PRACTICUM REPORT

SEMESTER II, EXPERIMENT I

CHEMICAL KINETICS

Nama : Rasyal Qarindra Ibrahim

NIM : 16222148

Kelompok :K

Shift : P.3.2

Asisten : Hadi

Tanggal Praktikum : 15 Februari 2023

Tanggal Pengumpulan Laporan : 1 Maret 2023

LABORATORIUM KIMIA DASAR

FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

2023
 I. Experimental Objective
A. Analyze and determine how to correctly utilize a calorimeter whilst researching
its calculations.
B. Determine the Heat Neutralization of HCL(aq) and NaOH(aq)
C. Understand and observe noticable differences on the Reaction of HCL(s) and
NaOH(aq)
D. Thoroughly comprehend the concepts of temperature vs time graph in
determining initial and final heat of chemical reactions.
II. Principles of Experiment
Thermodynamics is a study in physics that analyzes the reaction of energy to heat, and
temperature. This concept mainly focuses on the interactions of particles when exposed to
varying amounts of temperature given by another particle or radiation. From this understanding
several branches of knowledge exist based on the rules of thermodynamics or its logical
understanding which is:
a. Thermochemistry: A study in energy which is interpreted in chemical reactions where
compounds alter its temperature and undergo phase changes on its state of matter. This
study mainly prioritize on the first law of thermodynamics:
i. First law of thermodynamics states that energy that exists in the universal plain
will always be constant, where its internal energy in its system is the sum
calculation of heat transferred and the work done. This correlates to the law of
energy conservation where energy or reactions can’t be added or destroyed within
a vacuum space. With this notion heat itself travels from one object to another
through an interaction, where its total sum will always be the same initially and
finally.
b. Enthalpy: The understanding of measurement within a thermochemistry system, where its
value is the internal energy summed by pressure product of volume. Enthalpy is
measured by delta H where a negative value is exothermic where heat is released, and
positive endothermic where heat is absorbed.
c. Hess Law: The sum or net total of all enthalpy reactions that occured within a product
and reactant.
III. Equipments and Materials
A. Equipments used:
1. Calorimeter
2. Stopwatch
3. Stiring Rod
4. Analytical Balance
5. 50ml measuring cup
6. 100ml beaker glass
7. Thermometer
B. Materials used:
1. HCL(aq) 2M
2. Demineralized water
3. NaOH(aq) 2M
4. Solid NaOH

IV. Experimental Procedure

This experiment consist of three experiments which the research team conducted it
successfully, these three include:
1. Experiment I - Understanding the Calorimeter:
This experiment consist of the research team placing down 30ml of water within a
beaker, where they would heat it up until its more less 60 Celcius. Afterwards another beaker of
25ml water is added, this beaker has 5ml less water as an expectation of volume decrease due to
evaporation of hot water. The cold water is then placed in a calorimeter, where immediately as
the hot water is added, a stopwatch activates to record 10 second intervals of heat in the first
minute where afterwards a 30 second interval recording began. The mixture is stired and the
calorimeter is clossed, where the heat recording will stop after 150 seconds where the heat would
enter a constant state. They will check the Qfinal of the hot water of which will determine the Q
constant of the calorimeter.
2. Experiment II - Determination of Heat Neutralization of HCL(aq) and NaOH(aq)
chemical reactions:
 During this experiment, the research team is given 25ml of 2M HCL, where it’ll be added
inside of the calorimeter whilst a solution of 25ml 2M NaOH is prepared. Afterwards the NaOH
solution is added inside the calorimeter and the same procedure during experiment I is
conducted. The research team has thoroughly recorded the instance of heat changes using a
thermometer within 10 second intervals at the first minute then 30 second intervals afterwards.
Final heat constant is recorded at last. They would then calculate moles of reagants alongside any
neutralization of Heat that is found. Initial temperature is recorded beforewards.
3. Experiment III - Determination of Heat Neutralization in HCL(aq) + NaOH(s):
At Experiment III, the research team prepared 30ml of 2M HCL solution alongside 2g of
solid NaOH. The previous calorimeter is then cleaned properly whilst avoiding any water
contamination in the non-cup calorimeter compartments, moving forward HCL is added in the
calorimeter and the 2g of NaOH solid. The research team activated a stopwatch where they
recorded 10 second intervals of heat change and 30 seconds after one minute had passed in the
stopwatch. Neutralization of Heat per mole and the mole itself is calculated afterwards. Initial
temperature is recorded beforewards.
4. Experiment IV - Determination of Heat Neutralization in NaOH(s) to NaOH(aq):
This experiment sees the research team interacting with 6g of NaOH solid and a
demineralized water. They have placed the water into a calorimeter where afterwards the NaOH
solid is placed into the object. The team activates a stop watch and records the final heat until it
reaches a constant, moles and heat of neutralization is calculated afterwards.

In the final processes of the experiment the research team draws a temperature vs time
map, where it would help them calculate all possible joule calculation, which includes final Q of
NaOH, HCL, hot water, etc.

V. Data and Calculation

 Data and Calculation is provided on the short report paper located behind this report.
Please refer to that page for this section.

Though in short several formulas are utilized that is:

HCL(aq) + NaOH(aq) à NaCl(aq) + H20(l)

Q3(hot water) = Q1(cold water) + Q(calorimeter)

Enthalpy (Delta H) = Net Joule of Reaction / mole
Joule = Specific heat * mass * delta temperature

VII. Analysis and Discussion

1. Exothermic and Endothermic reactions are an outcome that occurs between the
interaction of two or more bodies of matter. As the law of thermodynamics states that
high temperature objects would travel to lower temperature mediums, an Exothermic and
Exothermic reaction will always occur. Exothermic defines itself as the loss of heat,
where high temperature objects decrease in temperature and vice versa for Endothermic.
In enthalpy Exothermic and Endothermic reactions defines itself where a chemical
reaction creates a net joules per mole that is positive or negative. Exothermic is negative
as a loss of joules occurs, whilst an increase of joules per mole is defined as endothermic.
2. Enthalpy is defined by the definition of the negative net joule divided by moles. To find
enthalpy we must first discover all possible thermal reactions that occur. Following the
formula, understanding moles of substances through stoichiometry or basic calculation of
grams divided by molar mass will ensure that enthalpy is discovered at the intended
points
3. Calorimeter is a device that initiates itself as a “near” vacuum space, where heat transfer
is extremely minimal which is important for detecting precise heat transaction/
neutralization. Though every device has its imperfections due to materials or creation
process errors, a traditional calorimeter will still absorb a percentage of heat. Finding the
constant calorimeter is then important, to discover so the user must calculate the heat
transfer of the hot temperature in ratio to the low. As low temperature would not be equal
 to the hot temperature equilibrium, calorimeter constant will be an addition to equalize it,
thus it is extremely important to find the calorimeter. If the total sum of hot and cold
mediums are equal, then it can be acknowledged the calorimeter is perfect as no heat is
absorbed whatsoever.
4. To discover the final temperature constant of a given reaction we must acknowledge two
things: temperature constant, and highest temperature amplitude. Temperature constant is
discovered when the reaction has already been completed where minutes forwards no
changes of heat occur, ie. a constant. Constant temperature is used to find the joules of a
working reaction as it is a product of heat neutralization, where everything has already
occurred. Highest temperature on the other hand is an instance where the reaction itself
reaches a peak, where completion begins. As interaction of matter would result in an
increase of heat, a complete reaction where all substances interact will conjure the
maximum temperature.
5. If we compare the theoretical reaction and the experimental reaction. It can be seen that
the experimental reaction has -382.375kj/mol of enthalpy whilst the theoretical amount is
-148.1063kj/mol. Around a 2.5:1 ratio, more absorption of heat can be detected in the
initial reaction. Due to the fact that the calorimeter has been exposed to more substances,
thus has been worn down resulting in a higher calorie constant, more interference of the
air or the environment's colder temperature resulting in more loss of heat, and etc.

VIII. Bibliography
Brady J. E. & Humiston G. E. (1986). General chemistry : principles and structure (4th ed.).
Wiley.

Chemicalsafety. (2022, September 26). Safety Data Sheet Search. Chemicalsafety.com

LibretextChemistry (2020, May 30). Chemical Reactions. Chem.Libretext.org

Tim Lab Kimia Dasar. (2022). Experimental Procedures General Chemistry I KI-1101
(Translated) Bandung: Institut Teknologi Bandung

Zumdahl S. S. & Zumdahl S. A. (2000). Chemistry (5th ed. instructor's annotated). Houghton
Mifflin