The

South
Coast
of Tenerife

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The Southcoast of Tenerife
Los Cristianos - Las Americas - Costa Adeje

ETH Studio Basel WS 05/06, Prof. Jacques Herzog, Prof. Pierre de Meuron
Assistents Simon Hartmann, Christian Mueller Inderbitzin
Students Irene Schibli, Claudia Waldvogel, Stefan Faust, Sebastian Hurni

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Subject of our study is the
enormous tourist resort at
the southcoast of Tenerife.
Focussing on the question
‘has the increase of tour-
ism the strength to form
a city?’, we describe the
transformation of Los
Christianos, Las Americas,
Costa Adeje: From a fisher
village, over the begin-
ning of a tourist city to the
current situation: people
living in a cellular resort
structure.

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 Site

Today, the south of Tenerife is “independent” from

the northern part of the island. It is growing and de-
veloping only because of mass tourism and has its
own airport (Reina Sofia) with the highest number
of passengers of the islands. Furthermore, there is a
touristically very important seaport in Los Cristianos
and a highly frequented motorway is the connection
between the sunny south and the north of the island.
The area of Los Cristianos, Las Americas and Costa
Adeje occupies 11.2 square kilometers and counts
22’300 permanent inhabitants and a density of
population of 1990 persons/skm, which corresponds
to the density of the city of Aarau. But additionally to
the permanent population, there comes 1.5 tourist
on every local inhabitant

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COSTA ADEJE

LAS AMERICAS

LOS CRISTIANOS

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 Facts

11.2 square kilometers

Total area of Los Cristianos, Las

Americas, Costa Adeje

Density exclusive tourists:

1990 inhabitants per skm
(equal to Aarau)
Density inclusive tourists:
6280-8460 inhabitants per skm

359 days of sun

That is the reason, why many

tourists come to enjoy their
holydays on the Canary Islands.

But there are also some (mostly

elderly people from Scandinavia)
staying the whole winter in the
South.

22 300 local inhabitants

living mainly in Los Christianos

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up to 2.6 mio tourists per year

that means 48‘000 to 72‘400 tourists

permanently; more than three times
as much tourists than local people!

78‘769 beds

37‘534 in hotels
41‘235 in apartments

increasing number of
second residents

that is the new trend of investing

money and spending holydays

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 Formation

first settlements 1960ies 1970ies

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1980ies 1990ies current situation

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First settlement at a
natural harbour

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 First Settlement

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Export of tomatoes and stone
as the only connection to the
north of Tenerife

Already in 1511, the name of Los Cristianos appears

in a document to distribute land and water to the
colonists and conquerors of Tenerife. But the land
there is dry and the big distance to the capital Santa
Cruz makes it not attractive to live there. People liv-
ing in Los Cristianos were often attacked by pirates,
who landed in the natural harbour. Nevertheless, the
area has been populated by shepherds and fisher
families. They lived in caves dug in the mountain of
Chayofita which are still in use today and serve as
cellars for the houses built in front of them. Today,
these houses build the old center of Los Cristianos.
Already 1906 the spanish government built a small
pier in Los Cristianos, the one which is called „viejo
puerto“ today; it was important for the export of
stone-slabs to the rest of the archipelago. Until 1985
they also exported salt, gained at the place where
now the resorts of Las Americas stand. Other rea-
sons for the economic development were the salt
fishing factory and the beginning of piping water for
irrigation (for tomatoes and bananas) from Vilaflor to
Los Cristianos in 1914. With this economical devel-
opment in the first half of the 20th century, a new
harbour was needed and realised in 1934, beeing
maintained up to now. That allowed a bigger fishing
and commercial traffic, what boosted the economy
even more. In 1955 the population counted around
1200 inhabitants living very modest and without
electricity. The only communication with the other
parts of the island was over the lorries taking toma-
toes to the north.
The built fabric and the streets of that period was
situated in current center of Los Cristianos, where
now the shops and residential area is.
However, the real transformation of Los Cristianos
from a small fishing village to a busy tourist resort
began in 1956, when the first disabled Swedish
pensioner arrived, looking for a sunny and peaceful
place to ease his pains.

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 First Settlement Los Cristianos in the 1950ies

Modest accommodation

Natural beach of Los Cristianos

Today filled with rows of deck chairs

Houses gathered around the natural

harbour
First existance based on fishing and trading

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 Transformation of the former
natural harbour

Natural harbour

Export of agriculture goods increased

In 1934, the natural harbour was replaced by a
new port near the center of Los Cristianos

Busy port of today

An important starting point for day trips

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 First Settlement
Cultivation of agriculture
goods at the place where today
tourists live in holiday resorts

plantation

saline

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 Traces of the past

Former caves used as cellars

Some decades ago, some inhabitants of Los
Cristianos still lived in caves.
The contemporary old town of Los Cristianos was
added in front of them. Today the caves function
as cellars of the houses.

Old houses have been extended

One of the few reminders of the old fisher village
houses (painted in blue) has been extended
over the years.

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Handicapped retirees
from Sweden discover
the south of Tenerife

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 Swedish Pioneers

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Swedish pioneers accelerate
progress in Los Cristianos

While the north of the island became very popular

among european tourists, only a few visited the
south, but no one stayed there for a longer time.
The south consisted of a rather homogeneous
population, until 1956 a retired Swede arrived. He
intended to spend the rest of his life in a dry and
warm climate, curing his arthritics.
Being taken of the climate, he invited some friends
(all in wheelchairs) to join him. Soon they rented a
house, hired a cook and a maid. The very hospi-
table locals tried to fulfill all of the wishes of their
guests.
The following years more and more Swedish
invalids came, often with their families and visited
by some friends. First, the guests stayed in the
houses of local inhabitants, later a boarding house
was opened and finally some apartments were
built. For that, a local bought a generator and sold
electricity; a cinema and a restaurant followed, the
community became socially more complex.
From the 1960ies on, tourists from other european
countries as well visited the southcoast of Tenerife,
which caused a new wave of development: locals,
employed as workers on the plantations turned to
the growing building industry and services. The in-
frastructure was accomplished with a hospital and
a bus-service to the north.
The fast development caused problems: society
was divided into locals, Swedish and non Swed-
ish Europeans. Furthermore, there was a lot of
rubbish, electricity cables through the village, and
there were hardly rules on urban development.

Olle Ryding, a Swedish pioneer

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 Swedish Pioneers Vestiges of Swedish
establishment

Article of the local newspaper “El Día”

in 1964: How the first Swedish pioneer
made Los Cristianos popular

“The motive why in Los Cristianos there is today

a huge Swedish community and why the influx of
visitors, especially Northern Europeans, is bigger
and bigger is in the work of propaganda done by
the person who could be called the pioneer of the
tourist future in Los Cristianos: the Swedish citizen
don Benito Rilander, known familiarly as don Benito
among the residents in Los Cristianos. Mr. Rilander,
who died in this village a few months ago, came
by chance to Los Cristianos around eight years
ago. With this wonderful weather he found that the
rheumatic desease that he thought is incurable was
relieved. He was a writer and a TV commentator,
and he spread the news in his country, through the
newspapers and television, about the excellence of
this picturesque village of Tenerife. Not only Scan-
dinavians are already going to Los Cristianos. They
come from all over Europe, and how very strange,
even from North America.”

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Scandinavian architecture
Until today a unique style in the south.

Still a popular rehabilitation center

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Mass tourism begins
on two spots

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 Mass Tourism Begins

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Rising high to accommodate
a lot of people, mark territory
and have a good view

The following decades are characterized by the

increasing number of tourists visiting the south of
Tenerife. The places there were confronted with
almost the same problems as all touristic areas in
the world –the big masses of guests. Therefore,
the development of accommodation typologies and
other characteristics of the time can be considered
as (arche-)tipic.

The important ocean view from a highrise building

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 Mass Tourism Begins

Playa del Bobo

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Hotel complexes of early mass
tourism
Hotel Gran Tinerfe

With the fast increase in tourism, the first important

architectural changes came: the rising of the 11 to
15 stories high buildings. With their outstanding
height they act as landmarks, and are erected to
absorb a big number of tourists, visiting the islands
in the early 1970ies.
The building typologies of blocksheaves and towers
are high, compact and have two or even four similar
facades with balconies. The access to the rooms is
through an inner corridor.
The hotels and appartment towers are situated on
the basis of profitting the best of the view on the
sea, neglecting their relation to any neighbourhood.
The ambit consists only of an accessroad, wich is
a simple junction between the main road and the
entrance of the hotel.

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 Mass Tourism Begins The complexes were isolated
from urban environment

The South of Tenerife was not a very densly built

area. Social life played in the center of Los Chris-
tianos or at the beach. For that reason, most of the
valorisation of public space was done in that period.

close to the beach

landmarks

sea view

no urban context

absorbing a lot of people

built structure today

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The Old Town compensated the
lack of urban environment:
shopping, bars and amusement

upgrade of the Old Town

Los Cristianos

pedestrian area established

public space

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 Mass Tourism Begins First hotel towers were located
next to the natural beaches

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 Transformation of the coast:
artifical beaches instead of
rocks

The volcanic island has only a few natural beaches,

where the first hotels were constructed.
To upgrade and extend the touristic infrastructure,
rocks were detonated and replaced through artificial
beaches.

first hotel center of Los

harbour Cristianos

Playa del Bobo

natural beach natural beach

STF 0996

rocks

sand beach
artifical beach

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 Mass Tourism Begins Streets as connections from
the hotels to public spaces

newer fabric torres del sol

connection road

hotel entrance

access road to hotel

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reaching out to the hotels
first streets

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Vast territorial expan-
sion filling up landscape
with cellular structures

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 Territorial Expansion

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Major occupation of land and
widespreaded infrastructures

The ongoing boom in tourism was even accelerated

by the commissioning of the airport Tenerife South
in 1978, and the finishing of the highway in 1983.
That consequenced an enormous building wave in
the 80ies, spreading out from Los Cristianos and the
only natural beach in Costa Adeje, called Playa del
Bobo.
Most of the new built area was constructed on
wasteland, but sometimes former agricultural struc-
tures had to make room for touristic buildings.

banana plantations

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 Territorial Expansion

N Playa de Troya

access facade

street

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Access balcony type as a
higher developed holyday resort
Hotel Palm Beach Club

We call the typology of the buildings constructed in

that period „access balcony typology“. The hotels
and apartment blocks are characterized by their way
of access, which is taken out of the building and
placed at the facade. One reason for doing so, is to
save place inside the building. But at the same time,
this building type responded to the new trend, which
reacted against the typical masstourism holiday. The
guest feels more as an individual, because he has
his own entrance to the apartment.
The buildings were also less high, segmented
and arranged slightly curved or building an „L“ in
plan. Like that, an inner courtyard is formed, which
becomes an important component of the hotel
resort. The resort architecture is becoming more and
more introverted, and evokes more individuality and
less mass claerance. Also the facade showing to the
inner side, the court, is the main facade, whereas
the access-facade at the outside looks rather
rejecting.

courtyard

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 Territorial Expansion

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Access balcony type
Apartments El Dorado

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 Territorial Expansion

row houses

pool area

Steven and Johanna

from Norfolk, UK

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Holyday in a carpet
Island Village

An other form of individualisation is the construction

of row houses and villas. The neighbourhood of
Costa Adeje is becoming a ghetto of rich people,
building their second residences. Like this, huge
territories get occupied by people using more and
more space. But the action-radio of their lifes is
getting more and more concentrated in their own
small and controllable world, leaving the outdoor
space out of mind and care.

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 Territorial Expansion Inside

Gated communitiy

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Outside

in-between space

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 Territorial Expansion

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Cellular structures

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 Territorial Expansion

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Cellular structures

Because the resorts had always less relation to

the neighbourhood and became more and more
introverted (sometimes also physically manifested
by gates), the place is falling apart. We decided
to call the region of Los Cristianos, Las Americas,
Costa Adeje not a tourist city anymore, but an
area, existing of cellular structures and undefined
interspaces.
The cells can be a hotel resort, rowhouses, even a
shop, and more (different functions). Therefore, it is
obvious that the cells can have various forms with
different degrees of diffusion/enclosures.
The interspaces between the cells have few value
(they might be a street, wasteland, an unused shop).
Life plays inside the clearly defined cells, making
public space needless.
There are different ways to simulate urbanity in
this unanimated system of cells and interspaces:
parks, where nobody goes; avenues, with too many
palms; shops, offering all the same products; the
new cultural center “magma” at the other side of the
motorway, hired by companies for some time to hold
closed meetings, etc. -but life does not come!
The region of LC, LA, CA is not following any
masterplan, economy is the driving force also in
urban design. The interesting thing is the generation
of caracteristical zones, with different developments:
locals or elderly people in Los Cristianos (with its
decay) staying next to Las Americas, were the
built fabric is under permanent restructuration, and
the area of Costa Adeje, becoming a zone of 2nd
residentials. This patchwork gives the region a very
complex character.

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 Territorial Expansion Activities during daytime

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 Simulating urbanity with an
increasing number of shops
offering the same products

beach toys cameras

souvenirs
cameras

t-shirts

cameras

souvenirs

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 Territorial Expansion

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Leisure pleasure

exclusive golf park

aqualand

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 Territorial Expansion

future streets
new territorial expansion
beginning of mass tourism

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first settlements
Spread of the infrastructure

avenues

walk way

dead end

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 Territorial Expansion

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 Activity at night

live music

dancefloor

casino

pub

sex clubs

gambling house

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 Territorial Expansion

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 Territorial Expansion

construction site
wasteland

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prepared infrastructures

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 Construction and waste land

investment projects

continuing building boom

wasteland infrastructure already exists

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Simulated worlds and
a trend to luxury

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 Simulation

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 Simulation

simulation of a
mexican village

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Village typology

From the 90ies till now, the development of the indi-

vidualisation and introvertion of the hotel- and apart-
ment resorts comes to a climax with the trend today:
the „village typology“
The architecture of those little villages is, like most
of the built fabric in Tenerifa’s south, not referring to
the place. It exists of many little houses, pretending
to be singular villas, but in fact they are connected
through a corridor.
Each holiday campus simulates a little enclosed
world, offering the tourist everything he needs (all-in-
clusive holidays). We can also call this phenomenon
the “resort in the resort”.
With the trend of those totally controlled areas,
which are leaving reality outside and exclude any
stranger, terms as `privacy`, `being among similar`
and `security’ became always more important.
The view and the place around has no importance
anymore and the resort could stand anywhere in the
world – if the climate and the cheap service is guar-
anteed.

luxurious mexican furniture

mexican colours

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 Simulation

artificial world

introverted resort

imitation of roman statues

marble flooring

village simulation

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Simulated Worlds

What we can see is the development of a place,

responding to all kinds of wishes from their guests;
people coming from cities as London, Berlin, Basel
–to enjoy some days under the canarian sun, living
in their small controllable world away from the big,
complexe, globalized life.

simulation of an
antique temple

view from the road

backside

tennis court

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 Simulation

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 Luxury shopping cells as
artificial worlds
Plaza del Duque

versace
burburry
luis vittons
christian dior
fcuk
canon
gucci
prada
armani
chanel
calvin klein

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 Simulation Cellular structures

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Undefined interspaces

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 Simulation
236 cells

Abinque Isla Bonita I Abinque Isla Bonita II Acapulco Achacay Agave

Agaves, Los Aguamar Alamos, Los Alisios, Los Altamar

Altamira Amanda 3 Orlando Andalucia Andorra Apartamericas

Arcos, Los Atalaya Court Atamanes y Tegueste Atlantico Atlantida

Bel Air
Azahara Bahia Balcon de Atlantida Barranco Apartamentos

Bellamar Beril TS, El Beverly Hills Club TS Beverly Hills High TS Birinquen

Bitacora Bonanza Borranzo Bouganvillas, Las Brisas, Las

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Brozos, Los Bucanero Buganville Plata Bungamericas Caledonia

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 Canary Island
California Holiday Club TS Cardon, El Cardones, Los Carlbe

Castalia Vistamar Castelia Park Castle Harbour Catleya Cerromar

Cleopatra-
City Garden Julio Cesar-
Chayofita Fuentes Chipeque Chunga, La EA Ciuadad Marco Antonio

Clininca Vintersol Club Atlantis Club Miraverde CO Club Olimpos I TS Club Olimpos II TS

Club Tropical Playa Club Villamar Colina Blanco Collina Park Colon Guanahani

Compostela Beach Compostela Beach

Colon I-II Columbus Golf Resort Resort Compostela Beach

Costa Adeje
Conquistador Copacabana Coral Beach Cortijo, El Palace

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Costa Adeje Crisol Cristianos Cristiansur I Cristiansur II

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 Simulation

Dalias, Las Diamantes, Los Dorado, El Edificio Simon Esmeralda

Estrella, La Eucaliptus Europe Villa Cortes Fayser Flamingo TS

Flores, Las Floritas, Las Funchal Gala Geranios, Los

Gran Hotel Guayarmina

Gran Antelia Park Bahia del Duque Gran Tinerfe Green Golf Resort Princess

Hacienda del Sol Hibiscos, Los Holiday Park Hollywood Mirage Horizonte

Island Village Jacaranda H Jacaranda Jardin del Duque Jardin Tropical

Jardines de Nivaria Lagos de Fanabe Laguna Park I Laguna Park II Madrigueras, Las

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Malibu Park Mango Mar-Ola Mare Verde I-III Marylanza

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Mediterranean Palace Mimosas, Las Mirador del Duque Neptuno Noelia Sur

Oasis Golf Resort Oasis Mango Oasis Ocean Beach Ocean View

Olimpia Olimpia II EA Olivos, Los Optimist Orlando

Oro Blanco Oro Negro Palm Beach Club TS Palmeras del Sur Palmeras, Las

Palo Blanco Panorama Paradero I, El Paradero II, El Paradero III, El

Paradise Club TS Paradise Court Paraiso del Sol I Paraiso del Sol II Paraiso Royal

Park Ocean Park Ocean Park Ocean

Park Club Europe Park Hotel Troya y Las Algas I y Las Algas II y Las Algas III

Park Ocean

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y Las Algas IV. Parque Cristina A Parque Cristina B Parque Cristina C Parque Cristobal

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 Simulation

Parque de
Las Americas Parque de Sol Parque La Paz Parque Margarita Parque Royal

Parque Santiago I Parque Santiago II Parque Santiago III Parque Santiago IV Parque Santiago V

Paso, El Pinta, La Piramides, Las Piteras, Las Playa Azul

Playa Flor Playa Honda Playa Ohd Ponderosa Portosin

Regency
Princesa Dacil Pueblo Torviscas Punta, La Rebeca Beach Club

Residencial Residencial
Beril de Duque Residencial Dinastia Residencial Duque Residencial El Camison Garajonay

Royal
Reveron Plaza Riu Arecas Tenerife Riu Palace Tenerife Rose Marie Sunset Beach TS

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San Marino CO San Rafael Santa Amalia Santa Maria Sauces, Los

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Siesta, La Sir Anthony Sirena, La Sol Tenerife Summerland

Sun Beach Sol Sunset Bay Sunset Harbourg Sur y Sol Tajinastes, Los

Tegueste Tenerife Princess Tenerife Royal Garden Tenerife Sur Terracas CS, Los

Terrazas del Duque The Heights Tinerfe Garden Torres de Yomely Torres del Sol

Villa Mandi
Torviscas Playa Udalla Park Veracruz Veramar Golf Resort

Villa Tagoro Villaflor Vina del Mar Vinas, Las Virginia

Vista Mar Vista Sur Vistabella Vulcano Yaiza Jamaica

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Yucca Park S

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 Simulation

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Synthesis

We compare Los Cristinanos/Las Americas/Costa

Adeje with a primitive creature, consisting of hardly
differenciated cells, basically the holiday resorts.
The collectivity of theses cells forms the organism,
Los Cristinanos/Las Americas/Costa Adeje.
For the most part, the cells operate independently
from each other.
The cells only solve the tasks together which
are important to survive: the streets and specific
infastructure.
This complexe cellular structure without center can
be devided into characteristical zones, depending on
the topography, the clientele, the built fabric in terms
of volume, architecture and wealth.

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Appendix

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 Appendix

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Apartment House Guayero
Los Cristianos
built 1967-1971 by Sansón-Chirinos
y Vicens arquitectos

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 Appendix

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Magma Arte y Congreso
Las Americas
completed 2005 by Fernando Martín
Menis

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 Appendix Colonies
Paloma Beach
guests mainly from the UK
and even English staff!

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 Gran Hotel Bahia del Duque
Costa Adeje, built in 1993
724 beds, village typology

village
simulation

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 Appendix

André, local inhabitant

elderly people
spending the winter on the island

simulation of urban space

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Impressions

2nd residental building

covering a lot of land

interspace backyard

abandoned shop
not attractive anymore

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 Appendix Differentiation in the size
of the built fabric

old structure
village typology
megastructures/blocks
row houses
villas and bungalows

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 Economical topography

the hotels marked with

dark red colour are
five-star accommodations

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Sources

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 Fernando Menis, Arquitecto, Santa Cruz

Old pictures by the photographer Ramon Dominguez

Estate agent Christiaan Weerd, Los Cristianos

Community of Arona

Centro Cultural de Los Cristianos

Various interview partners

(local people, hotel receptionists, tourists)

GRAFCAN (Cartográfica Canaria SA)

books:

BASA n° 28 “Canarias, Tourismo y Ficcion”, Las

Palmas, Primer Semestre 2005

“History of Los Cristianos: from a small fishing vil-

lage to a busy tourist resort”, Nelson Diaz Friaz,
Graficas Sabater, Tenerife, 2004

webpages:

www.gobcan.es/istac

www.arona.org

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Aerial Photo, Grafcan, St. Cruz 2003

Postcard

Ramon Dominguez, Photographer, Los Cristianos

History of Los Cristianos, Nelson Díaz Frías

History of Los Cristianos, Nelson Díaz Frías

History of Los Cristianos, Nelson Díaz Frías

Ramon Dominguez, Photographer, Los Cristianos

Ramon Dominguez, Photographer, Los Cristianos

Aerial Photo, BASA n°28

History of Los Cristianos, Nelson Díaz Frías

History of Los Cristianos, Nelson Díaz Frías

Guía de Arquitectura Contemporánea Tenerife 1962-1998

Ramon Dominguez, Photographer, Los Cristianos

Postcard
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