colonial rule, including the
oppression of Filipino prisoners by Spanish friars for expressing their patriotism.

: Macbeth
was written by Shakespeare between 1603 and 1606, between Caesar and Hamlet. It is the story of a
murderer and usurper, like Richard III or Claudius (Hamlet) from crime to crime to achieve security.
Macbeth is a villain but a more humanized character compared to Richard. Macbeth is a noble and
gifted man. He chooses treachery and crime, knows them for what they are and is totally aware he is
doing evil. Evil is concentrated in Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who are influenced by the Weird
Sisters. The play examines the possibilities of evil and centres on the villain-hero. We find good only
in secondary characters like Duncan or Malcolm. Macduff is the righteous character. Macbeth is a
tyrant (Cf Richard III) and Malcolm will be the good king (Cf Richmond). The supernatural powers
are represented by the Weird Sisters and Hecate, standing for the side of evil (disorder) and by the
King of England, standing for the side of good (order). The symbolism is obvious: it is light versus
darkness, angels Vs devils and heaven Vs hell. The character of Macbeth is interesting because he is
fully conscious of the horror of his deeds. Indeed, we learn in the beginning of his soliloquies that he
knows very well what is good: in Act I, sc2, l.13, there is an enumeration of all reasons why he
should not kill Duncan. Macbeth is tortured between his erected wit and his infected will. Macbeth is
the story of the temptation of a good man by witches. It is comparable to Adam and Eve with the
Serpent. Lady Macbeth is the one who is really tempted. There is also a sort of philosophical issue:
Macbeth is a brave soldier but a moral coward too: he is a brutal murderer feeling guilty. It is a moral
dimension that does not exist in Richard III. The play is therefore more subtle since we find the
presence of evil in the virtuous and of good in the wicked. It is not a manichean word: “our life is a
mingled yarn, good and evil together” (All’s Well that Ends Well). The Thane of Cawdor is a traitor
and he dies in I,4. But we learn that even the wicked can have virtue through repentance. It
announces the other side. The fundamental moral issue is that evil is made possible because of man’s
free will. Moral damnation is possible because man has understanding and can make the difference
between good and evil. Awareness and clairvoyance make moral judgements possible. Macbeth is
perfectly aware and morally conscious. The tragedy lies all in both being aware and being
courageous -it is the fate of the tragic hero. Macbeth is not a manichean vision of man. Richard III is
the villain as hero but Macbeth is the hero who becomes a villain. The emphasis is on the process of
turning evil. Hence, it is fundamental that, from the start, Macbeth should be presented as a hero: “for
brave Macbeth” (I, 2, 16). At first, he is a very brave soldier but he is ambitious and wants to satisfy
his wife who is even more ambitious. He will seize the opportunity to get the crown. But he made a
misjudgment between temporal good (crown) and eternal good (heaven). Macbeth has awareness but
his judgement is weak: he is very much influenced by his wife.
Characters: Macbeth Lady Macbeth Macduff Three Witches King Duncan Banquo Malcolm Fleance
Plot: Three witches tell the Scottish general Macbeth that he will be King of Scotland. Encouraged
by his wife, Macbeth kills the king, becomes the new king, and kills more people out of paranoia.
Civil war erupts to overthrow Macbeth, resulting in more death. On a bleak Scottish moorland,
Macbeth and Banquo, two of King Duncan's generals, discover three strange women (witches). The
witches prophesy that Macbeth will be promoted twice: to Thane of Cawdor (a rank of the
aristocracy bestowed by grateful kings) and King of Scotland. Banquo's descendants will be kings,
but Banquo isn't promised any kingdom himself. The generals want to hear more, but the "weird
sisters" disappear. Soon afterwards, King Duncan names Macbeth Thane of Cawdor as a reward for
his success in the recent battles. The promotion seems to support the prophecy. The King then
proposes to make a brief visit that night to Macbeth's castle at Inverness. Lady Macbeth receives
news from her husband about the prophecy and his new title. She vows to help him become king by
whatever means are necessary.
Theme: The destruction wrought when ambition goes unchecked by moral constraints finds its most
powerful expression in the play's two main characters. Macbeth is a courageous Scottish general who
is not naturally inclined to commit evil deeds, yet he deeply desires power and advancement.
DALAGANG BUKID Intro: Dalagang Bukid is the first Filipino feature-length film made by a
Filipino director regarded as "Father of Filipino Movies" and is now lost forever. Dalagang Bukid is
a story about a young flower vendor named Angelita , who is forced by her parents to marry a
wealthy old man, Don Silvestre, despite her love for Cipriano, a law student.
Characters: Atang de la Rama as Angelita Marcellano Ilagan Mar Esmeralda Den Reed Lamosao
Plot: Dalagang Bukid is a story about a young flower vendor named Angelita (Atang de la Rama),
who is forced by her parents to marry a loan shark, Don Silvestre, despite her love for Cipriano, a
law student. Angelita's parents are blind to her reciprocated love for Cipriano, as their shortage of
money and consumption by various vices (gambling and cockfighting) make Don Silvestre's offer of
marriage attractive. With her siblings, Angelita shines shoes at a church to provide income to her
parents. Meanwhile, Angelita's parents give Don Silvestre permission to marry their daughter after he
arranged for her to win a beauty contest. Before going to Angelita's coronation, Cipriano and
Angelita get married in secret. At the coronation, Don Silvestre faints after learning about Angelita
and Cipriano's wedding.

Theme: The "Dalagang Bukid" is one of Fernando Amorsolo's best-known paintings. The painting,
or rather its subject, was Amorsolo's attempt to depict Filipina beauty as opposed to the typical Maria
Clara image commonly associated with local women. Sporting a smile and with a cheerful
disposition, the "Dalagang Bukid" saw Amorsolo at his signature best with vibrant sceneries
depicting rural life as lived out by our elders and ancestors. It is only then quite fitting that the
painting was chosen by animator Mark Cañega as his subject to mark International Women's Day
yesterday, March 8. It portrays the lady subject moving her head and body, smiling as the fresh
provincial air softly touches her surroundings. In the background plays a classical guitar rendition of
Eraserheads' song "With a Smile" arranged by musician Mj Casiano. “March is International
Women's month!” Mark wrote on Facebook. “It's about time that we start respecting women's
decisions about what they wear and stop using the ideals of modesty to control their sexuality or
sexual agency.” He added, “Women don't exist to cater to what society wants them to be, and they
should have the right to choose how to represent themselves on their own terms and they should not
be blamed for being victimized. “All women are strong and courageous, and there is no limit to what
they can accomplish. “So to all women out there, Happy Women's month!”
 WRITERS and THEIR
LITERARY WORKS

AKO ANG DAIDIG

Alejandro G. Abadilla
(March 10, 1906 – August 26,1969)

Commonly known as AGA, was a Filipino

poet,essayistand fiction writer.
Father of moderm Phillipine poetry