Ultimate Moment,

Axial load and

Analysis of Column
 2,25 5,24 3,69 2,02 2,14 0,03 0,02 2,03
14,36 24,67 23,41 12,96 1,96 0,14 0,17 2,28
7,76 15,14 12,73 6,97 7,01 0,61 6,32
42,40 60,15 60,77 38,81 6,15 0,45 1,49 7,20

13,31 24,74 21,83 15,54 4,26 2,16 13,44

11,94
70,45 103,63 98,11 64,66 13,33 2,05 4,39 15,66

18,24 34,36 30,94 16,89 27,43 8,75 4,61 23,30

98,47 143,13 135,48 90,50 23,23 4,55 8,82 27,58

35,26 43,99 40,05 21,83 42,13 14,56 7,83 35,41

126,47 182,66 172,86 116,32 35,39 7,82 14,57 42,15

29,80 53,65 49,17 26,75 58,84 21,38 11,66 49,12

154,44 222,24 210,26 142,09 11,69 21,34 38,80
35,26 63,35 58,32 31,65 76,19 28,65 15,71 63,38
182,36 261,86 247,68 167,84 62,39 15,85 28,33 76.09

40,68 NLL 70,08 67,50 36,51 90,67 34,55 19,29 75,8

210,21 NDL 301,59 285,19 195,51 75,25 16,44 34,63 90,50

Fig.8.3 Gravity column axial loads and column axial under EQ loads
4. The Ultimate Column Axial Load
The ultimate axial load of the column is an important parameter of the
column design. This axial load becomes more important in lower stories in
the high rise buildings, since the axial load will be very high and governs in
the column design.
Unlike the ultimate column moment, the ultimate column axial load is de-
termined by the combination of the effects of gravity loads and axial load
generated by the beam reaction due to the achieving of the beam moment
capacity. It has been discussed before that the beam’s moment capacity
will not surely occur at the same time. However, under very strong earth-
quake shaking, reaching the moment capacity is possible especially at the
lower stories.
A conservative assumption has been made by SKSNI 1991, since the
formation of the beam’s moment capacities is assumed simultaneously
occur in all stories such as shown in the Fig.8.12.
Mkap1 Mkap2 I Mkap3 Mkap4 Mkap5 Mkap6

Mkap1/Li Mkap1/Li Mkap1/Li Mkap1/Li

Mkap2/Li Mkap2/Li Mkap2/Li Mkap2/Li

Fig. 8.12 Nuk contribution of beam’s reactions

It is considered the top storey column H-I in the inner left column such as
shown in Fig.8.12. The ultimate left and right beam reaction Nuk,I and Nuk,a
caused by the Mkap1 and Mkap2 respectively are.

 M kap1  M kap 2 
N uk ,i  0,7   8.10.a)
 L ' bi 
 M kap3  M kap 4 
Nuk ,a  0,7   8.10.b)
 L'ba 
Eq. 8.10.a) and Eq.8.10.b) can be written in the form,

  M kap,i
 M 

 0,7  
kap , a
N u ,k  8.11)

 L'bi L'ba 


Eq. 8.11) is the ultimate column axial load storey H-I as the contribution of
the formation of end beam’s moment capacities Mkap of left and right co-
lumn under considered.
 The ultimate column axial load bellow the storey under considered can be
computed with similar way. Therefore, the ultimate column axial load at
level-i for similar contribution can be computed by,
n
  M kap,i
 M 

N u ,k  0,7  
kap , a
  8.12)
i i 
 L'bi L'ba 


Paulay and Priestley (1992) stated that the possibility of all beams to respon-
se at maximum capacity at the same time is very rare. Accordingly, The used
of a coefficient Rv such as introduced in SKSNI 1991 may be used. Eq.8.12)
then becomes,

n
  M kap,i
 M 

N u ,k  Rv . 0,7  
kap , a
  8.13)
i i 
 L'bi L'ba 

 Rv  1, for 1  n  4
Rv  1,1  0,025. n for 4  n  20 8.14)
Rv  0,6 for n  20

where n is the number of storey,

Finally, the ultimate column axial load contribution of gravity loads and
formation of beam’s plastic hinges will be,
n
  M kap,i
 M 

N u ,k  Rv . 0,7     1,05 N DL  N LL  8.15)
kap , a

i i 
 L'bi L'ba 


Similar as the ultimate column moment, the ultimate column axial load
should not greater than,

 4 
N u ,k  1,05  N DL  N LL  .N E  8.16)
 K 
In case of limited ductility, SKSNI 1991 provides the ultimate column axial
load Nuk such as,

N u ,k  1,05 N DL  N LL   d .K .N E  8.17)

Meanwhile, the RSNI 2000 does not provide the procedure in calculating the
ultimate column axial load such as clearly provided in the SKSNI 1991.

Numerical Example :
Such as described above, the column axial under gravity loads from
structural analysis is required. According to the structural analysis, the
column axial subjected to dead and live loads is presented in fig. 8.13
bellow.
 2,25 5,24 3,69 2,02 2,14 0,03 0,02 2,03
14,36 24,67 23,41 12,96 1,96 0,14 0,17 2,28
7,76 15,14 12,73 6,97 7,01 0,61 6,32
42,40 60,15 60,77 38,81 6,15 0,45 1,49 7,20

13,31 24,74 21,83 15,54 4,26 2,16 13,44

11,94
70,45 103,63 98,11 64,66 13,33 2,05 4,39 15,66

18,24 34,36 30,94 16,89 27,43 8,75 4,61 23,30

98,47 143,13 135,48 90,50 23,23 4,55 8,82 27,58

35,26 43,99 40,05 21,83 42,13 14,56 7,83 35,41

126,47 182,66 172,86 116,32 35,39 7,82 14,57 42,15

29,80 53,65 49,17 26,75 58,84 21,38 11,66 49,12

154,44 222,24 210,26 142,09 11,69 21,34 38,80
35,26 63,35 58,32 31,65 76,19 28,65 15,71 63,38
182,36 261,86 247,68 167,84 62,39 NE 15,85 28,33 76.09

40,68 NLL 70,08 67,50 36,51 90,67 34,55 19,29 75,8

210,21 NDL 301,59 285,19 195,51 75,25 16,44 34,63 90,50

Fig. 8.13 Column axial under dead, live and earthquake loads.
 3,96 5,03
+33,66 -47,71 +27,68-38,86 +33,66 -47,71
5,61 7,06

+49,12 -77,84 -27,68 +38,85 +49,15 -91,53 5,78 5,03

9,15 7,06
5,78 5,03
9,15 7,06
+64,55 -106,27 +27,68 -50,65 +64,55 -106,24 5,03
7,59
12,50 9,21
+70,57 -131,54 +28,63 -63,33 +87,36 -133,36
8,30 5,21
15,47 11,51
+87,37 +147,50 +41,14 -64,36 +104,09 -147,50
C 10,28 7,48
17,35 11,70
B 10,28 7,48
+70,57 -131,54 +28,63 17,35 11,70
-63,33 +87,36 -133,36
A 8,30 5,21
8,50 5,50 7,35 15,47 11,51

Fig. 8.14 Beams moment capacity Fig. 8.15 Beam’s reaction

 -2,52
According to Eq. 8.14
-2,52
+2,84
+0,32 Rv  1,1 0,025.(8)  0,90
+2,84
+3,16
+5,85
According to Eq. 8.12), ultimate
+9,01 column A-B axial load is,
+7,05
+16,06 N u ,k  0,7.(40,01)  28,0 ton
+8,45
+24,51 According to Fig.8.13) ultimate
+8,45 C column A-B axial dead and live
+32,96 loads are,
+7,05 B N DL  301,59 ton
A +40,01 N LL  70,08 ton
Fig. 8.16 Column axial load
Therefore according to Eq. 8.15) , the ultimate column axial load Nuk will be,
N u ,k  0,9. (28,0)  1,05  301,59  70,08
 415,46 ton

Nu,kmax according to Eq.8.16)

N u ,k max 1,05.301,59  70,08  4.34,55  509,87 ton  416,21 ton

The ultimate moment and axial loads acting on the column A-B will be,
Nuk = 415,46 ton
Nuk = 415,46 ton

Muk = 64,87 tfm Muk = 111,69 tfm

Muk = 111,69 tfm

A
A

Fig. 8.17 Column ultimate moment and axial loads

 62,78
+29,84 29,84
43,69
+79,26 79,26

55,31
+136,78 136,78
66,37
+192,04 192,04

76,76
+248,1 248,10
76,76
+305,13 305,13
C
76.76
+362,23 362,23
B
101,69
A +415,46 415,46
9,25 6,30 8,50

Muk and Nuk for inner left column

There is clear guidance in designing ultimate column moment and ultimate
axial load according RSNI 2000. Taking for example that the design ulti-
mate moment and axial load merely only due to the structural analysis,
therefore,

a. Ultimate Moment of Base at Joint B (column A-B)

M u ,ka  1,05(5,69  0,42  64,54)  74,18 tm
M u ,kb  1,05(4,68  0,34  15,63)  21,68 tm
M u ,kb  1,052,06  0,115  104,2  111,69 tfm

The bottom end moment of column’s base is still govern

b. Ultimate axial load of base column (column A-B)

N u ,k  1,05.(301,59  70,8  34,55)  427,28 ton  416,21 ton
 Analysis of
Short Column
Orientation of Column
5. Short Column Under Concentric Axial Load
ht
According to the equilibrium of internal and external
forces,
bc As As’
Pno  Cc  C s1  C s 2 8.18)

h In which,
d
Pno Cc  0,85. f c . b. ht 8.19.a)

C s1  As ( f y  0,85. f c ) 8.19.b)
Pno
Cs 2  A's ( f y  0,85. f c ) 8.19.c)

0,85.fc
The concentric nominal axial load, therefore,
Cc
Cs1 Cs2
Pno  0,85. f c .b. ht   As  A' s . f y  0,85. f c 
Fig. 8.18 Column with
concentric load 8.20)
6. Short Column Under Eccentric Axial Load
When the axial load is not centric, then the internal
ht
forces in then system will be,
bc As As’
Cc  0,85. f c . a. b 8.21)

h
d e
Ts  As f s 8.22)
Pn

C s  As ( f y  0,85. f c ) 8.23)

c
s Based on the equilibrium of vertical forces, then
’s c
(h-c) gives,
e
a
Pn
Pn  Cc  C s  Ts 8.24)

Ts
Cc Cs
Eq. 8.24 can be written in tme form,

Pn  0,85. f c .a.b.  A' s . f y  0,85. f c  As . f s 8.25)

If compression control is govern, then the tension steel is normally has

not yield yet, therefore the tension strain of the still will be,

(h  c)
s  c , f s   s .Es 8.26)
c

The flexural moment generated by the internal forces can be computed

by taking the static moment to the plastic centroid, or,

h  h  h 
Pn .e  Cc  t  0,5. a   C s  t  d '   Ts  t  d  8.27)
2  2  2 