(I)

(V)

(R)

(PW)

1
 (I, V, R, PW)

𝑽
I=
𝑹

𝑸 𝑾
R I= V=
𝒕 𝑸

𝝆𝒆 𝒍
𝑨 Q = N.e
𝒍
𝝈𝑨

𝑾
J/s = Watt
𝒕

VB .I V.A = Watt

PW
I2.R
I2.Ω = Watt

𝑽𝟐
𝑹 V2/Ω = Watt

2
 1
3s 15 C
1.6 x 10-19C 75J
1
2
2s 3
4
5

𝑊 75
1- V = = =5v
𝑄 15

𝑄 15
2- I = = =5A
𝑡 3

𝐼.𝑡 5𝑥2
3- N = = = 6.25 x 1019
𝑒 1.6 𝑥 10−19

𝑉 5
4- R = = = 1Ω
𝐼 5

5- Pw = I2 R = 52 x 1 = 25 watt
𝑉2 25
Pw = = = 25 watt
𝑅 1

𝑊 75
Pw = = = 25 watt
𝑡 3

Pw = V.I = 5 x 5 = 25 watt

𝑅1 𝜌𝑒1 𝐿1 𝐴2
=
𝑅2 𝜌𝑒2 𝐿2 𝐴1

ρe1 = ρe2

A r

𝑅1 𝐿1 𝐴2 𝑅1 𝐿1 𝑟22
= , =
𝑅2 𝐿2 𝐴1 𝑅2 𝐿2 𝑟12

3
 



R2 = R1 ±

2
50%
1
2
3
4
5

1
L2 = L1+ L1 (1)
2

3
L2 = L1
2

2
∴ A2 = A1 2
3

𝑅1 𝐿1 𝐴2
= 3
𝑅2 𝐿2 𝐴1

2
𝑅1 𝐿1 3 𝐴1 4
= 3 =
𝑅2 𝐿 𝐴1 9
2 1

9
R2 = R1
4
: (4)
9 4 5
∆𝑅 = R1 R1 = R1
4 4 4

100 x
5
𝑅
4 1
125 % 100 x (5)
𝑅1
 3

،1.7 x 10-8 Ωm 0.321

1
10 10 2
R1 3

1
2 -3 2 -7 2
A = πr = π(0.321 x 10 ) =3.24 x 10 m

𝑅 𝜌𝑒 1.7𝑥10−8
= = = 0.051 Ω/m
𝑙 𝐴 3.24 𝑥 10−7

2
𝑉 10
𝐼= = = 19.6 𝐴
𝑅 0.051 × 10

3
L2 = 2 L1 , A2 = 0.5 A1

1
𝑅1 𝐿1 𝐴2 𝐿1 2 𝐴1 1
= = =
𝑅2 𝐿2 𝐴1 2𝐿1 𝐴1 4

R2 = 4R1

5
 -2

1
=
1
+
1
+
1
+……. Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 +…….
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

Rt = n R
𝑅
Rt = 𝑛

𝑅1 𝑥𝑅2
Rt =
𝑅1 +𝑅2

6
 1 1
2 2
3 3

VB

6×3
R 1` = = 2Ω
6+3

R2` = 5+5 = 10Ω

R3` = 5+5 = 10Ω

10
R4` = = 5Ω
2

RT = 2+3+5=10Ω

7
 4

K3 K2 1
K3 K2 2

K3 1
K2
60
R` = = 20Ω
3
𝑉𝐵 90
It = = = 4.5 A
𝑅𝑡 20
𝐼 4.5
I = 𝑡= = 1.5 A
3 3

8
 K3 2
30
R` = = 15 Ω
2

K2
60
R` = = 30 Ω
2

Rt = 15 + 30 = 45Ω
𝑉𝐵 90
It = = =2A
𝑅𝑡 45
𝐼 2
I = 𝑡= =1A
2 2



𝑰𝒕 ×𝑹
𝑰 =
𝑹

6
12Ω

12𝑥6
Rt = = 4Ω
12+6
𝐼𝑡 ×𝑅
I =
𝑅

9×4
I6Ω = = 6A
6

9
 5

r=0

/ /

V=vB -I(R+r) V=vB +Ir V=vB -Ir V=vB V=IR

𝟏 𝑽𝜶𝑰 𝟏 V,I 𝑽𝜶𝑰

𝑽𝜶 𝐈 𝑽𝜶 𝐈
v v v v v

VB VB VB

I I
I
I I

-(r+R) r -r / R

10
 `

3 2 1

← 1

← 2

V I

← I

11
 𝑉 30
I10Ω = = = 3A
𝑅 10
∵
∴ V20Ω = 𝐼𝑅 = 3 x 20 = 60 V

V15Ω = V20Ω + V10Ω = 60+30=90V

𝑉 90
I15Ω = = = 6A
𝑅 15

𝐼𝑡 = 6 + 3 = 9𝐴

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅 = 3𝑥9 = 27𝑉

4 V

c,b
c,a

Vab = 2 × 4 = 8V 

R = 2R

Vab 8 4 It ×R
I1 = = = A ⇒ I1 =
R 2R R R

Vab = Vab
I1 R1 = I2 R 2
4
× 2R = I2 × 4R
R
2
I2 =
R
4 2 6
It = I1 + I2 = + =
R R R
6
( )Vcb = It R cb = R × R = 6V

( )Vac = Vab + Vbc = 8 + 6 = 14A

12
 `

4Ω 5Ω

← 2

𝑉𝐵
𝐼= 𝑅𝑡

𝐵 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑅 +𝑟
𝑡

𝑉𝐵 +𝑉𝐵2
1
𝐼 = 𝑅 +𝑟
𝑡 1 +𝑟2

1 𝑉𝐵 −𝑉𝐵2
VB1 >VB2 𝐼 = 𝑅 +𝑟
𝑡 1 +𝑟2

𝐼𝑡 𝑅
𝐼 = I
𝑅

13
 3A
3A

𝑅𝑇 = 5Ω

𝑉𝐵1 − 𝑉𝐵2 40 − 4
𝐼𝑇 = = = 6𝐴
𝑅𝑇 + 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 5 + 0.5 + 0.5

𝐼 ×𝑅 6×5
𝐼10Ω = = = 3𝐴
𝑅 10

3×2
𝐼6Ω = = 1𝐴
6

𝑉1 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝐼𝑟 = 40 − (6 𝑥 0.5) = 37𝑉

𝑉2 = 𝑉𝐵 + 𝐼𝑟 = 4 + (6 × 0.5) = 7𝑉

V3 = IR = 3 x 4 = 12V

𝑃𝑊(5Ω) = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 32 × 5 = 45𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑊(4Ω) = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 32 × 4 = 36𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑊(𝑟) = 𝐼 2 𝑅 = 62 × 0.5 = 18𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

𝑃𝑊 ( ) = 𝑉𝐵. 𝐼𝑇 = 40 × 6 = 240 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡

14
 `

R1 R4 R5
V1 V2=33V R
R2
R3 R6 …………

3V

-
7Ω
R
3Ω
6Ω

𝑷𝑾

𝑽𝟐
= 𝑷𝑾 = 𝑰 𝟐 𝑹
𝑹

1 𝑃𝑊 𝛼𝑅
𝑃𝑊 𝛼
𝑅

15
 V

1
𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝐼(𝑅 + 𝑟) 𝑉𝛼
𝐼
←

K
1
2 2
3 2 3

r≠0

– –
– – – – –

16
 `

RV – K 2

V2
😊

V2 2

V1 = VB - Ir I 3

V3 V2 = VB - I (r+R3) I
r≠0
V3 = IR3

V1 K

V1 V1

2 V2 V2

3 V3 V3

17