2002 Student Conference on Research and Development Proceedings, Shah Alam Malaysia

9C”l

Novel Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) for Voltage Stability Analysis
in Power Transmission System
Ismail Musirin’ and Titik Khawa Abdul Rahman’
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Teknologi U4RA
40450 Shah Alam. Selangor
MALAYSIA
e-mail:’ismailbm@elect.itm.edu.mv, 2khawa@engr.uitm.edu.my

Abstract - since a couple of decades ago voltage
stability assessment has received an increasing attention
due to the complexity of power system. With the
increase in power demand and limited power sources
has caused the system to operate at its maximum
capacity. Therefore, a study that is able to determine the
maximum capacity limit before voltage collapse must
be carried out so that necessary precaution can be taken
to avoid system capacity violation.
This paper presents a novel Fast Voltage Stability
Index (FVSI) simplified from a predeveloped voltage
stability index referred to a line initiated from the
voltage quadratic equation at the sending end of a
representation of a 2-bus system. The line index in the
inter-connected system in which the value that is closed
to 1.00 indicates that the line has reached its instability
limit which could cause sudden voltage drop to the
corresponding bus caused by the reactive load variation.
The formulated index was tested on the IEEE reliability
test system in order to venfy the performance of the
proposed indicator. Results showed that the proposed
technique is indicative in predicting the occurrence of
system collapse and hence necessary action can be
taken to avoid such incident.
Keywords: Voltage stability analysis, voltage collapse,
line index. maximum permissible load
1. INTRODUCTION
The increase in power demand has forced the power
system network to operate closed to its stability limit.
This phenomenon is continuously becoming an issue
which requires a voltage stability analysis to be
properly conducted especially at the planning stage.
According to Cutsem [I], voltage stability is defined as
the characteristic for a power system to remain in a state
of equilibrium’ at normal operating conditions and to
restore an acceptable state of equilibrium after a
disturbance. It is generally categorized into two
categories namely the dynamic and static. The static
voltage stability analysis is widely accepted in the
foregoing papers although the dynamic voltage
instability has been the one that causes a lot of
intermptions. The reason being is that, the dynamic
analysis dealt with the non-linear load and rather
difficult to model them. Static voltage stability analysis
is conducted by assuming the system is operating in the
steady state [IO]. Several methods have been proposed
in conducting the voltage stability analysis such as the
0-7803-7565-3/02/$17.00 02002 IEEE. 265
P-V and Q-V curves, modal analysis [2], artificial
neural networks [ 5 ] , neuro-fuzzy networks (61, reduced
Jacobian determinant, energy function methods [7]and
sensitivity analysis [SI. The P-V and Q-V curves leads
to proximity to voltage collapse while the others
developed voltage stability indices as indicators. These
indices are derived referred either to a bus or a line.
Line stability indices [3,4] can be used to evaluate the
on-line voltage stability condition since they can be
evaluated without having to tum off the generators.
This paper presents the development of a novel fast
voltage stability index (FVSI) referred to a line which is
capable in determining the point of voltage collapse,
maximum permissible load, weak bus in the system and
the most critical line in an inter-connected system. The
trend of voltage and index profiles were studied by
increasing the reactive power loading in stages until the
load flow solution fails to give any results. FVSI was
calculated for each line in the system as reactive load
increased. The calculated FVSI could be used in
determining the weakest bus, line criticalness and
maximum loadability. Verification was conducted by
re-evaluating the line indices using other techniques
described in references [3] and [4] and the results are in
close agreement.
2. VOLTAGE STABILITY INDEX
FORMULATION
Voltage stability analysis can be conducted on a
system by evaluating the voltage stability index referred
to a line. In this research, the voltage stability index
referred to a line was formulated from the 2-bus
representation of a system. The value of line index
which is closed to unity indicates that the respective
line is closed to its stability limit. To venfy the
effectiveness of the proposed FVSI as a stability
indicator, comparisons were made with the indices
proposed by M Moghawemi [3] and A Mohamed [4].
2.1 Proposed Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI)
The voltage stability index developed in this paper is
derived by first obtaining the current equation through a
line in a 2 bus system.
& I! 1.Y P qbW
R tjX
Fig. 1. 2-bus model representation
The representation of a 2-bus model is illustrated in Fig.
1. From the figure;

VI, V2 = voltage at the sending and receiving

buses Fig. 2. One-line diagram of transmission line
P,,QI = active and reactive powers at the
sending bus The line stability index can be reproduced as;
P2, Q2 = active and reactive powers at the
receiving bus
SI, S2 = apparent powers on the sending and where:
receiving buses x = line reactance
6 = 61-62 Qr = reactive power at the receiving end
= angle difference between the V, = sending end voltage
sending and receiving buses 8 = line impedance angle
6 = the angle difference between the supply
By taking the sending bus (bus 1) as the reference (i.e. voltage and the receiving voltage
6, = 0 and S, = 6), then the general current equation can
be written as; 2.3. Line Stability Factor
I = Y,LO-V,LB (1) A Mohamed et d. [4] derived four line stability
R+JX factors based on a power transmission concept in a
where; R is the line resistance and X is the line single line. An index was extracted in order to verify
reactance. since this index is the most suitable one. The
formulation begins with the power equation in a power
system. Fig. 3 illustrates a single line of a power
transmission concept.
The roots for V2 will be;
1

To-obtain real roots for V,, the discriminant is set

greater than or equal to ‘0’; i.e;
(3) -, Z=R+IX

4Z’QlX Fig. 3. Single line of power transmission concept

<I
(V,)’(RsinJ +Xcos6)’ - (4) The line stability factor for this model can be
The angle difference 6 is normally very small then, reproduced as;
Sir0,RsinJ -0 o n d X c o s 6 - X
Taking the symbols ’i’ as the sending bus and ‘j’as
the receiving bus. Hence, the fast voltage stability
;[I;[
LQP=4 - -P’ + Q
’ 1)

LQP must be kept less than 1.00 to maintain a

(7)

index FVSI can be defined by; stable system.

(5)
where: Z =line impedance
X = line reactance
Q; = reactive power at the receiving end
Vi = sending end voltage
The line that exhibits FVSI closed to 1.00 implies
that it is approaching its instability point. If FVSI goes
beyond 1.00, one of the buses to the connected to the
line will experience a sudden voltage drop leading to
system collapse.
2.2 Line Stability Index
The line stability index symbolized by L, proposed
by M Moghawemi et d. [3] is formulated based on a
power transmission concept in a single line. A single
line in an interconnected network is illustrated in Fig.
2.
3. VOLTAGE STABILITY ANALYSIS
Many methods were proposed in the literature in
conducting the voltage stability analysis such as the use
of P-V curves, Q-V curves, modal analysis, minimum
singular value, sensitivity analysis and artificial
intelligence. The results from the voltage stability
analysis enabled us to identify the closeness of system
to its instability point, the line which is responsible for
the voltage instability condition to the whole system
and the weakest bus that is closed to its maximum
allowable load. Voltage stability analysis could be
conducted on-line or off-line, but the off-line studies is
preferable in this research since it is less risky. Off-line
voltage stability analysis is normally conducted at the
planning stage capable to give early indication of the
system load status. The most critical or weakest bus in
the system could be predetermined and the
corresponding line responsible for the possible violation
could also be pre-identified, thus necessary precaution
could be taken in avoiding such incidents.

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 4. AC POWER FLOW
AC power flow plays an important role in the VSA
especially in the planning of future power system
expansion as well as to run existing system in the
optimum possible way. Results from the power flow
computation are the voltages and angles on the system
. bus, power flow and line losses. Other properties like
current flows and voltage drops could also be included
in the load flow program. Calculation of voltage
stability index could be incorporated in the load flow
program resulting a complete voltage stability analysis
process.
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A test was conducted on the 30-bus IEEE reliability
test system and the single line diagram is illustrated in
Fig. 4. This system has six generator (PV) buses and
twenty-four load (PQ)buses with 41 interconnected
branches. Three load buses were randomly chosen in
order to investigate the effect of reactive power.loading
on FVSI values which in turn identifies the most critical
line with respect to a bus. Reactive load at buses 3, 15
and 30 were gradually increased from the base case
until their maximum allowable load or maximum
loadabilitywhich is the the maximum load that couldbe
injected to a load bus before the power flow solution
diverges.
(2
Fig. 4. Single line diagram for IEEE 30-bus
reliability test system
FVSI were evaluated for each line in the system for
every load increase. The line exhibited the largest index
with respect to a load increase will be determined as the
most critical line. Any further increase on the load will
cause the line to have an index value greater than 1.00
resulting in the entire system instability
The graphs appeared in Fig. 5 through 7 illustrate the
corresponding FVSI profiles against load variations at
bus 3, 15 and 30. The highest index from the individual
graph indicates the most critical line referred to bus 3,
15 and 30. For instance, line 4 is the most critical line
with respect to bus 3 since its FVSI value is the highest.
Evaluation on bus 15 indicates that line 18 IS the most
critical line whilst line 38 is the most critical one
referred to bus 30. On the x-axis of the graphs, it is
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observed that bus 3 has a maximum injected load of
3.45 P.u.. Buses 15 a d 3 0 indicate 1.60 p.n. and 0.345
p.u. as the maximum permissible reactive load
respectively. Further increase in the reactive power
loading above these limits would cause the indices
exceed 1.00 and could cause voltage instability to the
whole system.
FVSI vs reactive load variations
(IEEE 30-bus)
4 d
I p- 0.6
0.4 1 L,
I] metlvr load
Fig. 5. FVSI versus load variation at bus 3
Results for verification conduaed by re-evaluating
the same test using I+,,,, and LQP are tabulated in Table
1. From the table, it is observed that the results are very
closed in agreement
I I 7
FVSI vs reactive load variation
(IEEEJO-bus)
1 -__
0 0.5
I reac&load
Line18 - - - + - - L i n e 2 2
--CLine 20 -Line 30
Fig. 6. FVSI versus load variation at bus 15
The voltage profile against reactive load variation is
illustrated in Fig. 8. From the figure, it is observed that
bus voltages decay accordingly as the reactive power
loading increased. The curve for bus 30 stops at a
reactive loading of 0.345 p,u. with voltage at this point
is 0.527 p.u.. Similarly, the minimum voltage for bus 3
is 0.709 p,u. while for bus 15 it is at 0.638 P.U.. Since
bus 30 can only withstand maximum injected load of
0.345 p.u. which is the lowest compared to the rest,
therefore it is identified as the weakest bus. Conversely,
bus 3 is the most secure bus since the maximum
permissible load is the largest. The determination of the
weakest bus is based on the maximum permissible load
before voltage collapse.
 7. REFERENCES
FVSI vs reactive load variation
(IEEE 30-bus)
[I] V T Cutsem and C Vournas, “Voltage Stability of
Electric Power Systems,” Kluwer academic
publishers, Boston, USA, pp 378, 1998.
[2] F D Galiana and Z C Cheng, ‘‘ Analysis of the
Load Behaviour near Jacobian Singularity,” IEEE
Transaction on Power System, Vol. I, pp 1529-
~~

1542, Nov 1992.

[3] M Moghavemmi, and F M Omar, “Technique for
Contingency Monitoring and Voltage Collapse
+Line38 reactive load
Prediction,” IEE Proceeding on Generation,
+Line 39 Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 145, No. 6,
Fig. 7. FVSI versus load variation at bus 30 pp634 - 640,1998.
Bus v o l t y e y.lm lo& r d o n
141 A Mobamed, G B Jasmon and S Yusoff, “A Static
(IEEE 30-bus) Voltage Collapse Indicator Using Line Stability
1.1 Factors,” Journal oflndustrial Technology, Vol. I,
N0.l. Pt C, pp 73-85, 1989.
[5] A El-Keib and X Ma, “Application of Artificial
Neural Networks in Voltage Stability Assessment,”
IEEE Transaction on Power System, Vol. 10, No. 4,
pp 1890 - 1896, Nov 1995.
[6] C Liu, C Chang and M Su, “Neuro-Fuzzy
0, i Networks for Voltage Security Monitoring Based
II on Synchronous Pharos Measurements,” IEEE
w

.*- Transaction an Power System, Vo1.13, No. 2, May

IIO 0.11 1Y L I I.* Id4 1.11
0- 111 &U I.“ II9 XI 1u 141

*.d
+.-, *.-U
Fig. 8. Voltage profiles against load variation
Table 1: Re-evaluation of line index using FVSI, L,,,,,
and LQP
6. CONCLUSION
A rigorous investigation on the effect of reactive
power loading was canied out and tests were performed
on the IEEE 30-bus reliability test system. Results
showed that the proposed index is capable at
determining the point of voltage instability, critical line
referred to a bus and the weakest bus in the system.
Voltage instability point is indicated by the FVSI value
closed to 1.00. Verification that was performed by re-
evaluating the line indices using L,and LQP
demonstrated a close agreement between the indices
thus making the proposed index is comparable as an
early warning tool to voltage collapse.
1998.
-+._I [7] C DeMarco and T Overbye, “An Energy Based
Security Measure for Assessing Vulnerability to
Voltage Collapse,” IEEE Transaction on Power
System, Vo1.5,No. 2, pp419-427,May 1990.
[8] N Flatabo and H Dommel, ‘Voltage Stability
Condition in a Power Transmission System
Calculated by Sensitivity Methods,” IEEE
Transaction on Power System, Vo1.5, pp 1286 -
1293, Nov 1990.
191 E Vaheedi, Y Mansour and D Sun, “Large Scale
Voltage Stability Constrained Optimal Planning
and Voltage Stability Applications Using Existing
OPF/Optimal VAR Planning Tools,” IEEE
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[I011 Musirin and T K Abdul Rahman, “On-Line
Voltage Stability Index for Voltage Collapse
Prediction. in Power System,” presented at Brunei
International Conference on Engineering and
Technology 2001 (BICETZOOl), Brunei. October
2001.

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