IMPACT OF KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA’S VOCATIONAL

TRAINING PROGRAMMS ON RURAL YOUTH’S SELF

EMPLOYMENT- STUDY OF JAIPUR REGION

1 st- Bhawana Rathore

PhD scholar, dept. of business administration
Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Bhawana.rathorez@gmail.com

2nd – Dr Sonal sidana

Assistant professor, dept. of business administration
Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan
Sonal.sidana@jaipur.manipal.edu
IMPACT OF KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA’S VOCATIONAL
TRAINING PROGRAMMS ON RURAL YOUTH’S SELF
EMPLOYMENT- STUDY OF JAIPUR REGION

ABSTRACT--Rural youth’s self-employment has attracted serious research attention in the recent
past. Purpose of this paper is to review the overall adoption status of various practices imparted
during rural youth’s self-employment vocational training programs organized by Krishi Vigyan
Kendra’s (KVKs), classify research articles according to their approaches and Methodologies, and
find the gaps in the literature for better entrepreneurships establishments. A total of 40 articles
from refereed journals are classified into nine categories, KVKs Entrepreneurship policies and
procedures, KVKs vocational training programs, role of KVKs trainer, youth farmer’s income and
livelihood, rural youth self-employment behavior. Research methodologies are classified into
conceptual, empirical, descriptive approach. . The findings of the study will throw light on the
impact of the training in terms of Enterprise establishment by the rural youth. The study will also
explore the problems before the enterprise establishment and after the enterprise establishment,
under various vocational training courses. Findings of the study will serve as feedback for the
administrators, and Trainers of KVK to rectify the weakness and shortcomings in planning and
organization of future training programs.

INTRODUCTION-
India has been predominantly a rural country with two thirds of its population still residing in rural
areas. India's 70% workforce belongs to rural areas. It is said that true India lives in her villages.
The rural growth and development drive the overall growth and development of India as the rural
economy of India constitutes around 50% in national income of India. The rural economy of India
has continuously been supporting and contributing to the economy of India. Studies show that even
when there was slowdown in the overall economy of India, the rural economy of India still showed
growth and helped the economy in difficult times. Thus, the rural economy of India is backbone
of the Indian economy. India is predicted to be a rural country in the time to come and its 50%
population is projected to be residing in the rural areas even by the year 2050. (Kumar R, 2020)
 Farmers Training Centers were set up in different states in order to provide training to farmers.
The third landmark in the history of development of training institutions in the country came in
mid-seventies when Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s came into existence for offering need-based, skill
oriented and vocational trainings to the farmers, farmwomen, school drop-outs and field level
extension functionaries. Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) is an institutional project of Indian Council
of Agricultural Research (ICAR) for testing, training and transfer of agricultural technologies for
the benefit of farmers, farm women and rural youths. It has a multidisciplinary team who work in
participatory mode with various segments of the farming community. The first Krishi Vigyan
Kendra (KVK) was established by the ICAR in Pondicherry in 1974 on pilot basis. This initiative
was taken on the recommendations of the Education Commission (1964-65) and later Inter
ministerial Committee (1973), which emphasized the need for opening of Agriculture Polytechnics
in the country to prepare middle level technicians to speed up the process of transfer of agriculture
technologies. Later the ICAR appointed a committee under the chairmanship of Dr. Mohan Singh
Mehta (1973), a renowned authority in non-formal education. This committee examined the
recommendations of the education commission and Inter-ministerial Committee and and suggested
the establishment of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) for vocational training in agriculture.

The reviewed basic concept of KVK is as follows:

(a) Learning through work experience.

(b) “Teaching-by-doing” and “Learning-by-doing” principal method for imparting skill training.

(c) Training to grass root extension workers and progressive farmers.

(d) Training according to felt needs, natural resources and potential for agriculture growth in the
district. (e) District will be normally an operational area for the Krishi Vigyan Kendra.

(f) Conceptual and periodical evaluation of courses and trainees has to be the built design of the
KVK.

 Based on the mandates, the following activities are performed.

(1) On-Farm Research (OFR)
 On farm research is an adaptive research which is conducted on farmer’s fields by the
farmers with the support from scientists/subject-matter specialists. It is conducted with a
farming systems perspective.
The main objective of OFR is to identify existing inputs of practices that might help solve major
problems of many farmers in a defined study area.

(2) In Service Training

 The KVKs has been given the responsibility of conducting in service training of grass route
level extension workers like VEWs and others working in Government and non-
Government development organizations. These training programmes are normally
arranged in collaboration with the state department of agriculture and state agricultural
university. The importance of such training programmes has increased since the
introduction of a Panchayat Raj System in the country.

(3) Vocational Training of Farmers

 This had been the major mandate of the KVKs in the past and will continue to be so in
future as well. The objective is to organize long term vocation based and skill-oriented
training for farmers, farm women, rural youths and school dropouts so that they could adopt
new methods of farming and increase farm income thus, the emphasis is not on crops but
on vocations.
 The potential trainees are selected by the KVK staff in consultation with the district
development departments.

(4) Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) and other extensional activities

 The KVKs organize front line demonstrations which aim at demonstrating the production
the potentialities of newly released and pre-released production technologies of cereals,
pulses and oil seeds and farmers’ fields.
 These are called frontline demonstrations because the technologies are demonstrated for
the first time before being fed into the main extension system. The KVKs have also been
given the responsibility of conducting at least some good integrated farming system
demonstration which could serve as model for extension agencies.
 Krishi Vigyan Kendra is conducting vocational training programmes for rural youth with a view
to equipping the technological skill and employment related to agriculture and allied sectors.
Vocational training helps to correlate education with the source of living. It is an activity directed
to identifying and developing human capabilities for a productive and satisfying working life. In
this study the researcher will be analyzing the impact of vocational training programs on self-
employment generation of rural youthruns by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Jaipur, India. To get the in-
depth knowledge in this regard researcher has reviewed approx. 35 research papers, Reports on
national institute of labour economics research and development and articles from Hindu business
line etc.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
From the review of literature, researcher has mentioned few relevant findings and loopholes in
research area.

S.N Author Findings Loopholes

o
1 Impact analysis of It is concluded that KVK’s training are The study has not focused on the
activities Krishi able to bring significant changes in the farmers who are not interested in
Vigyan Kendra; level of knowledge and adoption among training and the reasons why they
Jaimin H Bhatt, farmers. Training and guidance given to are not interested.
Shrikant B. trainees by KVK have played key role in
Katole; 2017 influencing technological changes besides
other managerial tasks, therefore having
positive impact. Thus, KVK’S are
instrumental in positively influencing the
life style of farmers and there is direct
relationship between profile and attitude
of farmers towards training programmes.
2 Effectiveness of Training in different areas was provided to There were some areas of concern
Training farmers under KVK which resulted in the where progress was limited.
programmes of gain in knowledge and skill of farmers, Therefore, there is a need to thrust
Krishi Vigyan adoption level, productivity, Economic these factors with suitable changes
Kendra towards condition, self-confidence, social in training curriculum and time by
socio- economic recognition and materials possession. the scientists for fulfilling the
development of objective of KVK training
farmers in programmes. Technologies with
Meghalaya, complicated components and the
S.Medhi, A.K time and labour required made it
Singha, R. Singh, difficult to apply the
and R.J. Singh recommended specific practices in
their farming systems. More
importance should be given to the
marginal farmers so that they can
increase their productivity and
annual net income from rice
cultivation. To make the farmers
self-confident and to motivate
them to improved farming
practices, attention should be paid
to adequate training in considering
their basic educational level.
During the training, information
education and communication
(IEC) system should be followed,
otherwise the farmers will not be
able to understand or remember
much of the new agriculture
procedure and techniques.
3 Evaluation of the The above findings clearly indicate that The results of this study cannot be
agricultural the KVKs are realizing the objectives of generalized for all the vocational
vocational training the vocational training programs in terms programs implemented by the
programmes of achieving desired out-Comes and KVKs
conducted by the impacts. The follow-up of the trainings by In India.
Krishi Vigyan The KVKs will provide much needed
Kendra’s in Indian guidance to the Trainees and avoid
Punjab, Kuldeep discontinuance of the enterprises. The
singh, KVKs should also provide marketing
rajinderpeshin, information to the trainees. Beekeeping
Surinder Kaur and mushroom growing enterprises do not
Saini, 2010 require additional arable land, thus
Farmers with small and medium
landholdings can augment their dwindling
farm income.
4 Effectiveness of Training is a learning process that The study suggests that timings of
portray vegetable involves the acquisition of knowledge, the training should be according to
nursery training sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or the farmers because farmers and
conducted by changing of attitudes and behaviors to farmwomen were pre occupied
Krishi Vigyan enhance the performance of employees. with the farm and homework’s.
Kendra, Evaluation is an essential part of training They have not focused on the
Pudukkoati, programme and it helps to ensure that the timings of the training which
Tamilnadu, 2019. objectives are met and also to identify the become obstacle in proper
impediments so as to initiate remedial delivery of training.
action. It is revealed that vast majority of
the participants are highly satisfied with
respect to the usefulness, technical hand
quality, trainers subject knowledge as well
as handling of questions and discussion.
5 Impact of The attempts were made to assess the The study was limited to the those
vocational training impact of vocational training courses trained women who had received
courses conducted conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s of the training course from session
by Krishi vigyan Punjab on establishing an enterprise. All 2009 -2013 selected Krishi Vigyan
Kendra’s of thirty long duration vocational training Kendra of Punjab State only. The
Punjab on courses conducted by the Krishi Vigyan conclusions are based on the data
establishing an Kendra’s namely Bathinda, Ferozpur, provided by the respondents.
Enterprise, Manjot Gurdaspur, Hoshiarpur and SBS Nagar Therefore the validity and
Kaur, Kanwaljit from 2009-2013 were taken up for the reliability of data depend on the
Kaur and study. A sample of 140 trainees was drawn honesty with which information
Kiranjotsidhu, by applying probability proportional to was provided by the respondents.
2019. size (PPS) sampling method and data were A comparative study of Krishi
collected personally from the selected vigyan Kendra can be planned.
trainees by using an interview schedule.
The findings of the study revealed that the
highest adoption status was achieved by
value added household products
&preparation and garment construction &
enrichment training courses with 1.44 &
1.36 mean scores respectively. The lowest
mean score of Management of family
resources (0.68) and fabric painting &
preparation of household products (0.62)
indicated the low adoption status of these
training courses. Major reasons for non-
establishment of an enterprise after
receiving training from KVKs as reported
by the highest percentage of trainees were
financial constraints and high cost of
equipments. It can be concluded that the
 marketing components and linkages
related to establishing an enterprise should
be an integral part of the vocational
training programme. KVKs should
provide suitable facilities in the form of
resource centre to their trainees for
reducing the cost of initial set up of
enterprise.
6 Impact of KVK in The analysis of data indicated that KVK More gaps were observed on
transferring training has made significant impact in vocational training in farm
knowledge to increasing the knowledge level of the forestry, fish farming, and income
Tribal Farmers on tribal farmers and farm women on various generating activities, farm
Farm activities, farm activities. At the same time, average mechanization, animal production
Dr. Narayan gap of 33.00% indicated that the tribal’s and horticulture in comparison to
Bar,2015 were still lacking in adequate knowledge. crop production. Socio-economic
attributes of the respondents had
not much influence in increasing
their knowledge level. Hence,
KVKs have to organize more need
based training programmes to
enrich knowledge and skill
competency of the tribal farmers
to adopt the changed practices for
more production and income for
their sustainable livelihood.
7 Behavioral It can be concluded that the beneficiary But still there lies a scope to
changes of farmers respondents of the study area possessed contact the farmers who had
Through Krishi more knowledge about KVK activities as unfavorable attitude to enlighten
vigyan Kendra, compared to non-beneficiaries of KVK. It them about the benefits of KVK
Ram Jiyawan, may be due to more exposure of
 kalian Ghadel, beneficiaries about various activities of and bring about changes in their
Manver singh and transfer of technology. They had frequent attitudes.
D.K Sujan. contact with the KVK personnel,
participated in various KVK activities and
were enlightened. Obviously the non-
beneficiaries were deprived of such
exposure resulting into their poor
knowledge. It is recommended that KVK
personnel should visit the fields more
frequently and teach the farmers about
various activities carried out by KVK for
their benefit and it is encouraging to note
that majority of respondents had positive
attitude towards KVK and its activities
8 Empowerment of The author reveals that any economic step More study should be done on
Women through of empowering of rural women is seen as vocational training in terms of
vocational the only means of poverty eradication. rural youth. Most of the studies
training, Any economic step of empowering of are on women.
Emmanueljanagan these poor women will make provision to
Johnson, 2014. link the nature of empowerment with the
skill training regard for efficiently
running. It also discusses the outcome of
vocational training, type of training, and
its impact on improving the life of the
rural women. The result shows that
vocational training programmes play a
key role in empowering the Rural women.
The author concludes that the poor women
look positively towards income generating
programmes
 9 Transfer of It can be concluded that KVK playing a Further research needs to be
technology vital role in disseminating the improved focused on the problems and
through Krishi crop production technology and helps in constraints for adoption of the
Vigyan Kendra for increasing the crop yield. Need based technology.
the Tribal Farmers training programmes are being conducted
in Hilly areas of by the KVK in various disciplines such as
koraput district; agronomy, horticulture, soil science,
S.K Bahera, J.R women in agriculture, agricultural
Maharana, P. engineering and others.
Acharya, 2014.
10 Attitude towards Most of the farmers had the adult More studies should done on the
the vocational education training with the majority of adequate follow up of the training
Training them having an unfavorable attitude programs. Are the farmers getting
programmes of towards the training they received. training, has their any benefit of
Krishi Vigyan Although farmers’ attitudes to the training these training programs. All the
Kendra, Kollam, on improved technology had a positive farmers are aware of the activities
Kerala and weak Influence on innovation of Krishi Vigyan Kendra?
adoption, the perception of farmers about
constraints to training and technology
adoption appeared to exert a greater
influence. The use of a practical
demonstration method in training farmers
on new technology would result in a
higher level of innovation adoption among
the farmers

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

A significant portion of the economy of Rajasthan is agrarian. The agricultural sector of the state
accounts for 22.5 percent. The arid state which receives not more than an annual rainfall of 25 cm
thrives on agriculture that is done with irrigation systems. A major portion of the state is parched
 and in fertile. In such areas, Agriculture becomes very difficult. So now the rural youth is setting
their own small enterprises for livelihood. Krishi Vigyan Kendra is contributing a lot in agriculture
and in allied sectors. Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s came into existence for offering need-based, skill
oriented and vocational trainings to the rural people. It Organize long term vocational training
courses in agriculture and allied vocations for the rural youths with emphasis on “learning by
doing” for generating self-employment through institutional financing. Though rural youth are
getting support from the KVK extension services from the last few decades, now there is a need
to assess the role of KVK in providing vocational training to the rural youth and its impact on self-
generating employment.

7. SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of study and its coverage area is limited to Jaipur, Rajasthan. In Jaipur, KVK has two
zones Jaipur 1(chomu) and jaipur 2(kotputli). Operational area of this KVK Jaipur 1 encompasses
seven development blocks namely Govindgarh, sambher, Dudu, Jhotwara, Sanganer, Phagi and
Chakshu. ).Operational area of KVK Jaipur 2 encompasses seven development blocks namely
kotputli, paota, shahpura, Viratnagar, Amer, Bassi, and Jamuaramgarh.. The Opinion of
beneficiaries shall also be helpful for improving the quality of trainings organized by KVKs. This
shall also be helping the trainers of KVKs in working out their strategy of conducting vocational
trainings. This shall also help the trainers of the KVKs in working out their strategy of conducting
trainings for enhancing the skill of trainers in better way. The information gathered by this study
shall also be helpful in planning the future research of KVKs.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In economic growth, rural youth play a vital role. The Krishi Vigyan Kendra is mainly concerned
with imparting need based and vocational training to the farmers, farm women, and rural youth.
The prime aim of the research is to study the overall adoption status of various practices imparted
during various vocational training programmes organized by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. The findings
of the study will throw light on the impact of the training in terms of Enterprise establishment by
the rural youth. Study helps in identify and analyze the problems faced by rural youth before and
after the enterprise establishment.. Findings of the study will serve as feedback for the
administrators, and Trainers of KVK to rectify the weakness and shortcomings in planning and
organization of future training programmes.

OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH

➢ To identify the types of self-employment vocational training programs imparted by KVK’s in

Rajasthan.

➢ To identify and analyze the problems faced by rural youth before and after the enterprise
establishment.

➢ To assess the impact of Vocational Training Programs on economic and social status of rural
youth after establishing an enterprise.

HYPOTHESIS-

• There is no significant difference in the types of self-employment vocational training

programs imparted by KVKs in Rajasthan.

• There is no significant difference in the problems faced by rural youth before and after the

Enterprise establishment.

 There is no significant impact of vocational training programs on economic and social

status of rural youth after establishing an enterprise.

METHODOLOGY-

 RESEARCH METHODS: Considering the objective of the study, descriptive type of

research design is adopted to have more accuracy and rigorous analysis of the research
study

 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE:
 Cluster sampling will be used for the data collection.
 In Rajasthan there are 42 KVK.
 Each kvk is divided into 7 development blocks( operational areas)
  From each kvk, 3 operational areas would be selected on the basis of population and area.
 And now from these selected operational areas, 15 farmers and 5 trainers would be
randomly selected.

Analysis and interpretation

Age group

0-30 67.8
30-50 23.1
More than 50 8.3

education

primary 12.5
Higher sec 30
graduate 37.5
Post graduate 20

employment
 Yes 75.8 1-Demographic representation
no 24.2
Maritatal status
married 86.7
unmarried 13.3
Dependent family members
1 5
2 36.7
3 6.7
4 37.5
More than 5 14.2

With the sample size of 120 respondents, approximately 67.8 % are under 30 years of age and
23.1% lies 30-50, and 8.3 % are above 50 age.
With the sample size of 120 respondents, majority of the respondents are graduate 37.5%.
The table shows that 75% are employed and 25% are unemployed.
From 120 of respondents 86.7% are married and 13.3% are unmarried.
The table shows that 37.5 % respondents have 4 dependent family members

2 -Awareness
 This figure shows that
67.5% respondents are
aware and 32.5 % are
unaware.

3 Attended training
This figure shows that 38.33% have not attended the training
and 61.67% have attended the training. So majority of the
respondents have attended the training.

4-ENTERPRICE ESTABLISHMENT-
 enterprice establishment
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 0 46 38.0 38.3 38.3
yes 19 15.7 15.8 54.2
no 55 45.5 45.8 100.0
Total 120 99.2 100.0
Missing System 1 .8
Total 121 100.0

This shows that only 15% of respondents have established the enterprises and 45% have not
established the enterprises.

5- Correlation
Correlations
Attended Change in
training satisfaction level perspective knowledge gain
Atnd vtp Pearson Correlation 1 .850** .899** .945**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 120 120 120 120
** **
satisfaction level Pearson Correlation .850 1 .894 .903**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 120 120 120 120
** **
chng in perspctive Pearson Correlation .899 .894 1 .936**
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 120 120 120 120
knowledge gain Pearson Correlation .945** .903** .936** 1
Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000
N 120 120 120 120
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

We can say that vocational training is highly correlated with satisfaction level, change in
perspective and knowledge gain, As the pearson correation values are very close to 1. And the
sig(2 tailed) value is less than .05.

5-Regression

Variables Entered/Removed
Variables Variables
Model Entered Removed Method
1 Attended . Enter
training
a. Dependent Variable: change in income level
b. All requested variables entered.

Model Summary
Adjusted R Std. Error of the
Model R R Square Square Estimate
a
1 .600 .361 .355 .865
a. Predictors: (Constant), Attended training

ANOVAa
Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 49.750 1 49.750 66.547 .000b
Residual 88.216 118 .748
Total 137.967 119
a. Dependent Variable: change in income level
b. Predictors: (Constant), attended training
 Coefficientsa
Standardized
Unstandardized Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) -1.443E-15 .127 .000 1.000
Atnd vtp 1.324 .162 .600 8.158 .000
a. Dependent Variable: chng in income level

 Here the R value represents the correlation between the dependent and independent
variable. Here the value is .600 which is good.
 R square shows the total variation for the dependent variable that could be explained by
the independent variables. Here the value is .361 which is ok
 Adjusted r square shows the generalization of the results i.e the variation of the sample
results from the population. It is required to have a difference between R- square and
adjusted R-square minimum. In this case the value is .355 which is not far off from .361,
so it is good.
 The Anova table shows that the P value/ sig value is less than 0.05 so there is significant
result.
 F ratio represents an improvement in the prediction of the variable by fitiing the model
after considering the in accuracy present in the model. A value is greater than 1 for f ratio
yield efficient model. In the above table the value is 66.547 which is good. These results
estimate that p value of the nnova table is below the tolerable significance level, thus
there is possibility of rejecting the null hypothesis.
 Therefore the analysis suggest that the vocational training has a significant positive
relationship with the income.

Conclusion and recommendations-

 From the study the researcher has revealed that there is positive attitude
towards training. People are aware about training and they are attending
the training. Their satisfaction level is good and there is increase in
knowledge. Then also there is less enterprise establishment. So the KVK
Officials, government, should make more efforts for entrepreneurship
development. They should work on the problem which rural people faces
 in developing there enterprises. The study has also shown that rural youth
who has established the enterprises has a positive effect on economic and
social status.

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