Module 1:

Introduction to Statistics
 STATISTICS

 (plural sense) It is a set of numerical data

 (singular sense) It is a branch of science

which deals with the Collection,
Organization, Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of data.
 Statistics
It comes from the German word statistik, which
means political science dealing with state affairs.
This can be best explained by these historical
facts.
• As early as 3800 BC, there were records of
population in Babylonia.
• The Athenians and other classical Greeks
conducted census for adult male citizens in
wartime and for the general populace during
the shortage of food supply.
General Uses of Statistics:
• In education, statistics is used to describe test
results It tells how the students performed
during the school year, whether they passed
or failed. Aside from that, the academe needs
to collect data to support its researches,
studies, or experiments.
• In science, particularly in an experiment, data
must be collected and results must be
analyzed. To prove or improve theories,
experiments must be repeated.
General Uses of Statistics:
• In government, statistics is used to know the
incidence of car accidents in a month, the number
of registered voters who voted during the election,
the popularity rating of the president, and many
more. For instance, the Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical, and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA) collects and saves data
about the number of typhoons that enters the
Philippine area of responsibility. Local
governments also have their database on the
average accidents in their communities.
General Uses of Statistics:
• In business, entrepreneurs refer to economic
data, such as stock market values, before they
make decisions for their business operations.
For instance, entrepreneurs look at the latest
market trends in running their businesses or in
putting up a new business.
General Uses of Statistics:
a. aid in decision making
• provide comparison
• predicts future outcome
• estimates unknown quantities
b. summarizes data for public use
 Branches of Statistics
a. Descriptive Statistics
- comprises those methods concerned with
the collection, description and analysis of a
set of data
- to describe
- conclusions apply only to the data on hand
 Branches of Statistics
• It comes in many forms: bar graphs, pie
charts, and líne graphs presented by
organizations; the numerical tables which
summarize the number of votes garnered by
each candidate, from the Commission on
Elections (COMELEC or the average
passing rate of the board exams reported by
the Professional Regulation Commission
(PRC).
• to describe;conclusions apply only to the data
on hand
 Nature of Statistics
Examples:
1. Based on the research conducted by the DOH,
63% of those found to have diabetes were not
aware that they have such disease.
2. According to the nationwide survey, the three
highest responses to persons living with older
persons are: grandchild (61.8%), spouse (59%)
and daughter (50.9%)
 Branches of Statistics:
b. Inferential Statistics
- comprises those methods concerned with
generalizing characteristics obtained from samples
to populations, performing hypothesis testing,
determining relationships among variables and
making predictions or inferences about a larger set
of data
- to predict and make inferences
- conclusions are applicable to a larger set of data
which the data on hand is only a subset
 Nature of Statistics
Examples:
1. Drinking coffee may help reduce the sugar
level of diabetic persons
2. Eating chili foods may cause shrinkage of the
liver
3. Smoking increases the risk of lung cancer
 Classify whether the given situation belongs to the
area of descriptive or inferential statistics.

1. Majority of the patients who died of the lung IS

and liver cancer are males.
2. 95% of the population has height between 66 DS
and 74 inches.
3. Wearing seat belts increases the chance of IS
survival in automobiles accidents.
4. Mosquitoes are the major causes of dengue IS
fever in the Philippines.
5. Blood makes up 8% of the total body weight. DS
 POPULATION & SAMPLE

Population – a collection of all the elements under

consideration in a statistical study

Sample – a part or subset of the population from which

the information is collected

Parameter – a numerical characteristic of the

population

Statistic – a numerical characteristic of the sample

 POPULATION SAMPLE

• scores of entire • scores of students in a

students of class
secondary level

• all children of any • the 40 children who

age who have older actually participated
or younger siblings in one specific study
about siblings
 List the sample space of the following
experiments.

Experiment Sample Space

1. Rolling a die
2. Drawing a card from a deck
of cards
3. Tossing two coins
4. Rolling a die and tossing a
coin simultaneously
 Tossing Three Coins
Draw and complete the table shown below by
writing the possible outcomes of tossing three
coins and the value of the random variable T
denoting the number of tail/s. You may add more
rows if needed.
Value of the Random Variable T
Possible Outcomes
(Number of Tails)

Determine the probabilities of the values of the

random variable H denoting the number of heads.
Random Variables
 Random Variables

-a function whose value is a real number

determined by each element in the sample
space.

-the capital letters in the English alphabet

are used to denote random variables.
 Random Variables

-they are used when the elements of the

sample space S are not expressed in
numbers. This is used as a convenient
way of expressing elements of sample
space in numbers.
-A random variable can take up any real
number value.
 Types
Typesof
ofRandom Variable
Random Variable

A discrete random A continuous

variable is a variable random variable is
whose value is a variable whose
obtained by value is obtained by
counting. measuring.
 Types
Typesof
ofRandom Variable
Random Variable

A discrete random
variable is a variable
whose value is
obtained by
counting.

- number of students present, number of red marbles in a jar

- number of heads when tossing three coins, students’ grade level
 Types
Typesof
ofRandom Variable
Random Variable

A continuous
random variable is
a variable whose
value is obtained by
measuring.

- height of students in class, weight of students in class

- time it takes to get to school, distance traveled between classes
Suppose that the District Supervisor
is selecting four Senior High School
students at random to be interviewed.
Let M represent a male student and F
represent a female student. Let X be
the random variable representing the
number of female students selected
by the District Supervisor.
1.The speed of the car
2.The number of voters favoring a
candidate
3.The time needed to finish the test
4.The weight of newborns each year
in a hospital
5.The amount of sugar in a cup of
coffee
6. The number of deaths per year
attributed to lung cancer
7. The average amount of electricity
consumed per household per month
8. The number of patient arrivals per hour
at a medical clinic
9. The number of dropouts in a school
district for a period of 10 years
10.The number of female athletes
Probability
Distribution
Probability Distribution

• It is a function that consists of

ordered pairs in which the first
element is the value of the random
variable and the second element is
the associated probability.
Probability Distribution
•When the random variable is discrete,
its corresponding probability distribution is
called discrete probability distribution.
•If the random variable is continuous,
the probability distribution is called
continuous probability distribution.
•Probability distribution can be written
in tabular form or equation form.
Suppose the random variable X is the
number of tails in tossing a fair coin
twice.
1. What are the probabilities of the
possible outcomes?
2. What is the probability distribution of
X?
3. Sketch the graph of the probability
distribution.
Possible outcomes: HH, HT, TH, TT
• The possible values of X are 0,1, 2.
• The probability of is because there is only
one possible outcome that will give 0 tail out
of the four possible outcomes.
• The probability of is because there are two
possible outcomes that will give 1 tail out of
the four possible outcomes.
• The probability of is because there is only
one possible outcome that will give 2 tails out
of the four possible outcomes.
The probability distribution
can be written in
Tabular Form
X=No. of Tails 0 1 2
P(X=x) 1/4 1/2 1/4

Equation Form
 The data below shows the probabilities for the
number of books sold in a given day at a book store.

Number
of Books 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
X
0.18 0.15 0.25 0.15 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.05
P(X=x)

a)Find
b)What is the probability that more than
5 books were sold?
c)Find
• Construct the probability
distribution of a random variable Y
representing the number of green
balls when 2 balls are drawn in
succession without replacement
from a jar containing 4 red and 5
green balls.
Properties of Probability
Distributions
1.The value of the probability
distribution must be numbers on
the interval from 0 to 1 because
these are probabilities.
2.The sum of all values of the
probability distribution must be
equal to 1 since random variable
has to take on one of its values.
10 computers will be delivered in
SVNHS but 6 of them were defective.
Sir Noel will get 3 of these computers
for his office. Let T represent the
random variable representing the
defective computers will occur. Find the
value of random variable T.