Pr ALPERT — INTRODUCTION and nis a natural number, then have read that if is any real number we In previous classes, atsaxaxad.. times kh where a is called the base, 115 called tl ponent ot index and ais the exponential fom, e ex wv i ined. Itis called an indeterminant Perande= (2) = 1 20,Wenote that 0? isnot defined. @eranat=(2) = 3, form. For example: (iii) 2) = 1, 28 = 2) (2) (2) =-8, -2)3 Also, we have read the laws of exponents. Ifa, bare rational numbers and m, n are integers, then the following results hold: (am at = amen ii) (ary = arm Go) ab = (aby () (3) = b#0 (iii) Fy am", a#0 (oii) am = (vi) a = 1,440 Js aso (oii) a Osa real number and m,n are integers, n 2 0, m,n have no comnsnom factors except 1, then nam («| = (aay = der LAWS OF EXPONENTS FOR REAL NUMBERS Laws of exponents for real numbers are: If a, b are positive real numbers and m,n are rational numbers, then the following, results hold: | (ia™ a" = amen i any =a (an | (iv) am bm = (aby (5) -F (oi) a" = | (vii) a" = bY, n20=0=b (citi) a = 0" = m =n provided a1. Note. —— $$$ = <_< If p and q are different positive prime integers, then p™4" = pla! = m=l and n= eS Example 1. Simplify the following: ee (eee yy (iy Gaby?) (18x79) Gi) 78; tii) |r) te 5) = 3.16 x4 x2 yPy? = 54x7y?Example 2. Simplify the following: 3 yi {« ;] @ (csr?) (ii) (256) a [or] - [es H8F = [eess] 1, 2 1 xh * = 6258 = 6H) = 59 ste = (625) 3 2 of3 (i) Note that 472 = (22)? = at ) =22 a . z 2 {. } 1 ae) ae Oe ae ere (iy YB + WF = 28 « L.C.M. of 4 and 3 = 12, so write each number with exponent 12. 1 2 a ((28)°)2 and 73 = (74) eS 1 coon (28P V2 _ (28 x 28 x 28 iz ey P(E (Mamas fin -( (sF- gf. ‘lara - (28)* = Example 3. Simplify: (2) Git) (28+ YF.Solution, yt a (216) 9 (256) 4 (243) 5 2 2 1 = 4(216)) + (256)4 + 2(243)5 a2 ad 32) od fst = 46) + (4*)F + 203°) fs "Jed 4 vs ‘| = 4(62) +34 2G!) =4 x 36 +6446 = 144 + 644+6= 214. Example 5. Faluate & (0.0112 — (27)7/7.. Leave your answer as a fraction. Solution. oon? arp =14(LY"?_ ff +@on (7p =4+(5) (3p + (100)1/2-32 + ((1OP)/2 -9 1? Example 6. Simplify: (3) = 3872/34)? + Solution. (1)°-se720»+(2) we =(472-3.09779.14( Example 7. Simplify the following: wel os Woe 2 # oa 7 () 135" =25 ¥ 1 o4y2 gm? gst! 5152-65) _ 25-30 _-5_ 5 = sna3-25) 13 — = —ndices-and, Logarithms “ayrt xlom 2m? poly Bee ee ee Wii) [23423] 3 te |= ) Sox 3.x3-23en dy toa og eal-x3ex 3ex3-1 3a x) 1 sxerlers- z Example 8. Ifa = b2, b = c2¥ and c = a2, prove that xyz = 1 RG Solution. Givena=b2 _(j) b=c2 Mi) c=a® Substituting the value of b from (ii) in i), we get @ = (C22 = chy Substituting the value of c from (ii) in (io), a = (a®)hy = gir we get > al = a8 1 = Bry (Aseume a> 0,243, 1 as ma5 Example 9. = bY = cand 6? = ac, prove that y = 2% Solution. Let a* = bY = c= = k (say), then 1 a a a= kx,b= Ky andc= kz. ray? 1 Given Pz=a> KY) =k oke 2 J => ky = 2 = “abe =1=01 “Trove lsbr@b abel* Example 11. Ifx = YIP, find the value of vy vewew Solution. x +¥~ > peXty- it, (Note this step) Viewer Oe nye) vey erty ee wy cyey- wey (28)! 3) a7)" exty-22u eo xy SAY apap YY =xty-(r-y)=2y 22% V7 =2x Qn) 1 22x (39)3 =2x3!=6. Example 12. Given 1176 = 2°34. 7%, find (i the numerical values of p,q andr (i) the value of 20.34.7-" as a fraction. Solution. (i) Given 1176 = 2.39.7" > 2KDKBIKT T= W.3ITE = 23172=2.30.77 = p=3,q=landr=2 (Gee note page 11) 5p 34.7-7= 23,g1,7-2= 8X3 (i 27.3 grt W226 Example 13. Solve the following equations for x: 1 3 v7 ort wl5) W -go0r-(¥) Solution. (i) Given 4? > -2x5-6-1=9-2x=-75 EXERCISE 21°! gh ‘Simplify the following (1 to 9): » 0 (3 w (og). 2 @ Be (i) P44 8, eee sown " \ Se asereeoaocrmallSdiellaLse tits 15 SS yyeres \ 2 (g)° (i) (0.027) 3 4 2 7 27\2/3 2 2 ee 4, Oe wo (FZ) (a) +5 a0 atu ate (4) #A_agp-() 5.) GP+3-4x 36+ (4 ( 5) -\ sr) a \-2/5 6 @ 164+2(2)" oe i wp (5) +06(2)" Gy, ar 2 a 1 9 Bai (1 a x97 x27 zo on (32)5 x (4) 2 x (8)3 8 OSs (U5 mi (gn ym ayn amyl (a (a » 0 (FG) (5) “ 10. Prove the following: © +b @teby= ) M1. Ifa =c2,b=a* and c = bY, prove that xyz = 1 12. If P-1, b= xy9-landc = xy"~1, prove that 9-1. bT-P cP a,1,1 13, If2*= 39 = 6-5, prove that 7+ +7 Que 14, If2* = 3¥ = 12%, prove that x = ree 15. Evaluate x1/?.y-! 22/3 when x =9, y=2andz=8. 16. If x4y?z3 = 49392, find the values of x, y and z, where x, ¥y and z are different positive primes. 17. Solve the following equations for x: (@ 5 43=1 (i) (13)°* =44-34-6 (io) 932.3" — (27y"" 1 _ 38. If Say = ayy Prove that m= 1+ 7, Answers $e 8 16 1 LW yO (ii) 3B 2. (i) 5ab (ii) aa 591 1 3 3 2h 3h at (i -2 5. (i) 19 (ui) 231 6. (i) 12 (ii) 27 ek 16 Applied Mathematics-XI7 i -2 i 4 8 (is % 1 (i) 1 15.6 3 7.) -2 ( (i 1 > i) 4 itt) LOGARITHMS Logarithms were developed for making complicated calculations simple. However, with the advent of computers and hand calculators, doing calculations with the use of logarithms is no Jonger necessary. But still, logarithmic and exponential equations and functions are very common in mathematics. Logarithms To learn the concept of logarithm, consider the equality 2 hogy 8 = 3. Itis read as “logarithm (abbreviated ‘log’ ) of 8 to the base 2 is equal to 3”. Thus, 23 = 8is equivalent to log, 8 = 3. In general, we have: Definition. If a is any positive real number (except 1), n is any rational number and a” = 6, then nis called logarithm of b to the base a. It is written as log .b (read as log of b to the base a). Thus a" =b if and only if log ,b =n. a” = bis called the exponential form and log ,b = n is called the logarithmic form. 8, another way of writing this is For example: fi) P=% (ii) 3 = 625, (iti) Put Sree (i) = 55 (@) (oy? = w =001, Jogo (0.01) = Remarks 7 Since a is any positive real number (except 1), 2” is always a positive real number for every rational number n i. bis always a positive real number, therefore, logarithm of only positive real numbers are defined. 7 Since a? = 1, log,1 = 0 and a! = a, log ‘Thus, remember that ( logg1=0 (i) logga=1 where a is any positive real number (except 1). 7 If log,x = loggy =n (say), then x= a" and y =a", sox= ‘Thus, remember that log gx = log g¥ > X=. J Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms. J If no base is given, the base is always taken as 10. For example, log 2 = logy2.ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ig to logarithmic form: Example 1. Convert the foll () (10)4 = 10000 (i) 3525 (iii) (0.33 = 0.027. Solution. (i) (10)4 = 10000 => logy 10000 = 4 (it) ¥5 = y= loggy = -5. (i) (0.3)8 = 0.027 = logy 3(0.027) = 3. Example 2. Convert the following to exponential form: () log 381 = (ii) logy32 = 2 (iii) logy (0.1) = ~1 Solution. (i) logy81 = 4 => 34 = 81, (ii) logg32 = 3 = (8)5/3 = 32, (i) logy (0.1) =-1 > (10)-' = 0.1 Example 3. Find the value of the following (by converting to exponential form): (i) log316 (ii) log 52 (ii) logs 5 () log 58 (®) logs (0.008) =x32= 1652 = Qo x=4, 4. Solution. (i) Let logy > w=lax=l, 7 (iti) Let (iv) Let = (V2)¥ = 8 = 212)" = 23 = x = ia3>x=6, 2 log 38 =6. (2) Let logs (0.008) = x => 5* = 0.008 8 1 35 Soy sr= 2 S525) 3 1000 125 % Jog, (0.008) = = Se Example 4. Find the value of x in each of the following: 5 (ili) logyy x= (iv) log yy v= 4 (i) logy x =5 (ii) logy x= 32. Solution. (i) logy x= 5 2 x=29 ox (ii) logy x= 2.5 x = 425 = x = (22)9/2 2 x=25 x= 32,ax2 = reg ore r= 16, (ie) logy =x 4are(3) 31-8 Sx=9, Example 5. Solve for x: (8) log, 243 =-5 (ii) logg 27 = 2x +3 (iii) logy (x? - 4) = 5. Solution. (i) Given log, 243 =-5 => x~ = 5235 =(2)=3 (ii) Given logg27 = 2x +3 = 924+3 = 27 = (32)2113 = 33 = PAH 22x43) =3-41+6=3 = 4x=-35% (iif) Given log, (x? - 4) = Pr-4=2=>x ME. exercise 22 1. Convert the following to logarithmic form: () P=25 (i) B= 64 (in 9 =1 (iv) 32 = ; () 107 =0.01 (vi) (81)3/4 = 27. 2. Convert the following into exponential form: ( 10g)32=5 (id logs 4 ==1 (i) logga = 2 y (iv) 1ogy9(0.001) = -3 (0) logy0.25 = -2 (vi) log, (3) 3. By converting to exponential form, find the values of: ( loge 16 (i) logy8 (Gi) 1ogy9(0.01) (iv) logy 2 (0) logo 5256 (vi) log 0.25 7 4. Solve the following equations for x: ( logy =2 (ii) logygx=-2 (iit) log, 1 ==1 4 (iv) logs 3 (v) logy x=-15 (vi) log yg +1) =2 (cif logy (2x +3)= 2 (viti) logy (x= 1) = 3 (ix) log x=-1 1 (x) logx I Answers 1. (i) 1ogs25=2 (ii) 1og,64=5 (ii) logy =0 (iv) logs 3 (2) 10g490.01 (vi) logs) 27 = 3 amon a Sand Logarithms. 19 ye 22. APL \1 2 Www (i) 3423 (ie) 10-3 0.001 () 22-025 aR (4 wi 3 (iii) 2 (iv) 1 49 (i) 0.01 (ii) 4 (iv) 729 1 ot (vi) 2 twiiy $ ay | i: ty @ 1 ¥0 THREE STANDARD LAWS OF LOGARITHMS F loggnmn = log,m + log,n. The above result is capable of extension ie. "O84 (np...) = logy m + log, n+ log, p+... 7 log, ™ = log,m—logyn. 1" TF log,m" = nlog,m. Deductions 1. log, a® =x 2, loge = y, Base changing formula log log, m= Teng > 0,4,b>0,a%1,be1, Deductions 1. log, m = log, m * log, a. 2. logy, ax log, b= 1. 3 Noi = fon QUSaEZy Example 1. Expand the following: © tog, (4, ) me (ii) log, (#5) { atob Solution. (i) log, | ) = logy, a + logy bY —log,, log, dé logy a + b log, b~c log, c~d log, d =@ logy a+b. 1~clogyc—d logyd b+ a log, a~c logy cd logy d. (4x6 22 x6 Gi) ogy, | oy? | toni 2 v7) = logy 27. x — log, 32. y7 logy, 2? + logy x%— (logy, 32 + log, y?) 2 logy 2 46 logy x ~2 logy, 3 ~7 logy y. (iti) (8)3 (i) ants} (v) -8 (viii) £3 oo [Product Law] [Quotient Law] [Power Law] (Put m= bin) (Reciprocal formula) (Quotient law and product law) (Power law) (> logy b= 1) (Quotient law) (Product law)Example 2 Simplify the following 1) logy a + logy, B+ log yc! Solution. (1) login a + logy b? + logy c? = logy, (al? « (11) log, a ~ logy b + log, ct logy df = log, a - log, b + Flog. « 21+31-41=-2 A logy d a Example 3, Express logy Jim terms of log ya lg, Solution. log; 5 = ogg a7 —logig Jb 1 = logy @ + logge — logy (b)? = 2login 4 + login 3 login b Example 4. Evaluate: 3 + logy, (10-). Solution. 3 + logy,(10-2) = 3 + (-2) logy 10 =3+(-2).1 23-2=1. Example 5. Evaluate the following o BY (i) logg72—logg2 . 125 _ logs? _ 3log5 _¢ Solution. (i) ee = og st? Togs (it) logg72~ loge? = log, = log36 = logs 6? = 2logg6 =21 =2 ini) logy ~ loga32 = bog?? - lopy (i) log, a ogy, W2 toy, 0 logy 4 (Product law) (ower law) (ower law) (log, a=) log yye [Quotient Law] , [Product Law] [Power Law] [Power Law] [oo logyy 10H (ii) log 8 — logy 32 logya= 1) 25 = logy (22)? — ogg 2¥)°”? 3 5 tog, = logy 2/2 logy? = 3 logis 5 loa’ 34-201 2413 1 Example 6. Express asa single logarithm: 2 + logy Solution. 2 + 5 togio9 ~2logi05=24 + = 2 logy910+ 0810 9- ; Jogi99 ~2 108105 (logy =D 2 logy 5. 172 — Jog a(S)? [r+ logy t= UL = logo (10)? + log103 ~ !oB1025 (0)? x3 = logio = login 5 ~ 100*3 — tog yy 12. uNIng 24 log 16-2 log 3 log ge = 1+ log m, find n Example 7. log 7 Solution, Given log 7 log. 2 + log. 16-2 log 3 log 4 = 1 + log n > log? log 2+ log 16 ~ log (3)? — log Z = log 10 + log n : Slog — 22 tog (10 « mn) => log 221845 = tog 100 PReLPR! 24947 ry > log 40 = log 10n = 40 = 100 =9 n= 4. Example 8. If3 log Jim +2log Yn ~ 1 =0, find the value of m9 nf. =0 Solution. Given 3log Jim + 2log Yn - log (vm )3 + log (Yn 2 = 1 > log (3/2 x 12/3) = log 10 > m/2.n2/3 = 10, raising both sides to the power 6, we get (m2 2/36 = 105 > (m¥/2)6,(12/3)6 = 109 => mnt = 108, Example 9. Simplify the following: (i) log (log x?) ~ log (log x) (ii) log, a. log, b. log, c (iti) logy (log, (log, 1) Solution. (i) log (log x2) ~ log (log x) = log (2log x) - log (log x) = log (2eB | =log2, =) (ii) log, a.log, b.log, ¢ = (logy a-log, b).log, ¢ = log. a.log, ¢ = 1. (iti) logy (logy (logy 16) = logy (logy (logy 24) = logy (loga (4)) = logs (log, 22) = log, (2) = 1 cna es 2 GO Wh ogi * Tog, n Togyn Solution. (i) Let eee = 1085 _ lope _, c-aa-b Example 10. (i) If ae = gh. EE prove that at .b c= 1. prove that b? = ac. => loga=k(b-c); log b= k (c~a); loge =k (a—b) +> aloga+ blog b+ clog c= ka(b~c) +kb (ca) + kc (a—b) =0 log at.b?.cf = 0 = log 1 => a#.b¥.ce 14 1 2 jogan * logon logy n . => log, a+ log, ¢ = 2log, b (Using reciprocal foro > log, ac = log, b? = ac=B2, as required. (ii) Given 1 Example 11. fa = log, yz, logy 2x and ¢ = log, xy, then prove that + 1 +777 a Solution. [hq = {ylogy ve” logy logy ye ~ logy aya = !Bxy2* 1 1 Similarly, = logy. yand = logaye 2 +b Tre ry 7 1 Agryouyt Da ek gg Ban SOR Mt liye 2 Vomaye te = 1 Faample 12, Solve for v A (bye (i) logy (logy x) = 4 tug t (iii) logy 15 V5 2 tog, a (iv) log (x A) dog es Ny dog log 125 _ logis)! Slog 8 Station. (19g Nags 1 Clg © 5 1 > Vey TO oy) ra 0.001 (ii) logy (logy x) = 4 => logy x= 24 6 16-2 x= 316, (iii) Given log, 15.V5 = 2-log, 3V5 => log, 15V5 + log, 3V5 = 2 > log, (I5V5 x 3V5)= 2 log, 225 «2 > log,,(15)? = 2 => 2log, 15 = 2 > log, IS=1=paxl= 15> x= 15, (iv) Given log (5x = 4) - log (x +1) = log 4 g t+, = log =F = tog 4 SRA 4 5x4 edn edo et rH Example 13. Find the value of x if logy x ~ log 9 (2x1) = 1 Solution. Given logy9¥ ~ logy (2x- 1) =1 => logy 2x1 oe a 10 > Wx-1=x=3 19x=1>x= 5. Example 14. Solve the following equations for x: (0) logy 25~logy 5+ logy sz =2 (i) ty (Bt 3) ~ loge #= 2 Solution. (i) Given log, 25 ~ logy 5 + logy ib 1 5x 1 = logy — 18 =2 = logy 95 2 1 1 Ss Jog, ( $} =2 => log, 5 1 > log, 2 =1 2! boxe5. (ii) Given log, (8x ~3) - log, 4 = 2 => log, 8-3 =2 oats B83 9 4x2 = Br -3 4ame, + Sng Sh, a “ EXERCISE 23 1L Simplify the following: — gas 19 tage-toga? i) loge toga? — (i) (io) eR 2. Evaluate the following: (0) log 10+ $90) (i) 24 ; log (10-3) A) 2g 1+ 30g 10-2- 5 og 5+ 1 tog 4 ©) 21og2+log5~ ! tog 36-log 1 (=) 2log 2+ logs 3 10336 og (©) log? + ~16og og 3 gg 2 3 {ree cng sage oi ( 2log3- 1 3 10816 + 1og 12 ii) 1 log (1) > 10g 36 + 2 log 8 ~ log 1.5 t) Tag Sn 7 Slog 8 4 Ihr = (109) 4 (0007 and ergy “express log YON a,b yin terms of a, b,c. 5 Wag ? Oeste, § Given 3 (og § Apvlied Marpac beat Xp Nw& Ufa? = Logix. = logioy and Ly B = login, express z in terms of x and y. 8. Given that log x= mr + 1 and log y = mand 10. Solve fore: () log x + log S = 2 log 3 (iy ESS x legs log? log 3 ~ n, express the value of log a | in terms of (ii) logy x= logs 2=1 2log x. Ive the following equations: () log 2x +3) = log 7 (ii) log (x + 1) + log (x- 1) = log 28 (8) logyo5 + logyo(Sx + 1) = logig(x +5) +1 (2) logio(t +2) + Logi (t= 2) = 1og 93 + 3 logios. (log x + log y), prove that 22 + y? = 6ry. 1B. leet + = Zany, prove that log 7ZE (log x + log v). 1A. Prove the following identities: 1 1 1 ipgea * Togpake* ing ae =? (i) log, a log. b -logy¢= logy a. @ ; 1 AS. Given that log, x= 2, log, Hint: 2 =tog, x= BEE @ ese r= = = Rai T= ae gas bag ge 16. Solve for x (logs x + logs r+ logy, x @ logs + logs x +logn x= 3 Answers 1 loge zs (a2 (6 2 1 2 @F wi (1 (2 ()1 3% (@ bog v7 4 14+ 2b 5B 63 2 5 wm @2 @ n @2 @s (a) 1sSs + -TABL! LOGARI THM ml use two most There are od logarithms with ba i equal to 2.718281 called natural logarithms, where, sev are an rithms: Logaril ral Lope ely e4) ed common logarithms, yy Natur sia anes rth base 10 are called ae 3 irrational Logarithms wers of base 10. $0 itis convenieny Logarithms: be written as pot ne (x) Common be umbers can hat decimal nove tha Wi mee 10;.¢ common logarithm. Jog with base ‘ Ww For example: | 103 = 1000 => logyy 1000 = 3 100 > logyy 100 = 2 101=0.1 => logy 01=-1 10-2= 0.01 => logy 0.01 = -2 1 =1 > logyy 1=0 BER tye nit cn roel rt af ery mmbe Boe (tg ee and integral power of 10, such form of decimal number callled standarg form So every positive decimal number 1 can be expressed asm = mx 10?, where p isan inteer and 1 mantissa, read across rithmic table. sample logs = 0 Tog 2= 0:01 : The number 59can be writen as 59. a so characteristic=2-1ie.1 es d down the column 0 in log table, For mantissa, read across the row 59 and dot We Bet my Jog 59 = 1.7709. / i Since 789> 1 so characteristic of og 789s 1-1 ie. 0. For manta ead across the row 78 and! down the column 9 in log table, we get gm Jog 7:89 = 0.8971. (a) Since 92.61 > 1, so characteristic of log 92.61 is 2-1 i. 1. For mantissa ead across the row 92 and down the column 6, we get 9666 ‘Now mad across the sme row 92 and down thecolumn 1 of mean difference, we ge. On adding 9666 and 0, we get 9666 :. Tog 9261 = 1.9666. Example 2. Find the following: (og 0.009 (ii) log 0.000425 (itt) los ‘ 28 0.00003568 Solution. (i) Since 0,009 < 1, so characteristic of log 0.009 is -(2+ Iie. -3. For mantissa, read across the row 90 and d wn the column 0 e lor ink — “a in log table, we get 9542. (i) Since 0.000425 < 1, So characteristic of log 0.000425 is -G+ lie -4 the row 47 7 Jog 0.000825 = 3 gapg PY #2884 down the column 5 in log table, we get 6284 (ii) Since 0.00002 : — ee 1, so characteristic of og 0.00003568 is —(4 + 1 ) ie. 5, * Tead across the oe Now tea across the same rove ag nd GOW the column 6 in log table, we get 5514 : fe row 35, Omang Stang ee oe down the column 8 of mean difference, we get 0 los 000003568— Esso ANTILOGARITHM 1908 <= then xs a Itis Written as x — To, evaluate antilog Antilgarithns tabi, led antilogarithm Aantilog y, of any numbe; We Use anti re ntilog table gi fone 2 hea vet Oty tnd ani noe le given at the end of this book. ed by 10 columye :left Peart of postive factional # (mantissa) art (mantis "Sin Which nest Column co ; nie a af numbers from 0,00 to 0.99, which # 1,23 °°3,4,5, 6,7, ji low YI more gyi” 9 ate Written atthe top. ofmean difference in which numbe* ofy,Rule to determine antilogarithm = antilog y. Let log x= y= To find antilog y proceed as under “i i the antl, table for the positive fractional part (mantissa) of y, in the same manner as log table. (vi) Ifthe integral part (characteristic) of y is non-negative (i.e. 0 or positive) number 1, then place decimal point after (n + 1) digits from the left in the number obtained from antilog table. (iii) If the integral part (characteristic) of y is negative number n, then place decimal point after writing (11 ~ 1) number of zeroes on left side of the number obtained from antilog, table. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Example 1. If log x = 2.1647, find x. Solution. Given log x = 2.1647 + x= antilog 2.1647. We read for 0.1647 in antilog table. In antilog table read across the row 0.16 and down the column 4, we get 1459. Now read across the same row 0.16 and down the column 7 of mean difference, we get 2. On adding 1459 and 2, we get 1461 Since the integral part of given number is 2 which is positive, so we place decimal after 2 +1 i¢.3 digits from the left of 1461 x= antilog 21647 = 146.1 Example 2. If log x = 3.4856 , find x. Solution. Given log x = 3.4856 = x=antilog 3.4856 We read for 0.4856 in antilog table. In antilog table read across the row 0.48 and down the column 5, we get 3055. Now read across the same row (148 and down the column 6 of mean difference, we get 4 On adding 055 and 4, we get 3059. Since integral part of given number is 3 ic. ~ 3 which is negative, so, we place the decimal point after writing, 3~ 1 iz. 2 zeroes on left side of the number obtained from antilog table. x= antilog, 34856 = 0.000058 Example 3. fg x = ~1.2357, find x. Solution. Given log x = -1.2357 In the given number, integral part and fractional part are both negative. We know that, we read the antilog,table for positive fractional part called mantissa So, subtract and add an integer which is just greater than given number (numerically). In this case we subtract and add 2. So, log x = -2 + 2 ~ 1.2357 = -2 + 0.7643 + logx= 27643 = x= antilog 27643 Now, read antilog table for 0.7643, we get 5812. x= antilog 2.7643 = 0.05812.i APPLICATION OF LOGARITHMS Losarithm have many applications in every subject such as Mathematics, Physics, + Economics etc, Logarithms are mainly used tosolve exponential equations For example, com, aenst Population growth, radioactive decay, depreciation calculation of EMI, meas, eer SSund. brightness of stars, pH value of substance, Richter scale in earthquake etc. In the following chapters of this book you will find some of the applications of logarithm: Procedure to use logarithm tables to evaluate numerical expressi () Put the given numerical expression equal to some number, s (1) Take logarithm of both sides and write using the standard lazes of logarithm) (iti) Write the logarithms of the numbers involved in the k simplify it (i) Find the antilogarithm to the given expression in the form of a logarithmic equation (5 garithmic equation (obtained instep (i) and obtain the number x. Saas = Example 1. Evaluate the following using log tables: © ©0098 (iy STN x ste (iy FEB Solution. (i) Let x = (0,009)1/3 = Taking log of both the sides, log x = log (0.009)1/3 = tog 0.009 = 3x G91) = 73 +0951 = ngs log x = 1.3187 > *= antilog 1.3187 = 0.2083 (0.009)1/3 = 0.2083 = (42.87)'/? x g49 (ii) Letx= aie ‘Taking log of both the sides, we get 1+03187 (92.87)'2 x 849) log x = log 42:87)'7? x 84.9 . . O24 © Tog x= log (42.87)1/2 + log 84.9 - log 0.234 1 © 2108 4287 + log 84.9— tog 0.234 i * (1.6321) + 1.9280 — (7.3692) 0.81605 +1 9289 ~ (1+ 0.3692) D161 + 1.9289 + 1 _ 0.3699 = 2.7450 +1 0.3602 3.7450 ~ 0.369: > X= antilog 3.3758 ~ 9375 (32.87)17? x B49 "0334 = 2375 Mathematics XI[A167 + 42.46 928) (i) Let (suszxsaas wa 928 Taking log of both the sides, we get Voy ( 387 42.40) x logs = log im = Mog 81.67 + tog 42.36 tog 925) = 1.507 + 1.6259 0.9661) © ME" 08075 aso > x =antilog, 1.0808 = 12.04 iar (22 a0 925, Example 2. Calculate the compound interest eurned on 810000 for U0 yours a the rate oF 8% per annum compounded half yearly. Solution, Given P = 810000, r= 8% pa. = S9% Le. 4% per halbyeat, n= 20 half-yearlies Now, A= P(14 J > ne oono{ ts)" > A= 10000 (1,04" Taking logarithm on both sid’ s, we get Jog. A = log, 10008) + 20 log, LO > log 20 «00170 44004 {using tables) > log A= 4.4 > As antilog 44 > A= 2IKKO Ch AP RIBHO 10000) = RLIS8O, Example Let the population of the world in t yeurs after 2010 be giown by the Ror = tullio wu (i) Calculate the total population of the world inthe your 2029 to tke naerst aldo (iv) Fin the year in ehich the population cll be double oF the population 1020 Solution, () Hor year 2029, t= 19 years So, P< A702)" {aking logarithiny on both sites. we get log, P= Log 7 #19 log, LOZ = 0721419 < 10086 O67EL VOOM log PON85 acing tables) > Ps antilog 08155 > Ps 6847 billion> Peost7. 10° > Ps 6847 x 10° > P= 6847 million (8) First we tind population in year 2020 Hore, t= 10 years, P= 4.7(1,02) Taking logarithm on both sides, we get log P = log 4.7 + 10 log 1.02 = 0.6721 + 10 x 0.0086 => P= antilog 0.7581 => P=5.729billion, Let years after 2010, the population will be double ie 2x 5.729 billion i. 11.458 billion, So, P= 11.458 billion 11458 = 4.7(1.02)¢ Taking logarithm on both sides, we get log 1458 = log 4.7 + t log 1.02 > 1.0589 = 0.6721 + + x 0.0086 17581 tome = 4497 ie. t= 45 years, Hence, the population will be double of 2020 in year 2085, Example 4. The value ofa machine ‘lepreciates at the rate of 2% per annum, fits present value is ®800000, find its value after 10 years, Solution. Here, P = 2809000, 7 Joo = 9.07 and » = 10 years, So, value of the machine after 10 years V=Pa—jto > 100000(1 ~ 0,97)10 = V=800000(0.93)10 Taking logarithm on both sides, we get 10g V = log 800000 + 10 log 0.93 9031 +10 x T.9685 9031 +10 (14 0.9685) = 5.9031 5 10(-0.0315) = 5.9031 - 0, 315 Slog V = 5.5881 5 y = antilog 5.5881 = V= 387400 Hence, the value of theTaking logarithm on both widen, we get Jog, 500 = log 2004! 1 500 = to, 200+ tag Vd = 2.6990 = 2.3010 + iy 82 t 0.998 40 = 0398 + 03010-31= = 52.H0 0 re ano NY Hence, after 52.89 hours i. 53 hours the bacteria cells will be 500, Example 6. The intensity of an earthquake is measured by Richter scale. The Richter scale formula ts given A by R= logy ( > ) where 2 be the measure of the earthquake wave amplitude and 2, be the measure of 0 the standard wave. There was an earthquake with a wave amplitude 2020 times the standard wave, Calculate the Richter scale with two decimal digits, Solution. Given 2. = 2020 4g =» *. = 2020 0 } => R= logyy 2020 => R=3.3054 > R=33 Hence, the Richter scale of the earthquake is 3.3. Find the characteristic of logarithms °f the following numbers (1 19 2): 1 (43.84 (ii) 538.6 (iit) 7124000 (iv) 9.876 2 (i) 0.01205 (ii) 0.00064 (ii) 0.00000345 (iv) 0.000000002708 Find the mantissa of logarithms ofthe following numbers using log tables (3 to 4): 3. (i) 367 (ii) 5984 (iti) 62 (iv) 0.0135 4. (i) 0.00000008 (ii) 0.7824 (iii) 8325, (iv) 9.876. Evaluate the following using log tables (5 to 6): 5. (i) log (ii) log 30 (iii) 10g.76 (iv) log 8.39 6. (i) 1og 5637 (ii) log 0.0007 Jog, 0.00002591 (iv) log 0.00000007324 Using antilog tables, find x (7 to 8): 7. (i) logx= 13649 (ii) logx=2.5179 (ili) log x = 4.8291 8 (i) logx= 2.4567 (ii) logx = 4.6501 (iil) log x= -2.1904 Evaluate the following using log tables (9 to 10): (5.364)? x (49.76)!/2 9. (i) (ii), (67.8)!/2 x (0,0027)'/3 (63.45))7 438.2 x 98.56 (27.8)! (58.49)2/9 OP Giap (oa007)"7" 11. How much would an investor accrue by investing %50000 at an interest of 7% per annum for 4 years, when interest is compounded monthly?eamed on £30000 for 5 years at the rate of gy, * eran, or ind interest ¢ 12. ak 7 compe Hiittake an investor to double an investment of 860000 at 19, sre tony, would 1 tke " 1 EMpapouded monty ms ~ com Vountry grows at the rate of 6.7% per yearly. How long 14. Population of a countty Bi ae ~ population to dh : ie ts 40000. Its price depreciates atthe rate of 10% per annum : at wi 5. Anew machine oe ecthe price of the machine after 7 yea 16. Anearthquake is measured with an amplitude 30000 times as large as the smallest A Poss, measurable amplitude Ag. Using, R = logyg (e)- calculate the Richter scate wig a decimal digits where A is the amplitude of earthquake Answers 1 (1 (i) 2 iit) 6 (iv) 0 2@2 Gi) (iii) 6 (i) 5 3. (0.5647 (ii) 0.7770 (iii) 0.7924 (iv) 0.1303 4. (0.9031 (i) 0.8934 (iti) 0.9204 (iv) 0.9946 5. (0.7782 (i) 14771 (iii) 1.8808 (iv) 0.9238 6. (i) 2.7510 Gi) 4.8451 (if) 5.4135 (iv) 8.8647 7. (i) 23.17, (ii) 329.6 (iii) 67470 8. (7) 0.02863 (ii) 0.0004468 (iii) 0.007406 9 (1) 249.1 (ii) 1.059 10. (i) 0.5656 (ii) 488.3 11. %65920 12. 7189900 13. 5.83 years 14. 10.71 years 15. 7305900 16. 4.5 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Choose the correct answer from the given four options in questions (1 to 17): 3 1. The value of (s2y* is 4 9 27 & @ 5 OF © > @a 2. ¥¥2? is equal to a 1 (a 26 () 26 (©) 26 (a) 2 3. The product ¥2.9/2..1932 equals (a) 2 (b) 2 ( 2 (a) 932 4. The value of (81)? is 1 1 L af 3 9 Om 5. Value of (256)"' x (256)0.09 jg «4 ) 16 (© 64 (a) 256.25 6. Which of the following is equal to x? 2 2 5 = I 2 Omen ) Hors © Wey SS: Applicd Mathematics: XI n= ~x, then the value of x is (@3 4 (6 (a9 8. If logs (0.04) = x, then the value of x is (a) 2 4 (9-4 (d) -2 9. Iflog os 64= x, then the value of x is (a) -4 () -6 4 (a) 6 10. If logys x = -3, then the value of x is (a 4 () -} -1 (5 U1. If log (3x + 1) = 2, then the value of x is 1 19 @ 5 (b) 9 (c) 33 (d) 5 12. The value of 2 + logyg (0.01) is @4 (b) 3 ©@1 mo 13, The value of 285128? Tog 32 Z 1 au a ot © -2 @ 5 14. Characteristic of log 0.003798 is (@ 3 () 3 4 @4 15. Characteristic of log 48.75 is @i 2 ©3 (4 16. If log 325.6 = 25127, then log 0.03256 is (a) -2.5127 (b) 2.5127 (©) -1.5127 (@) 15127 17. If log 0.0007392 = ~3.1313, then log 73.92 is, (@) 11313 (b) 1.8687 (© 21313 (@) 2.8687 Answers —— 1. (@) 2) 3. (6) 4. (a) 5. (a) 6. () 7.(0) 8. (d) 2%) 0@ LO RBR@® B@ w@ 15. (2) 16. (6) 17.) FILL IN THE BLANKS Fill in the blanks in questions (1 to 14): yl 1. The value of wa is equal to 2 1 2. The value of ((64)> .2? + 8° 1 1 3. (/32 ~ ¥5)3(V32 + V5)> few ia 4. The value of 44-7 S a 5. fF 87+2) =(062-%, then r= \ 3 6. Iflog Bx -2) =2, then x= SNR | eemmnmersny” Namen: crnnannersanssns:! ices and. Logarithms, 35 umm ae eA — i= h, then 1 = y sand logic ter png then vin 1+ HRi0 ms of t= 12m ged log 8~ 5108 aive of 1085 * PRES 2 “™ y is og! then the value of tog? . 8 ov = S _ ged) 1234 logy (= 1) th 11 Mlogs + 359s 12 Standard form of 01001 it 18, Usual form of 7.39 « 10° is on flog 0.009265 = 4.9668 , then log “ Answers — CASE-STUDY BASED QUESTION (Unsolved) Loganthm of a positive real number 1 has two parts: (i) Characteristic (ii) Mantissa, (9) Characteristic: It is an integral part of log n which may be negative, zero or positive, {fis greater than or equal to 1, then characteristic = numberof digit to the left of decimal -1. {mis ess than 1, then raracteristic = (number of 's just after the decimal +1) *) Mantissa: It is positive fractional Part of log n. It is same for same significant figures inthe “ame order and does not depend on the Position of the decimal point. eset onthe above information, answer the following questions: (9 Wlog 2.378 = 0.376, then log 237.8 = (a) 1.376 = “13702 (by 23769 (©) 3.3762 @ 23762 81801085585 - 16696, then log 45.98 1665 2 6626 ii | . (©) 1.6626 (d) 2.6626 1) Slog 6839 - 5 “45, then log 0.a6g39 — . (0) 0845, r . ©) Wiog nas _ (2) T8345 (d) 2.8345 @ N25 = 3.8528, then x = ©) Mog oom . (©) 0.007125 (4) 0.07125 on sag 98 *= 49653, then x = Answers a) (© 923, a ——__ 6 (a) 92.36 1) (ay a i) (yy wo ~ () (a) : ys [