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Experiment 10 THE EFFECT OF FLOW RATE AND

PATTERN ON HEAT TRANSFER IN COENCENTRIC
CYLINDER HEAT EXCHANGER
Unit Operations (Universiti Teknologi MARA)

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EXPERIMENT 10: THE EFFECT OF FLOW RATE AND PATTERN ON HEAT TRANSFER
IN CONCENTRIC CYLINDER HEAT EXCHANGER.

INTRODUCTION

Equipment for heating and cooling of flowing products (e.g. fruit juices, milk) are in general called heat
exchanger, there is flow of the media that supply or remove heat as well as the products to be treated.
This leads to steady states whereby the temperature differences vary from one place to another and the
heat transfer coefficient often can not be assumed to be uniform.

OBJECTIVE

To study the temperature profiles, co-current and counter current flows, energy balances, log mean
temperatures and heat transfer coefficient.

MATERIAL

Tap water

APPARATUS

Concentric cylinder heat exchanger

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PROCEDURES

A. Start up
1. The cover was removed from the storage tank and the tank was filled with clean water
to within 100 mm free board from the top of the tank which gives about 18 litres of water.
2. The cold water inlet was connected to a source of cold water using flexible tube provided.
3. The cold water outlet was connected to proper drainage.
4. The main input that leads to a fused single phase electrical point of 240 volts was
connected.
5. The power supply and the main control switch when the above was ready was switched
on.
6. The pump by pushing the green button indicated on the control panel was switched on.
7. The water circulation was observed through the tank.

B. Heat transfer (counter and co-current flow)

1. The hot water flow valve was open and allowed the water to flow through the exchanger
until a steady flow of water was indicated on the hot water flow meter.
2. The cover on storage tank was replaced.
3. The cold water flow control valve was opened. The selector valve for parallel and counter
arrangement was set alternatively.
4. The water was allowed to flow through the exchanger until a steady flow was indicated
on the cold water flow meter.
5. The controlled hot water temperature, hot water flow rate and cold water flow rate was
recorded.
6. The hot and cold water temperature at inlet and outlet was recorded once the condition
had stabilized.

C. Shutdown
1. The heater selector switch was switched off and hot water was let to cool down naturally.
2. The cold water supply was turned off.
3. The excess water from storage tank was drained.

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RESULTS

A. Co-current flow arrangement

Flow rate: 1.6 L/min = 0.0267 kg/s

Thermocouple T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Temperature, °C 59 54 48 40 37 32

Power
Power absorbed Power loss Efficiency
∆ Tm (°C) U (W/m2
emitted (W) (W) (W) (%)
°C)

1.2277 0.8928 0.3349 72.72 15.62 0.8704

Flow rate: 3.2 L/min = 0.0533 kg/s

Thermocouple T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Temperature, °C 59 53 46 38 36 32

Power
Power absorbed Power loss Efficiency
∆ Tm (°C) U (W/m2
emitted (W) (W) (W) (%)
°C)

2.8963 1.3368 1.5595 46.16 15.62 1.3032

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B. Counter current flow arrangement

Flow rate: 1.6 L/min = 0.0267 kg/s

Thermocouple T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Temperature, °C 59 55 46 40 36 32

Power
Power absorbed Power loss Efficiency
∆ Tm (°C) U (W/m2
emitted (W) (W) (W) (%)
°C)

1.4509 0.8928 0.5581 61.53 13.96 0.9739

Flow rate: 3.2 L/min = 0.0533 kg/s

Thermocouple T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6

Temperature, °C 59 53 43 37 34 32

Power
Power absorbed Power loss Efficiency
∆ Tm (°C) U (W/m2
emitted (W) (W) (W) (%)
°C)

3.5647 1.1140 2.4507 31.25 13.96 1.2152

CALCULATIONS

1. Power emitted, qe = Fh x ρh x Cph (T1- T3)

2. Power absorbed, qa = Fc x ρc x Cpc (T4- T6)
3. Power loss = power emitted - power absorbed
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
4. Efficiency, E = x 100%
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
(∆𝑇𝑖𝑛− ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)
5. Log mean temperature difference, ∆Tm = (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛)
ln
(∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)

𝑞𝑎
6. Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =
𝐴∆𝑇𝑚

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Co-current flow arrangement calculation:

Flow rate: 1.6 L/min = 0.0267 kg/s = 2.67 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s

Power emitted (W) qe = Fh x ρh x Cph (T1- T3)

qe = (2.67 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(59 – 48)

qe = 1.2277 W
Power absorbed (W) qa = Fc x ρc x Cpc (T4- T6)

qa = (2.67 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(40 – 32)

qa = 0.8928 W
Power loss (W) power emitted - power absorbed
= 1.2277 – 0.8928
= 0.3349 W
Efficiency (%) 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
E= x 100%
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
0.8928
= x 100%
1.2277
= 72.72%
∆ Tm (°C) (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛− ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)
∆Tm = (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛)
ln
(∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)

(𝑇1−𝑇6)−(𝑇3−𝑇4)
= 𝑇1−𝑇6
ln(𝑇3−𝑇4)

(59−32)−(48−40)
= 59−32
ln( )
48−40
19
=
1.2164
=15.62 °C
𝑞𝑎
U (W/m2 °C) U=
𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
U = 0.8928 ÷ 0.06567(15.62)
U = 0.8704 W/m2 °C

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Flow rate: 3.2 L/min = 0.0533 kg/s = 5.33 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s

Power emitted (W) qe = Fh x ρh x Cph (T1- T3)

qe = (5.33 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(59 – 46)

qe = 2.8963 W
Power absorbed (W) qa = Fc x ρc x Cpc (T4- T6)

qa = (5.33 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(38 – 32)

qa = 1.3368 W
Power loss (W) power emitted - power absorbed
= 2.8963 – 1.3368
= 1.5595 W
Efficiency (%) 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
E= x 100%
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
1.3368
= x 100%
2.8963
= 46.16 %
∆ Tm (°C) (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛− ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)
∆Tm = (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛)
ln
(∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)

(𝑇1−𝑇6)−(𝑇3−𝑇4)
= 𝑇1−𝑇6
ln( )
𝑇3−𝑇4

(59−32)−(46−38)
= 59−32
ln(46−38)

19
=
1.2164
=15.62 °C
𝑞𝑎
U (W/m2 °C) U=
𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
U = 1.3368 ÷ 0.06567(15.62)
U = 1.3032 W/m2 °C

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Counter flow arrangement

Flow rate: 1.6 L/min = 0.0267 kg/s = 2.67 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s

Power emitted (W) qe = Fh x ρh x Cph (T1- T3)

qe = (2.67 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(59 - 46)

qe = 1.4509 W
Power absorbed (W) qa = Fc x ρc x Cpc (T4- T6)

qa = (2.67 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(40 - 32)

qa = 0.8928 W
Power loss (W) power emitted - power absorbed
= 1.4509 – 0.8928
= 0.5581 W
Efficiency (%) 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
E= x 100%
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
0.8928
= x 100%
1.4509
= 61.53 %
∆ Tm (°C) (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛− ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)
∆Tm = (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛)
ln
(∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)

(𝑇1−𝑇6)−(𝑇3−𝑇4)
= 𝑇1−𝑇6
ln(𝑇3−𝑇4)

(59−32)−(46−40)
= 59−32
ln( )
46−40
21
=
1.5041
=13.96 °C
𝑞𝑎
U (W/m2 °C) U=
𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
U = 0.8928 ÷ 0.06567(13.96)
U = 0.9739 W/m2 °C

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Flow rate: 3.2 L/min = 0.0533 kg/s = 5.33 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s

Power emitted (W) qe = Fh x ρh x Cph (T1- T3)

qe = (5.33 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(59 – 43)

qe = 3.5647 W
Power absorbed (W) qa = Fc x ρc x Cpc (T4- T6)

qa = (5.33 x 10ˉ⁵) x 1000 x 4.18(37 – 32)

qa = 1.1140 W
Power loss (W) power emitted - power absorbed
= 3.5647 – 1.1140
= 2.4507 W
Efficiency (%) 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑏𝑒𝑑
E= x 100%
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
1.1140
= x 100%
3.5647
= 31.25 %
∆ Tm (°C) (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛− ∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)
∆Tm = (∆𝑇𝑖𝑛)
ln
(∆𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡)

(𝑇1−𝑇6)−(𝑇3−𝑇4)
= 𝑇1−𝑇6
ln( )
𝑇3−𝑇4

(59−32)−(43−37)
= 59−32
ln(43−37)

21
=
1.5041
=13.96 °C
𝑞𝑎
U (W/m2 °C) U=
𝐴∆𝑇𝑚
U = 1.1140 ÷ 0.06567(13.96)
U = 1.2152 W/m2 °C

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DISCUSSION

In this experiment, we are going to determine the effect of flow rate and pattern on heat transfer
in concentric cylinder heat exchanger. By conducting this experiment, we are able to determine the
temperature profiles, co-current and counter current flows, energy balances, log mean temperatures and
het transfer coefficient.

Based on the result, the co-current flow arrangement for flow rate of 2.67 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s, the power

loss is 0.3349 W, log mean temperature difference is 15.62 °C, and the overall heat transfer coefficient
is 0.8704 W/m2 °C while for flow rate of 5.33 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s, the power loss is 1.5595 W, log mean

temperature difference is 15.62 °C, and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1.3032 W/m2 °C. For

counter flow arrangement, the power loss for flow rate 2.67 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s is 0.5581 W, the log mean

temperature different is 13.96 °C and the overall heat transfer coefficient is 0.9739 W/m2 °C. For flow

rate of 5.33 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s, the power loss is 2.4507 W, log mean temperature difference is 13.96 °C and

the overall heat transfer coefficient is 1.2152 W/m2 °C.

For co-current flow, when the flow rate increase from 2.67 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s to 5.33 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s the
efficiency decreases from 72.72% to 46.16%. Also, for counter current flow, when the flow rate increase

from 2.67 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s to 5.33 x 10ˉ⁵ m³/s, then the efficiency decreases from 61.53% to 31.25 %.
Therefore, in this experiment, there is an effect of flow rate and flow arrangement to the heat transfer
efficiency where if the value of flow rate and flow arrangement increase, the value of the efficiency of
the heat transfer will decrease.

Plate Heat Exchangers are products that can be processed by this equipment. The turbulent flow
on both sides is to blame. To avoid liquid intermixing, gaskets are used to seal the plates' edges and
ports. It aids in the direction of the heating or cooling as well as the product streams into their appropriate
alternate gaps. It also has a heat transmission efficiency of more than 90% with the requisite temperature
variations. Some of the advantages and disadvantages of pipe heat exchanger are it is suitable for high
pressure application but it is limited to only low heat duties which require a surface areas less than 47
m2. Other than that, this pipe exchanger is standardizing where it can simply maintain, service and
stocking part but the flow pattern of this pipe heat exchanger is strictly counter flow.

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CONCLUSION

By conducting this experiment, we are able to determine the effect of flow rate pattern on heat
transfer in concentric cylinder heat exchanger. The objective of this experiment can be achieved. Hence,
this experiment is successful.

REFERENCES

Heat exchanger. (n.d)

https://web.mit.edu/16.unified/www/FALL/thermodynamics/notes/node131.html

WeBBusterZ. (2015). What is double pipe exchanger. https://www.webbusterz.org/what-is-a-double-

pipe-heat-exchanger/

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