Statistics

and Probability
Prepared by: El Jay G. Orbesido
L1Basic Terms
in Statistics
Examine
1. How old is our teacher?
2. Do dogs eat more than cats?
3. How many days are there in December?
4. How many books do my classmates usually bring to
school?
5. What is the weight of my smallest classmate?
Definition

Statistics is defined as a science

that studies data to be able to
make a decision. Hence, it is a
tool in decision-making process.
 Statistics as a
science involves the methods of
collecting, processing, summarizing
and
analyzing data in order to provide
answers or solutions to an inquiry.
Statistical Process
1. Planning or designing the collection of data to answer
statistical questions in
a way that maximizes information content and minimizes
bias;

2. Collecting the data as required in the plan;

3. Verifying the quality of the data after they were collected;

Statistical Process
4. Summarizing the information extracted from the
data; and

5. Examining the summary statistics so that insight

and meaningful information can be produced to
support decision-making or solutions to the question or
problem at hand.
Basic Terms in Statistics

1. The collection of respondents

from whom one obtain the data is
called the universe of the study.
Basic Terms in Statistics

2. A variable is a characteristic
that is
observable or measurable in every
unit of the universe.
Basic Terms in Statistics

3. The set of all possible values of a

variable is referred to as a population.

4. A subgroup of a universe or of a
population is a sample.
Broad Classification of Variables
Basic Terms in Statistics
Qualitative variables express a categorical attribute,
such as sex (male or female), religion, marital status,
region of residence, highest educational attainment.
Qualitative variables do not strictly take on numeric
values (although we can have numeric codes for them,
e.g., for sex variable, 1 and 2 may refer to male, and
female, respectively). Qualitative data answer
questions “what kind.”
Basic Terms in Statistics

Quantitative data, whose sizes

are meaningful, answer questions
such as “how much” or “how
many”. Quantitative variables
have actual units of measure.
Basic Terms in Statistics

Discrete data are those data that

can be counted. These data
assume only (a finite or infinitely)
countable number of values.
Basic Terms in Statistics

Continuous data are those that

can be measured. The
possible values are uncountably
infinite.
Levels of measurement

Nominal level of measurement

arises when we have variables that
are categorical and non-numeric
or where the numbers have no
sense of ordering.
Levels of measurement

Ordinal level also deals with

categorical variables like the nominal
level, but in this level ordering is
important, that is the values of the
variable could be ranked.
Levels of measurement

Interval level tells us that one

unit differs by a certain amount of
degree from
another unit.
Levels of measurement

Ratio level also tells us that one

unit has so many times as much of
the property as
does another unit.
Levels of measurement
A. Using the data of the teachers in a particular school gathered by a
market researcher company, identify the level of measurement for
each of the following variable.

1. highest educational attainment

2. predominant hair color
3. body temperature
4. brand of laundry soap being used
5. amount spent on rice last week by a household
6. distance travelled by the teacher in going to school
B. A survey of students in a certain school is conducted. The survey
questionnaire details the information on the following variables. For each of
these variables, identify whether the variable is qualitative or quantitative, and if
the latter, state whether it is discrete or continuous.

1. number of family members who are working

2. ownership of a cell phone among family members
3. length (in minutes) of longest call made on each cell phone owned
per month
4. ownership/rental of dwelling
5. access of family members to social media
VARIABLES
AND
PROBABILIT
Y
DISTRIBUTIONS
Definition

Probability is a branch of
mathematics that deals with
occurrence of a random event.
 Properties of the probability
1. The probability of an event is a non-negative value. In fact, it ranges from zero
(0) (when the event is impossible) to one (when the event is sure). The closer the
value to one, the more likely the event will occur

2. The probability of the sure event is one (In other words, the chance of a sure
event is 100 percent).

3. If A and B are mutually exclusive events, meaning it is impossible for these two
events to occur at the same time, then P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B). This is called the
Addition Rule.
 General Addition Rule

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

Example
Suppose you throw a pair of dice what is the probability
you will get at most a sum of 11 or a sum of 12.

In symbol,
P(at most a sum of 11 OR a sum of 12)
 Computing
Probabilities of
Events
Example 1
A box contains green and blue chips. A chip is then drawn
from the box. If it is green, you win P100. If it is blue, you
win nothing.

– Box A with 3 blue chips and 2 green chips

– Box B with 30 blue chips and 20 green chips

Which would you prefer???

Conditional Probability
The conditional probability of event A given that B has
occurred is denoted as P(A|B) and defined as
 Example
Suppose that we want to
randomly select a student
from among Grades 9 to
12 in a certain school.
What is the chance of
selecting a Grade 11
student, given that the
student is male?
Solution
Define events A and B as:

A = event that student selected is a Grade 11 student

B = event that student selected is male, then

Example 2

A king comes from a family of

two children. What is the chance
that the king has a sister?
Example 2
A king comes from a family of two children. What is
the chance that the king has a sister?

Let,
A - the event that the king's sibling is a girl

B - the event of having at least one boy

 Independent Events

Two events A and B are said to be

independent if
P (A and B) = P (A) P (B)

This is also called the Multiplication Rule.

 Not independent Events

The probability that both events A and B will

occur using the definition of conditional
probability:

P (A and B) = P (A) P (B | A)
 Example
Suppose that we want to
randomly select a student
from among Grades 9 to
12 in a certain school.
What is the chance of
selecting a Grade 11
student and grade 10
student?
 Example
Suppose that we want to
randomly select a student
from among Grades 9 to
12 in a certain school.
What is the chance of
selecting a Grade 11
student and Female
student?
Example 3
Suppose that there is a box that contains three
tickets marked 1, 2, and 3. We shake the box, draw
out one ticket at random; shake the box and draw
out a second ticket. What would be the
probability of getting a sum of “three” if
tickets were drawn with replacement?
Without replacement?
 1.
Suppose that we want to
randomly select a student
from among Grades 9 to
12 in a certain school.
What is the chance of
selecting a Grade 9
student, given that the
student is female?
2.
In a math class of 30 students, 17 are
boys and 13 are girls. On a unit test, 4
boys and 5 girls made an A grade. If a
student is chosen at random from a class,
what is the probability of choosing a girl
or an A student.
3.

What is the probability of rolling on

a fair dice in getting a multiple of 3
given that an even number was
drawn.
L2 RANDOM VARIABLES AND
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

Random
Variables
Statistical Experiment

Is an activity that will produce outcomes, or

a process that will generate data.
 Statistical Experiment
Examples:
(a) tossing three coins and counting the number of heads,
(b) recording the time a person can hold
his/her breath,
(c) counting the number of students in the classroom who are
present today,
(d) obtaining the height of a student, etc.
Coin Toss Experiment
Number of heads Outcomes
0 TTT
1 HTT, TTH, THT
2 HTH,THH,HHT
3 HHH
Random Variable:
It is a way to map outcomes of a statistical
experiment determined by chance into number. It is
typically denoted by a capital letter, usually X.

X: outcome number
Random Variable:
is actually neither random nor a variable in the
traditional sense that a variable is defined in an
algebra class It is technically a function from the
space of all possible events to the set ℝ of real
numbers.
Random Variable:
Group Discussion:
1. Experiment: Ask a friend about preparing for a quiz in statistics
Random Variable: How much time (in minutes) he/she spends studying for
the quiz

2. Experiment: Record the sex of family members in a family with four

children
Random Variable: The number of girls among the children
Group Discussion:
3. Identify 2 possible random variable given the following
statistical experiments.
a. Take a quiz
b. Ask the class about their breakfast
c. Ask a neighbor about television shows
d. Ask a friend about Facebook
e. Run 100m on the track
Find the Range, Variance and Standard Deviation
 Probability
Distributions
of Discrete Random
Variables
How many siblings do you have?
(Draw a histogram of the relative frequency)
W =Number of siblings Frequency
0 3
1 5
2 12
3 4
4 3
6 1
Total 28
Relative frequency
(3/28)100 = 10.714%
(5/28)100 = 17.857%
(12/28)100 = 42.857%
(4/28)100 = 14.285%
(3/28)100 = 10.714%
(1/28)100 = 3.571%
100%
Probability Distribution of Discrete
RandomVariables
Is a table, graph, or formula that lists
all the possible values of the random
variable
and the corresponding probability for
each value
Example
Example
Properties of Probability Distributions of Discrete Random
Variables

• Probabilities should be confined between zero (0) and 1 (inclusive of

both
ends).
• The sum of all the probabilities should be 1 (i.e., 100%).