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Local Voltage-Stability Index Using

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Ivo Smon

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, AUGUST 2006
Local Voltage-Stability Index
Using Tellegen’s Theorem
Ivan Šmon, Student Member, IEEE, Gregor Verbič, Member, IEEE, and Ferdinand Gubina, Senior Member, IEEE
Abstract—In the paper, the Tellegen’s theorem and adjoint net-
works are used to derive a new, local voltage-stability index. The
new approach makes it possible to determine the Thevenin’s pa-
rameters in a different way than adaptive curve-fitting techniques,
from two consecutive phasor measurements.
The new index was rigorously tested on different test systems.
The results were obtained on a static two-bus test system and on
the dynamic Belgian–French 32-bus test system that includes full
dynamic models of all power-system components crucial to the
voltage instability analysis. The results show advantages of the
proposed index: it is simple, computationally very fast, and easy
to implement in the wide-area monitoring and control center or
locally in a numerical relay.
Index Terms—Adjoint networks, local phasors, Tellegen’s the-
orem, Thevenin’s equivalent, voltage-stability index.
I. INTRODUCTION
OWER systems are forced to operate ever closer to their
P load limits because of the demands of deregulated elec-
tricity markets. As a result, several blackouts have occurred due
to voltage instability. This means that voltage stability has be-
come a matter of serious concern for system operators and is a
subject of a lot of investigation due to its importance in terms
of the system security and power quality. Significant efforts are
still being directed toward definitions, classifications, new con-
cepts, practices, and tools for solving the voltage-stability and
security-analysis problems [1], [2].
The voltage-instability problem is characterized by voltage
uncontrollability at certain locations in a power network after
a disturbance. The problem occurs more frequently in stressed
networks with reduced stability margins and/or reduced re-
active-power reserves. The voltage instability is basically a
dynamic phenomenon with rather slow dynamics and a time
domain ranging from a few seconds to some minutes or more.
Although the voltage instability is a complex problem, it is very
important that system operators use quick, simple, and correct
methods to calculate the distance to the worst case: the voltage
collapse.
Many system-oriented approaches and long-term voltage-sta-
bility methods are based on static models because of the high
dimensionality and complexity of stability problems. For
Manuscript received April 27, 2005; revised January 17, 2006. This work was
supported by the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, and Technology of the
Republic of Slovenia. Paper no. TPWRS-00254-2005.
The authors are with the Laboratory of Power Systems and High Voltage,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia (e-mail: ivo.smon@fe.uni-lj.si).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2006.876702
0885-8950/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE
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1267
this reason, control-actions, time-range, quasi-steady-state
time-domain simulations are used [3] to simplify matters. The
results of such studies can also be used for screening purposes
to identify critical cases that require a more detailed or dynamic
analysis [4].
Most methods are based on executing a large number of
power flows using conventional models and the P-V or Q-V
curves at selected buses [5], [6]. Sensitivity methods based on
linearization around an operating point (the solved power-flow
case) are usually repeated at several points along the P-V
or Q-V curves. Together with modal analysis [7], all these
methods use the system’s Jacobian matrix. To avoid uncertainty
of the load-flow convergence, the continuation power flow [8]
allows tracing of the solution path passing through the loading
margin; this is the most widely accepted index for determining
the distance of the power system state to the voltage collapse.
Methods to assess the voltage stability of a power system, such
as bifurcations, direct methods, energy functions, etc., can be
found in the literature [2].
The main idea behind local methods is that the local phasors
contain enough information to directly detect the voltage-
stability margin using their measurements. This concept is
attractive, since real-time measurements of the voltage and
current phasors at the system buses are already available from
the phasor measurement units (PMUs) installed in many power
systems [9]. In addition to the benefits of small computational
effort and simplicity, local methods also give a very good
insight into the voltage-collapse process and can easily be used
for online system monitoring.
The local method proposed by Strmčnik and Gubina [10] is
based on the power-system decomposition on reactive-power
radial transmission paths modeled as two-bus equivalents.
In addition to proximity to the voltage collapse, the method
also considers exhaustion of the generator’s reactive-power
reserves. However, two indicators mean that the determination
of the problem is not straightforward. Another weakness of
this method is a complex identification of critical buses in
the system and the fact that the electric distance of the reac-
tive-power source from the affected load bus is not considered
when calculating the generator’s reactive-power reserve.
Verbič and Gubina [11] proposed a local method based on the
fact that, in vicinity of the voltage collapse, the entire increase
in the apparent power loading at the sending end of a line is due
to the supply of transmission losses. The main shortfall of this
method lies in additional checking if the line is loaded below its
natural loading.
Vu et al. [12] proposed a local method based on the power-
transfer impedance-matching principle. The measured data are
1268
used to obtain the Thevenin’s equivalent of the system, as seen
from the load bus, and the apparent impedance of the load. The
voltage collapse occurs when these two impedances are equal.
The locally measured data and concepts of the Thevenin’s
equivalent of the system are also used in [13] and [14], where
instead of the “impedance margin,” the authors express the prox-
imity to collapse in terms of the power margin. Julian et al. [13]
even show that adding the effects of the system dynamics means
that the Thevenin’s concept can be used for the voltage-sta-
bility determination, including generator-excitation systems and
voltage-frequency-dependent loads. References [13] and [15]
also report on feasibility studies relating to the development and
implementation of these kinds of methods into voltage security
monitoring and control tools and techniques for large realistic
systems.
Milosević and Begović [16] combine the methods proposed
in [10] and [12] for determining the voltage stability for mixed
loads and propose a new index to control exhaustion of the
generator’s reactive-power reserves. All local voltage-stability
methods [12]–[16] track the Thevenin’s parameters using pa-
rameter-identification recursive algorithms.
In this paper, we propose a new approach to local voltage sta-
bility methods. Tellegen’s theorem and adjoint networks have
been applied to many different areas; in this paper, we will
show how they can be applied to solve the local voltage-stability
problem. The new approach makes it possible to simplify deter-
mination of the Thevenin’s parameters, which are calculated in
a different way than adaptive curve-fitting techniques [12]–[16],
from two consecutive phasor measurements.
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
A. Tellegen’s Theorem and Adjoint Networks
Among circuit-theory theorems, the Tellegen’s theorem is
unusual in that it depends solely on the Kirchhoff’s laws and
topology of the network. The theorem therefore applies to all
electrical networks that obey Kirchhoff’s laws, whether they
are linear or nonlinear, time invariant or time variant, reciprocal
or nonreciprocal, and hysteretic or nonhysteretic; the excitation
is arbitrary, and the initial conditions are also immaterial. The
basic form of the Tellegen’s theorem [17] states the following
relationship between the complex voltages and complex cur-
rents flowing across all network elements:
(1)
The most interesting feature of (1) is that it is still valid, even
though the voltages and currents relate to two different networks
of the same topology. This brings us to an expression better
known as the difference form of Tellegen’s theorem [18]
(2)
where and represent the changes in the complex volt-
ages and currents corresponding to all the branches and buses
of the incremented network, and and represent the com-
plex currents and voltages corresponding to all the branches
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, AUGUST 2006
and buses of the adjoint network. The incremented network is a
base-case network subject to the set of the following.
1) Power disturbances: The power corresponding to a
given bus is changed by . The set of power distur-
bances is then
(3)
where is the index set of the buses where the disturbance
occurred.
2) Network disturbances: The power system network is mod-
ified. The set of network disturbances is represented by the
changes in the system-admittance matrix .
The only condition for validity of (2) is that the base-case net-
work and adjoint network are topologically identical. The
adjoint network is an artificial network, and since it is physically
decoupled from the base-case network, it remains unchanged
after disturbances in the system.
The concept of adjoint networks has been applied to online
voltage security assessment and the straightforward calculation
of post-contingency voltages, sensitivities, and direct calcula-
tion of the security indexes [18][19]–[20].
Derivations that follow are aimed at modeling an appropriate
adjoint network, which will help in computing the system re-
sponse due to disturbances anywhere in the system.
Let and be portioned into three groups of sub-
vectors indexed by the following:
1) S set, corresponding to the slack bus;
2) P set, corresponding to all the remaining buses;
3) B set, corresponding to all the network branches.
Using the above decomposition, (2) can be rewritten as
(4)
The slack buses in adjoint networks are modeled as short-cir-
cuit lines or constant-voltage sources with the voltage .
The slack bus or infinite bus is assumed as a source of invari-
able frequency and voltage; thus, . That means that a
reference bus in (4) has no contribution
(5)
We can argue that if we have only a slack bus and loads in the
system and that, by eliminating the slack bus, there is no gen-
erator in the system. However, we must keep in mind that if
we want to observe the voltage sensitivities on any element in
the system, we must add an independent current generator in
parallel to it. As an illustration, a simple example of a resistant
circuit and an exact adjoint network modeling [21] is shown in
Fig. 1. An independent current source must be added in par-
allel to the resistance .
The final result for the normalized sensitivity of the
voltage on resistance using Tellegen’s theorem and an
adjoint network is
(6)
ŠMON et al.: LOCAL VOLTAGE-STABILITY INDEX USING TELLEGEN’S THEOREM 1269

Fig. 1. Simple resistant circuit and its exact adjoint network.

Similarly, by observing the current sensitivities, we add an

independent voltage source in parallel with the observed ele-
ment. We must also have in mind that accurate models of loads
and P-V buses in an adjoint network are voltage-controlled cur-
rent sources and current-controlled voltage sources, respectively
[18], [20]. In further derivations, we will need only basic equa-
tions; therefore, we will not use exact modeling anymore.
Equation (5) is further developed to obtain the voltage sensi- Fig. 2. General representation of load bus k in a power system, the corre-
tivities of system elements to power and network disturbances ^.
sponding network N, and its adjoint network N
[18], [20]. Network disturbances, , only have an influence
on the part of (5) associated with the branches
. On the other hand, the power disturbances affect only The receiving and sending currents for the power system as
the bus equations . The topology of the ad- shown in Fig. 2(b) are
joint network remains unchanged after network disturbances in
the system; thus, , and consequently
(11)

(7) Equation (11) can be rewritten as follows:

Considering (4), (5), and (7), the equation that follows is

(12)

(8) For a given power , the phasor equation (12) permits at

most two voltage solutions . Maximum power transfer occurs
Since the complex conjugation is a linear Kirchhoff operator, when these solutions become equal
(8) can be expressed as follows [22]:

(13)
(9)
Equation (13), which is the basis for the local voltage-stability
or method used in [10], leads us to an already-known result from
the circuit theory

(10)
Equations (9) and (10) are basic formulas for derivation of the
new local voltage-stability index. These equations will be ap-
plied on the Thevenin’s equivalent and its adjoint network to
obtain the Thevenin’s parameters directly from two consecutive
measurements or two respective states directly, without any re-
cursive-parameter identification.
B. Thevenin’s Equivalent
Consider the bus having a complex load
and complex impedance connected to the rest of
the power system, as shown in Fig. 2(a). The rest of the power
system, treated as a Thevenin’s equivalent in Fig. 2(b), may
consist of any number of generators, transmission lines, trans-
formers with ULTCs, and loads. The Thevenin’s parameters are
the Thevenin’s voltage and Thevenin’s impedance . can also be rewritten with a hat (^), which denotes the adjoint
(14)
When the magnitude of the load impedance becomes equal to
the magnitude of the Thevenin’s impedance, the system reaches
the maximum deliverable power [5]. Extensive field measure-
ments reported by [23] have shown that normally, at least a part
of the load has constant power characteristics, and the max-
imum deliverable power then becomes a loadability limit. Past
this limit, there is a loss of equilibrium, and voltage collapse
will occur [5]. Equation (14) therefore also denotes the stability
limit.
C. Adjoint Thevenin’s Equivalent
The adjoint Thevenin’s network has the same topology as
the base network , as shown in Fig. 2(c). Equations (11) –(14)

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1270
network variables. According to (9), the difference form of the
Tellegen’s theorem is equal to
where and represent the complex voltage and current
increments for the bus with respect to their base-case values
and . The increments are determined after the base-case
network in Fig. 2(b) is subjected to the set of disturbances in the
system. and represent the complex current and voltage
corresponding to the bus of the adjoint network.
When we have real online measurements, and
the voltage and current differences between the two consecutive
measurement samples from a PMU at the bus .
While the adjoint network is topologically identical to the
base-case network, the characteristics of the elements in each
of them can be arbitrary. The load impedance of the adjoint
network is defined as the ratio of the voltage and current
phasors at the bus
Note that the load impedance (16) refers to the base-case net-
work and is calculated at the moment before the network has
been subjected to the power disturbances
Substituting into (15) and taking into consideration (11) can
derive the adjoint Thevenin’s impedance
Equation (18) could be rewritten as follows:
Considering (13), the maximum power transfer in the adjoint
Thevenin’s network occurs when
Comparing (19) and (20), the Thevenin’s impedance at the
voltage-collapse point is simply
This result is of fundamental importance. The Thevenin’s
impedance can be easily calculated as the ratio between
and . Using (10) and (11), we could also derive
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, AUGUST 2006
Equation (22) is indeed a conjugated (21). To eliminate the con-
jugate values, the absolute value of the Thevenin’s impedance
is defined as follows:
(15)
(23)
Note that and can only be identified if the system’s
operating point changes. Hence, it is evident that the Thevenin’s
parameters are not constant values and can be directly deter-
mined at every new changed situation in the system. The situa-
tion where the system’s operating point does not change is not
are critical for the voltage stability and should be disregarded.
In the case of normal loading, the condition
(24)
holds. At the onset of voltage instability, the difference between
these impedances approaches zero, and at the voltage collapse,
both impedances have the same value
(16)
(25)
III. VOLTAGE-STABILITY INDEX
As noted in the introduction, local methods based on tracking
the Thevenin’s parameters [12]–[16] use recursive parameter-
identification algorithms to determine them.
(17) Our newly proposed method identifies the Thevenin’s
impedance directly by calculating the voltage and current
increments (23) after the base-case network is subjected to a
set of disturbances in the system. On the other hand, the load
impedance can also be determined simply from the ratio of the
voltage and current (17). Considering (24) and (25), a simple
(18) normalized impedance-stability index (ISI) for determining the
voltage-stability margin can be defined as
ISI (26)
(19)
Substituting the impedances with voltages and currents (25), the
ISI can also be written as
ISI (27)
(20)
In prevailing operating conditions, condition (24) holds. This
condition can also be written as
(28)
(21) or
(29)
Therefore, under normal loading, the ISI takes values around 1.
At the voltage-collapse point ( ), the ISI diminishes
(22) to 0.
ŠMON et al.: LOCAL VOLTAGE-STABILITY INDEX USING TELLEGEN’S THEOREM 1271

Fig. 3. Load (Z
^ ) and Thevenin’s impedance (Z^ ) of the two-bus test system. Fig. 4. Local voltage-stability index, ISI, based on the Tellegen’s theorem of
the two-bus test system.

A careful reader may observe that the ISI is actually a gener-

alization of the criterion named SDC, proposed in [11].

IV. EXAMPLES
The derived formulas and proposed index was tested on a
simple static two-bus test system using continuation power flow
(CPF) [24] and on the dynamic Belgian–French 32-bus meshed
test system. In the latter case, full dynamic models of the system
components crucial to the long-term voltage stability phenom-
enon were used.

A. Two-Bus Test System

The two-bus test system consists of the generator that sup-
plies local load bus over the branch . The assumed pa-
rameters of this system are p.u.
p.u., and MVA. The CPF result
shows that the maximum deliverable power is 487.5 MW.
The Thevenin’s and load impedance are calculated using (17)
and (23), respectively. The results are plotted in Fig. 3.
It can be seen from Fig. 3 that the Thevenin’s impedance has
a constant value of 0.05 p.u. for all load levels and is basically
equal to the line impedance . It is also evident
that, under normal loading, the load impedance is much greater
than the Thevenin’s impedance. At the voltage-collapse, these
impedances are equal, which confirms that (25) holds true.
The newly proposed local voltage-stability index based on the
Tellegen’s theorem for load bus is plotted in Fig. 4. During the
voltage-collapse, the ISI approaches 0.
B. Belgian–French 32-Bus Test System
The Belgian–French 32-bus test system displayed in Fig. 5
was first used in [25] and [26] to demonstrate the mechanisms
leading to the voltage-collapse. The same system was later used
in [2] as a benchmark for comparison of the voltage stability in-
dexes proposed so far. Time-domain simulation was performed
Fig. 5. Belgian–French 32-bus test system.
in the EUROSTAG. More details on the system modeling, sce-
nario, and simulation results can be found in [26].
The system represents a simplified 400-kV and 150-kV
Belgian–French system from the early 1980s. The external
system is modeled by means of three infinite buses. Two impor-
tant power stations, N1 and N10, produce most of the power.
The global load of the system is mainly located at the subtrans-
mission level, downstream the 150/70-kV ULTC transformers.
The loads connected to buses N201-N207 consist of a mix of
induction motors, constant impedance loads, and compensation
capacitors. Buses N203 and N205 are located in the “southern”
part of the system and the others in the “northern” part.
This 32-bus meshed system undergoes a 2-h load pickup
of 30% followed by tripping of the north international tie line
N16-N3 at 5000 s. The system transiently recovers from this
“large” contingency. At the time 7400 s, unit M2 trips for un-
known reasons. Because of this trip and action of the automatic

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1272 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, AUGUST 2006

Fig. 7. Belgian–French 32-bus test system, load and Thevenin’s impedance as

Fig. 6. Belgian–French 32-bus test system, voltage at bus N204.
seen from bus N204, I1 = 0 015
: p.u.

tap-changers, the rotor current limit of the unit M1 is reached.

The limiter is ill tuned and reduces drastically the excitation,
provoking the loss of synchronism of the unit M1 about 2 min
after M2 tripping. After this second unit tripping, the voltage
on the terminals of the other units is progressively reduced
because of further tap-changes and rotor current limiter actions.
The remaining generating units successively trip by under the
voltage protection or by loss of synchronism, leading to the
final blackout of the system, as depicted in Fig. 6.
It can be observed in Fig. 6 that the time profile of the
voltage magnitude is not a good way of detecting the prox-
imity to collapse, since it remains very much unaffected by
system contingencies.
As we stated before, the equivalent Thevenin’s impedance
can only be identified if the system’s operating point changes,
since the division with 0 is not allowed. The new Thevenin’s
impedance is calculated if the load current difference between
Fig. 8. Belgian–French 32-bus test system, Thevenin’s voltage as seen from
two operating points, , is greater than the predefined bus N204, I1 = 0 015
: p.u.
threshold. The threshold magnitude defines sensitivity of the
ISI to different changes in the system. The threshold
used here was experimentally set to 0.015 p.u. Choosing the over the calculation window. In case of any corrective actions
appropriate threshold will be further discussed in Section V. applied to the systems, the average value of load impedance sig-
The load impedance and Thevenin’s impedance, which is nificant increases, and every calculated Thevenin’s impedance
reflecting the network structure changes, load changes, tap must be accepted. In our case, no corrective action has been ap-
changer action, and rotor current limiter action, are calculated plied; therefore, the average load impedance has not been calcu-
using (17) and (23) at every integration step, which varies from lated. In the real environment, the above procedure will be used
0.001 to 35s. The results for the bus N204 are plotted in Fig. 7. if analyzing the fast system dynamic only. The PMUs use con-
The integration step is reduced to very small values during stant sample rates, and more tests on real systems are required to
the fast dynamics in the system, excited by discrete changes determine the length of the impedance calculation window that
of the voltage set point, tap position, and tripping of the line. should be used. The PMUs’ sample rates are further discussed
These transients are already reflected in the shape of the load in Section V.
impedance. At the Thevenin’s impedance oscillations, its Once knowing the Thevenin’s impedance, the Thevenin’s
highest value is considered, and its new calculated value is voltage is simultaneously calculated using (11). The result for
accepted if it is higher than the previous one, which means that the bus N204 is shown in Fig. 8.
only the worst case is tracked. The ISI changes versus time for buses N204 and N205 are
To consider any corrective actions applied to the system, it is plotted in Fig. 9. ULTCs, voltage support devices limits, and
necessary to observe the average value of the load impedance loss of the line N16-N3 produce sharp changes of the ISI. In all

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ŠMON et al.: LOCAL VOLTAGE-STABILITY INDEX USING TELLEGEN’S THEOREM
Fig. 9. Belgian–French 32-bus test system, buses N204 and N205,
new local voltage-stability index, ISI, based on the Tellegen’s theorem,
1 I = 0 015
: p.u.
cases, the index was normalized with respect to the initial values
of the load and Thevenin’s impedances.
Observe in Fig. 9 that the bus N205 located in the “southern”
part of the system is not severely affected by tripping of the north
international tie-line N16-N3 at 5000 s. The sharp changes at
times 1500, 5214, 5277, 5499, and 6100 s are due to the op-
eration of transformer ULTCs located in the “southern” part or
very close “northern” part of the system. At 7400 s when unit
M2 trips, the load has already exceeded the maximum deliver-
able power of the system without units N16 and M2 [2]. The
stability boundary is crossed as indicated by ISI = 0, and the
system collapse progresses rapidly after that point. Just before
the voltage-collapse, the ISI is still relatively high due to reac-
tive power support from the “southern” generators, and this bus
is considered as not being critical. The shapes of the ISIs for
both “southern” buses N203 and N205 are very similar.
On the contrary, tripping of the line N16-N3 strongly affects
the “northern” part of the system, as shown in Fig. 9, where
the ISI for the bus N204 indicates a reduction of the voltage-
collapse margin. The ISI is reduced to 0.2, which reveals that
the bus N204 is a part of the critical “northern” area, which is
also demonstrated in [2]. The smaller sharp changes are again
due to the transformer ULTCs action.
The voltage-instability problem is characterized by the
voltage uncontrollability at certain locations in a power system.
Sharp reductions in the ISI indicate a reduction of collapse
margin. Hence, the corrective actions, such a blocking of
the tap changers, triggering of voltage increase signals at the
selected nearest generators or at compensating devices, and
load-shedding activation at the affected buses can be directly
associated with the sharp index changes. When corrective
actions should be applied, an ISI threshold can be defined
heuristically based on the historical data, on offline stability, on
contingency studies, and on operator’s experience. The results
in Fig. 9 suggest that the ISI threshold should be set at least
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1273
Fig. 10. Belgian–French 32-bus test system, bus N204, the ISI changes versus
1
time for transient system response at 5000 s, I = 0 015
: p.u.
to 0.65 or higher, depending on the desired tolerance level, in
order to make additional corrective and/or coordinated actions
in critical areas possible before the system collapses.
V. PRACTICAL APPLICABILITY
The proposed index can be applied in at least two different
ways: as a part of wide-area monitoring and control (WAMC)
system (center) [27], where coordinated system-wide control
action can be undertaken, or locally in a numerical relay, where
actions can be taken in real time without sending any data to the
control center.
The proposed index requires voltage and current phasors pro-
vided by the PMUs to evaluate the system’s voltage stability.
When calculating them in real time, it is important to consider
several issues, such as noise, redundancy, bad data detection,
phasor sample rate, accuracy of the representation of included
information, out-of-band rejection, and measurement delay. The
last four data requirements are actually the main considerations
in PMUs’ designing problems [28]. Redundancy aspects and
bad data detection algorithms are well discussed in [27] and
[29], respectively.
The phasor measurement process in a PMU can be broken
into two subprocesses. The first is sampling the voltage and cur-
rent waveforms, and the second is the phasor calculation. The
waveform-sampling rate must be high enough to make a good
reproduction of the waveform. It requires analog antialiasing
filtering before sampling. The Nyquist criterion limits the in-
formation bandwidth to half the sample rate, and additional fil-
tering may be required. Current PMUs use waveform sampling
at maximum 2880 samples/s. Phasor calculation sample rates
of 10 samples/s are adequate for real-time operator monitoring
and response and for a fast dynamic response; 20 samples/s is
the minimum data rate that should be used.
In our test case, the waveform and phasor sample rates were
the same and varied from 0.03 to 1000 samples/s rate. The
system transient recovery of the north international tie-line
N16-N3 tripping at 5000 s reflects in the ISI time response, as
shown in Fig. 10, which is actually an enlarged part of Fig. 9.
1274
Fig. 11. Belgian–French 32-bus test system, bus N204, the ISI changes versus
1
time for different white noise SNRs, I = 0 015
: p.u.
The relative small changes of the ISI at 5036 and 5040 s are
due to the ULTCs’ operations.
To make the simulation more realistic, white noise with a
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 75 and 55 dB, respectively, was
added to the phasor measurements before calculating the ISI.
The results for different SNR ratios are plotted in Fig. 11. Ob-
serve in Fig. 11 that voltage collapse is properly determined for
SNR of 75 dB or more. When the white noise with SNR of 80 dB
is added, the ISI does not differ from the base case without noise.
If the SNR is less then 70 dB, then results are not adequate.
As discussed before, the magnitude of the threshold
defines sensitivity of the ISI to different changes in the system.
The problem of not choosing the appropriate threshold is
actually very similar to the problem of adding white noise of
SNR less than 75 dB. If the threshold value is chosen
less than 0.015, the ISI is more sensitive to smaller changes in
the system, and the algorithm gets more conservative. General-
ization of the threshold to be used on any system would
require more tests on different test systems and real systems
taking into account the above discussed issues of real-time
phasor measurements.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a new solution to the problem of voltage sta-
bility is presented. The Tellegen’s theorem makes it possible
to simplify the determination of the Thevenin’s parameters and
enables derivation of the new index. It requires the voltage and
current phasors measurements only, to evaluate the system’s
voltage stability at a bus, which makes it very appealing for
PMU-based online monitoring and protection schemes.
The advantage of the proposed method based on two consec-
utive phasor measurements over alternative approaches is the
one-step calculation procedure. It can also be used in systems
where the fast dynamics are not neglected but needs a careful
procedure to suppress oscillations of the estimated Thevenin’s
parameters and considering any corrective action applied to the
system.
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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS, VOL. 21, NO. 3, AUGUST 2006
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ŠMON et al.: LOCAL VOLTAGE-STABILITY INDEX USING TELLEGEN’S THEOREM
Ivan Šmon (S’02) was born in Jesenice, Slovenia,
in 1976. He received the Diploma Engineer degree
in electrical engineering from the University of
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 2001.
After graduation, he was with the “Elektro
Gorenjska” Distribution Company for one year. He
is currently a Research Assistant with the Faculty
of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana.
His research interests lie in the area of power-system
stability.
Gregor Verbič (M’98) received the Electrical
Engineer diploma and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
in electrical engineering from the University of
Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 1995, 2000, and
2003, respectively.
He joined Korona Power Engineering in 1995,
where he worked for three years. He is now a
Teaching Assistant with the Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, University of Ljubljana, and he also
is currently with the Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department, University of Waterloo,
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1275
Waterloo, ON, Canada, as a NATO-NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow. His research
activities are power system operation, dynamics, and control.
Ferdinand Gubina (SM’73) was born in Slovenia
in 1939. He received Diploma Engineer, M.Sc., and
Dr.Sc. degrees from the University of Ljubljana,
Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 1963, 1969, and 1972,
respectively.
In 1970, he joined Ohio State University,
Columbus, for a year, as a Teaching and Research
Associate. Since 1988, he has been a Full Professor
at the University of Ljubljana. His main interests lie
in the area of electric-power system operation and
control.
Dr. Gubina served in the CIGRE SC-39, SC-38, SC-4, and in CIGRE Ad-
ministrative Council and Technical Committee. He is a Distinguished Member
of CIGRE Paris.