Statistical Theory (Math 125D)

LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

Learning Outcome

At the end of this lesson, the students will be able to differentiate descriptive
and inferential statistics. The students are also expected to determine the level of
measurement of the data set and compute summation notations.

1.1 Statistics

It is a branch of Mathematics that deals with collection, organization,

analysis, interpretation, and presentation of data.

Data

These are facts and pieces of information in a form of words, numbers, and
graphs.

Example 1:

1. Class list
2. Telephone directory
3. Box scores in a basketball game
4. Class record
5. Graph showing the yearly sales

Types of Data

1. Quantitative Data = Data expressed in numbers

2. Qualitative Data = Data expressed in words

Example 2:

1. Height, weight, age, number of subjects passed, and average grade are
example of quantitative data.
2. Gender, place of residence, religion, and course are example of qualitative
data.

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Statistical Theory (Math 125D)

Kinds of Quantitative Data

1. Continuous Data = Data which can take any value in a specified range.

2. Discrete Data = Data which can take only a certain value in a specified
ranged. These are usually expressed as whole numbers.

Example 3:

1. Height, weight, and average grade are example of continuous data.

2. Number of children, number of subjects enrolled, and number of subjects
passed are examples of discrete data.

Levels of Measurement

The way the dataset is measured.

1. Nominal = weakest measurement; categorical data; and used numbers

only as label

2. Ordinal = It has the characteristics of nominal data with the addition of

order.

3. Interval = It has the characteristics of ordinal + the difference between

values is defined + no absolute zero (zero means something)

4. Ratio = It has the characteristics of interval + absolute zero (Zero

meaning wala/zero or nay true zero)

Example 4:

1. Gender, nationality, and religion are examples of nominal data.

2. Military rank, t-shirt size, and satisfaction rating are example of ordinal.

3. Temperature and IQ are examples of interval.

4. Height, weight, and distance are examples of ratio.

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Statistical Theory (Math 125D)

1.2 Types of Statistics

1. Descriptive Statistics

Methods concerned with collecting, describing, and summarizing the

sample set of data to make it more informative.

Example 5:
• Average age of the patients infected with HIV in the Philippines is 22.4
years.
• Average income of farmers per year is Php 350,000
• Average grade of DPA students in BukSU is 1.20.
• Most of the COVID-19 patients belong to age bracket >60 years old.
• The median age of the patients infected with the virus is 50 years old.
• The average age of the patient infected with HIV is 22.4 years with a
standard deviation of 1.2 years.
• The average monthly income of DPA students is Php 50,000 with a
standard deviation of Php 4,000

Example 6:

Given the data in a computer accessories store:

MARLON S. FRIAS, Ph.D. | BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY 3

Statistical Theory (Math 125D)

Can be tabulated to make it more informative:

Product Quantity Sales

Smartphone case 500 120,000
Earbuds 350 250,000
USB car charger 100 50,000
HDMI cable 50 100,000
Total 1000 520,000

Example 7:

500
500
400 350
300
200 100
50
100
0

2. Inferential Statistics

Methods concerned with analyzing a sample of data which lead to

prediction or drawing conclusion about the set of data.

MARLON S. FRIAS, Ph.D. | BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY 4

Statistical Theory (Math 125D)

Example 8:
Based on Mr. Albert’s class record in the last 5 years, it shows the 80% of the
students who took statistics subject passed. He predicted that no more than 20% of
the students will fail in the said subject in the current academic year.

Example 9:

Based on the graph of the reported cases of COVID-19, the pandemic with
start to decline in the 3rd quarter of the year and will completely vanish in the 1 st
quarter of 2021.

Population

It is the totality of individuals or objects having the same characteristics to

which the researchers are concerned.

Sample

It is the subset or a representative of a population.

Example 10:

Identify which of the following data set is a population or a sample:

• Representative of the freshmen students.

• Households interviewed in Barangay San Jose.
• All registered vehicles in 2019.
• All students enrolled in BukSU in 2020.

MARLON S. FRIAS, Ph.D. | BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY 5

Statistical Theory (Math 125D)

1.3 Summation Notation

The Greek letter Σ indicates the summation of variables. In the expression:

𝑛

∑ 𝑥𝑖
𝑖=1

Σ is the symbol of summation, 𝑖 is the index of summation, 1 is the starting point,

and 𝑛 is the stopping point. The expression above means to sum the elements 𝑥𝑖′ 𝑠
with indices 1 to 𝑛. This can be read as “summation of 𝑥𝑖 as 𝑖 starts from 1 to 𝑛”.

Example 11:

Expand the following summation:

1. ∑5𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 + 𝑥5

2. ∑4𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑥32 + 𝑥42

3. ∑3𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 − 4)2 = (𝑥1 − 4)2 + (𝑥2 − 4)2 + (𝑥3 − 4)2

4. If 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = −1, 𝑥3 = 4, and 𝑥4 = 3, find ∑4𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖2 .

∑ 𝑥𝑖2 = 𝑥12 + 𝑥22 + 𝑥32 + 𝑥42

𝑖=1
So,
4

∑ 𝑥𝑖2 = (2)2 + (−1)2 + (4)2 + (3)2

𝑖=1
= 4 + 1 + 16 + 9

= 30

Properties of Summation:

1. ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑧𝑖 ) = ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 + ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑧𝑖

2. ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑐𝑥𝑖 = 𝑐 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 where 𝑐 is constant

3. ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑐 = 𝑛𝑐 where 𝑐 is constant

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Statistical Theory (Math 125D)

Example 12:

Given 𝑥1 = −2, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑥3 = 1, 𝑥4 = 4, 𝑦1 = −1, 𝑦2 = 0, 𝑦3 = 5, 𝑦4 = −2 find:

4

∑(3𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 2)
𝑖=1

4 4 4 4

∑(3𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖 + 2) = ∑ 3𝑥𝑖 + ∑ 𝑦𝑖 + ∑ 2
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

= 3 ∑4𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + ∑4𝑖=1 𝑦𝑖 + ∑4𝑖=1 2

= 3(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + 𝑥4 ) + (𝑦1 + 𝑦2 + 𝑦3 + 𝑦4 ) + (4)(2)

= 3(−2 + 3 + 1 + 4) + (−1 + 0 + 5 − 2) + (4)(2)

= 3(6) + (2) + (8)

= 18 + 2 + 8

= 28

Example 13:

Given 𝑥1 = −2, 𝑥2 = 3, 𝑥3 = 1, 𝑥4 = 4, find:

4

∑(4𝑥𝑖 − 𝑖 )2
𝑖=1

∑(3𝑥𝑖 − 𝑖 )2 = (4𝑥1 − 1)2 + (4𝑥2 − 2)2 + (4𝑥3 − 3)2 + (4𝑥4 − 4)2

𝑖=1
2 2 2
= ((4)(−2) − 1)2 + ((4)(3) − 2) + ((4)(1) − 3) + ((4)(4) − 4)

= (−9)2 + (10)2 + (1)2 + (12)2

= 81 + 100 + 1 + 144

= 326

MARLON S. FRIAS, Ph.D. | BUKIDNON STATE UNIVERSITY 7