SOP AND ROLE BASE FOR REEFER ATTENDANT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 Introduction
 Purpose
 Concept of reefer container
 Reefer container dimensions, sizes and specifications
 Reefer Container Types
 Application of a reefer container
 Temperature requirements per goods for a reefer unit
 Advantage and disadvantage of using a reefer container
 A reefer attendant
 Major job responsibilities
 Reefer operations
 Typical reefer operations
 Reefer operations safety to be ensured by a reefer attendant
 Automated reefer operations improving safety
 Technical problems associated with reefer containers
 Tools required for reefer monitoring
 Conclusion
 Compliance and safety

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Written by Reefer Attendant OLUSHOLA MICHEAL
Proof-read and compiled by Ops. Clerk ABAYOMI OLATUNDE SAMUEL
INTRODUCTION
Lekki Freeport Terminal (LFT) is a container terminal services as well as auxiliary services.
Hence this document describes the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) according to which the
services in LFT are offered.
This document provides insight to our Reefer operations, processes and procedures in order to
achieve maximum productivity with the utmost regard for safety to persons, cargos, equipment
private or terminal reefer container and the environment and will be updated and reviewed on regular
basis. In case no deviations are agreed in writing, this SOP is applicable in its full extent and
capacity.
This document should be read in conjunction with other relevant rules, conditions and safety
regulations that are applicable at Lekki Freeport Terminal (LFT).

PURPOSE
The purpose of this document is to specify and regularize the function (role based) and
standard operating procedure for reefer attendants in the following aspects which includes;
1. To have insight into cargo container as a whole and specifically reefer container (refrigerated
container)
2. To know the meaning, functions and duties of a reefer attendant according to LFT standard of
operation.
3. To identify the types, dimensions, size and specifications of reefer containers

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 4. To ascertain the functions based on classification of reefer containers and types of commodity
5. To identify the procedures for setting and maintaining reefers to be imported, exported and
trans-shipped i.e. routine checks procedures
6. To know the procedures for reefer handling and reefer operations in port/terminal (Lekki
Freeport Terminal)
7. To highlight the required checklist to be carried out by a reefer attendant for a reefer container

CONCEPT OF A REEFER CONTAINER

A container is a large, steel box that is used to transport goods by ship, train, and truck. The
terms “reefer container” and “reefer” are short for “refrigerated container.” These containers maintain
a stable temperature inside while controlling humidity and promoting adequate airflow.
A refrigerated container or reefer is an intermodal container (shipping container) used in
intermodal freight transport that is capable of refrigeration for the transportation of temperature-
sensitive, perishable cargo such as fruits, vegetables, meat, and other similar items.

The Reefer Container

A reefer container is a specialized container that carries temperature-sensitive goods at
regulated cold temperatures built to work as a large refrigerator; the container type can usually
maintain a temperature range of -30°C and +30°C.
A reefer will have an integral refrigeration unit which rely on external power, from electrical
power points (“reefer points”) at a land-based site, a container ship or on quay (yard). When being
transported over the road on a trailer or over rail wagon, they can be powered from diesel powered
generators ("gen-sets") which attach to the container whilst on road journeys. Refrigerated containers
are capable of controlling temperature ranging from −65 °C (−85 °F) up to 40 °C (104 °F).
Some reefers are equipped with a water cooling system, which can be used if the reefer is
stored below deck on a vessel without adequate ventilation to remove the heat generated. Water
cooling systems are more expensive than air current ventilation, the objective of both cooling method
is to remove heat from cargo holds, although the use of water cooling systems is declining. Air
cooling and water cooling are usually combined in rare occasions

REEFER CONTAINER DIMENSIONS, SIZES AND SPECIFICATIONS

The reefers have the same dimensions as intermodal containers and thus cannot be loaded in
double-stack on rail flatcar. There are 20ft/40ft/45ft reefer containers
A refrigeration unit is built to maintain a certain temperature and not to bring the load to the
desired temperature. The cargo has to be precooled to the set point temperature prior to loading.

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Especially for fresh fruits and veggies, reducing the temperature after harvest to the optimal transport
temperature is crucial to guarantee good quality and ensure the best possible shelf life.
Please note: although reefer units are manufactured to ISO standards there may be some small
differences in dimension and weight.

Reefer 20'
Inside Inside Inside Door Door Capacit Tare Maxi
Length Width Height Width Height y Weight Cargo
17‘8“ 7‘5“ 7‘0“ 7‘5“ 7‘3“ 953 Cft 6,503 Lbs 60,627 Lbs
5.450 m 2.285 m 2.160 m 2.290 m 2.225 m 27 m³ 2,950 Kgs 27,500 Kgs

Reefer 40' HC (High cube)

Inside Inside Inside Door Door Capacit Tare Maxi
Length Width Height Width Height y Weight Cargo
2,366
38‘0“ 7‘6“ 7‘1“ 7‘6“ 7‘5“ 10,141 Lbs 65,036 Lbs
Cft
11.590 m 2.285 m 2.400 m 2.290 m 2.250 m 67 m³ 4,600 Kgs 29,500 Kgs

REEFER CONTAINER TYPES

There are two main reefer container types, the integral reefer and the porthole reefer. As their
names imply, the integral reefer has a refrigeration unit forming an integral part of the container body
and the porthole reefer has a porthole to which a refrigeration supply is connected. The integral
containers cooling unit needs an external power source and the porthole container is connected up to
a system of air ducts in the vessels hold through which cold air is supplied from a central battery of
air coolers. Both types of containers are constructed in a similar way to a dry freight container, except
that the cargo compartment is isolated from the outer walls by a thick layer of insulating material
such as fibre glass matting or synthetic foam. The units also have an aluminium t-section floor, which
forms ducts for the passage of cold air into the container stow. Payload capacity for these units is
slightly less than for general purpose containers. Normally reefer containers are designed to carry
cargoes in either a frozen or chilled state within the temperature range of -25°C to +20°C.

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There are three main classifications of reefer units in use:
1. Closed reefer: The most commonly used reefer container, a closed reefer, has an integral
front wall and an integrated heating and cooling unit.
2. Modified/Controlled Atmosphere (MA/CA): These container units have enhanced
insulation compared to closed reefers. The MA/CA reefer container can maintain a consistent
interior environment throughout the shipping journey.
3. Automatic Fresh Air Management Containers (AFAM): These are highly sophisticated
reefer containers that use various sensors to adjust the fresh air exchange rate. Like MA/CA
reefers, AFAM reefer containers also maintain precise oxygen and carbon dioxide levels and
help extend the products’ shelf life

APPLICATION OF A REEFER CONTAINER

Reefer containers are used for goods that need to be temperature controlled during shipping.
Some of the most commonly shipped food items are: 
1. Processed seafood or freshly caught fish: tuna, crab
2. Fruits and vegetables
3. Meat, fish (fresh or frozen)
4. Milk and dairy products
5. Processed food 
6. Juice and beverages
7. Wine
8. Concentrate and chocolate.
9. Pharmaceuticals.

Main kinds of commodities that can be shipped in a Reefer Container

1. Frozen: The frozen category includes goods that need to be kept at -5 degrees Celsius or in a
low air temperature environment during shipping. These mainly include ice cream,
concentrates, meat products like poultry and pork, frozen seafood like salmon and tuna, and
beef.
2. Chilled: Chilled products need to be shipped in temperatures over -5 degrees. These need to
be in low temperatures but don’t need to be frozen. Chilled products include dairy, eggs,
confectionery, and fruits and vegetables. These products are extremely temperature-sensitive.
3. Miscellaneous products: Other temperature-sensitive products include pharmaceuticals,
batteries, chemicals, and tobacco. These need to be shipped in a refrigerated container as well.

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TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS PER GOODS FOR A REEFER UNIT

Main setting for a Reefer Unit

They are designed to maintain the temperature, humidity and atmosphere of the container at a
constant value during the whole transit time. Reefer machinery does not run on its own but needs to
be plugged into an electrical source. This source can be at a depot, terminal, on board a vessel or a
gen-set. There are 4 settings that must be considered when shipping reefer cargo: temperature,
ventilation, humidity and drainage.
 Temperature: All standard reefer containers are built to maintain a temperature between
+25° C and -25° C for chilled and frozen cargo. A certain percentage of the global reefer fleet
is also capable of maintaining a temperature down to -35° C or even lower. Special containers
(super freezers) can maintain a temperature down to -70° C.
 Ventilation: For a chilled temperature, air must flow through the cargo at all times to remove
heat and gases. Therefore, the transport boxes used should have ventilation. Fresh air
ventilation is required for fruits and vegetables. For frozen goods, air must flow around the
cargo. There must be no large gaps between the cargo, the walls and the cargo itself. The
cargo should be stowed in blocks.
 Humidity: Some products benefit from a lower level of humidity in the air. A reefer unit has
a dehumidification function which can lower the level of moisture in the air. Although some
newer units can reach 50%, the standard is between 60% and 85% relative humidity (RH).

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  Drains: These are used to release excess water that may accumulate inside the containers. In
addition, their design prevents water or insects to get into the container.
Inside the container is a microprocessor, which is the electronic temperature recorder. This
device stores all data, such as supply air and return air temperature, remote cargo probe temperatures,
defrost activity, changes to the set-point, power on and off time, etc.

Non-Operating Reefer Containers

Non-operating reefers (NOR) are refrigerated containers that serve as dry boxes by
deactivating the refrigeration unit for the transit time. This enables reefer containers to be
redistributed from areas where there is a surplus of this equipment, to areas where there is a shortage.
This also helps to fill the otherwise empty space on a ship with cargo. In general, there is a price
incentive, considering there is less loading space in a reefer versus a dry container, due to the space
taken by the refrigeration machine. Kindly note that not all ‘dry’ cargoes are suitable to be carried in
a reefer container.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING REEFER CONTAINERS

Advantages of using Reefer Containers
Here are the main advantages of reefer units:
 A refrigerated container helps extend the shelf life of products.
 These can be divided to create different segments for frozen and chilled goods with the same
container. Different segments can have different temperature settings too. 
 Refrigerated containers are available in a variety of sizes and different external and internal
dimensions, which can be used for shipping perishable cargo, pharmaceuticals and other
products over land or sea.
 Reefer containers can be easily used in harsh weather environments.
 These offer a better return on investment than reefer ships as they can be shipped on different
types of carriers across land and sea.
 Refrigerated containers can skip cold storage on arrival at the destination port.
 A reefer container is easy to load and unload.

Disadvantages of Reefer Shipping Containers

Here are the main disadvantages of refrigerated units:
 Failure of equipment: Reefer units can experience sudden problems or malfunction due to
fluid leaks, faulty belts or faulty calibration, issues with door seals, some kind of a blockage,
or damaged air chutes. These problems need to be addressed quickly before the temperature

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 in the reefer is affected, and the products inside start to spoil or rot. The best way to avoid
these is to ensure that your shipper conducts regular maintenance checks.
 Lack of enough reefers for LTL: It is hard to find reefers for less than truckload (LTL)
freight shipping because you need to find goods that need the same temperature and humidity
range which are also going to the same location as your products. This means you may spend
more money on LTL shipping for reefer cargo

A REEFER ATTENDANT
A reefer attendant is a person or group of persons who monitors and provides timely updates
of all reefer units in the yard or at the reefer rack for onward communication to the shipping lines.
The reefer attendant does routine monitoring of the reefer containers that were handed over to
them by the other shift. They take temperature readings and input them on the Navis N4 Express that
secures the job of the reefer attendant from and to the shipping line.
For containers that are bound for delivery, the reefer attendant unplugs the reefer cables and
would disconnect it on the Navis N4 Express by entering the container number which will show
disconnect before the container is lifted by the reach stacker and put on the loading truck.
With import bound containers, the operator will position the container by locating it on the
Navis N4 Express, the location assigned by the operator will then pop up and the attendant will
connect it on his Navis N4 Express to the system. The attendant will then have to plug in the reefer
cable of the said reefer container and the reading commences which is used to bill the shipping line.
This cycle continues.
In case there is a faulty unit, an email is sent to the respective shipping line operators and after
an update is done on the remaining reefer containers in the terminal. The manger is on copy on every
mail sent to the shipping line.

Direct Reports
1. Yard/inspection supervisor
2. Shift manager

MAJOR JOB RESPONSIBILITIES

Operational Phase
 Actively follow and promote the LFT Safety and Security policies and ensure that fellow
employees and visitors are doing the same.
 Timely response to call-out via the HHT for reefers requiring plug-in or plug-out as per
request.

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  Ensure timely update of reefer status as plugged-in our unplugged for planning and follow-up
purposes.
 Ensure reefer monitoring rounds is done for all units flagged on the reefer monitoring job list
in a timely and efficient manner.
 Correct input of data pertaining to REEFER i.e. temperature, alarms code, via the HHT for
cargo control follow-up in case of reefer malfunction.
 Ensure proper record keeping of all REEFER containers, empty or full, within the yard.
 Ensure proper inspection of REEFER containers received from gate or vessel as the case
maybe.
 Ensure the proper connectivity of all required REEFERs and inform shift manager or
operations supervisor in case assistance needed or for further action.
 Technical investigation of REEFERs containers developing faults
 Ensure proper documentation of all customer communication regarding REEFERs.
 Prompt escalation of discrepancies noticed to reefer yard supervisor for communication with
shipping line and follow-up.
 Assist with incident investigations to identify root causes and develop corrective actions for
implementation.
 Follows safe operating procedures and instructions, preventing any injury to persons, or
damage to containers and other equipment and property.
 Report immediately in case of any incident during operations to operations supervisor.
 Ensure 100% data accuracy of all reefer units captured and shared with reefer yard supervisor.
 Timely reporting of all reefer alarms and discrepancies.
 Zero incident of reefer claims against terminal.
 Maintain proper record of all incidents involving reefer containers and conduct the
investigation with HSSE team and ensure proper signoff.
 Prepare all required reports as requested by reefer yard supervisor.
 Maintain safe & reliable work environment and achieve all KPIs.
 Manages proper traffic patterns and maintains proper housekeeping on pier to reduce
congestion and chances of accidents.

Reefer Monitoring by Reefer Attendant

A. Following loading aboard or at port of discharge, immediately connection to the ship's/terminal
power supply, the following item shall be checked on all temperature-controlled units.

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 1. Compliance with the Reefer Manifest on any discrepancies between the reefer manifest
and actual reefer settings shall be brought to the immediate attention of the Terminal
Operator and Container Operator for resolution.
2. Proper Function of the Refrigeration Unit The ship's personnel shall request the Terminal
Operator to provide shore-side assistance to repair or make other arrangements for any
malfunctioning equipment before departure.
B. When at sea or in the yard reefer rack, the ship's personnel/reefer are responsible for visually
checking all active reefers at least twice a day for proper function and temperature control. The
results of each inspection shall be logged onboard the vessel/terminal Navis N4 Express. Any
omission of inspection due to foul weather or other ad-hoc circumstances shall be documented
in the inspection log.
C. The vessel/ terminal reefer attendant shall comply with the charterers monitoring instructions as
per the charter party and voyage orders. Whenever a Container Operator requests the
Monitoring Report, they shall contact the Management Office via the vessel's owner.
D. If a container is loaded with a cargo where the pulp temperature exceeds the carriage
temperature stipulated by the shippers, the "Warm" or Hot cargo will cause the delivery air to
increase very rapidly when passing up and through the load. Eventually, the return air may
reach a temperature level whereby the refrigeration machinery cannot cool it down sufficiently
before re-circulating it as delivery air. In this event, the tracking pattern on the chart or logger
will show a temperature higher than that of the temperature control setting.

Over-Temperature Reefer Acceptance Guidelines

1. Temperature-controlled loads are considered “Over-Temperature” (“Hot Loads”) if they have
varied from the maximum acceptance temperature set by the Charterers. However, use the
available historical data, especially return and supply air temperature, relative to specific load
to determine that the temperature is falling towards set-point temperatures.
2. Loaded containers varying more than the above-outlined temperatures should not be received
at a terminal for loading to a vessel without prior approval from the Container Operator.
3. If onboard a vessel, a unit is found to be "over-temperature," the container operator should be
notified immediately using Reefer Container Trouble Report. Where instructed by the
Charterers, the vessel's crew shall take action to correct the temperature of the unit by
returning it to the proper set temperature.

Qualifications & Experiences

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  Education: First School Leaving Certificate – SSCE, WAEC or Technical Certificate;
Bachelor’s degree or is an advantage

Experience & Knowledge

 Requires at least two years’ experience in terminal operations environment or similar/related
industry working.
 Previous experience as terminal reefer attendant would be an advantage.
 Is thoroughly familiar with the strict implementation of international standards of safe
working practices terminal operations or similar industry.
 Understanding of container terminal operations, especially vessel cargo logistics, hazardous
cargo, break-bulk and special cargo handling requirements, and equipment is preferable.
 Previous experience of working in a multi-cultural environment is an advantage.
 No past record of safety and operational procedure breaches / warnings.

Skills
 Effective negotiation and conflict resolution skills combined with good counselling and
listening skills.
 Strong drive to delivering results.
 Ability to work under pressure environment with constant change of priorities.
 Good communication skills with the ability to communicate in English (Speaking/Reading).
Also, must have a working knowledge of Pidgin English.
 Ability to work on weekends, night, holidays and for long period of time.

Major Competencies
 Adaptability: Flexibility in dealing with change and overcoming obstacles in meeting job
requirements.
 Assertiveness: Confidence in expressing an opinion or requirement even when challenged.
 Collaboration: Working closely with others to achieve the desired results.
 Compliance: Adhering to policies and procedures established by the organization.
 Dedication: Fully committing oneself to the job, which may include making some personal
sacrifices.
 Quality-focused: Supporting the needs of product and service excellence.
 Team-focused: Working with a group in utilizing all of its resources to achieve maximum
performance.

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  Decisiveness: Evaluating information or situations, assuming the risks, and making
judgements.
 Analysis: Locating or extracting relevant information that is critical to problem solving.

REEFER OPERATIONS
As refrigerated containers are a vital part of the global supply chain, A reefer attendant won’t
want to break the cool chain at any point in the supply chain. However, reefer cargo is temperature-
sensitive and the spoiling thereof comes with high costs. Reefer operations in a container terminal are
labour-intensive and need constant monitoring and management. An automated reefer monitoring
and management solution gives reefer attendant total control of your terminal reefer operations.
Reefer container is used in intermodal freight transportation to move temperature-sensitive cargo,
reefers can;
 Control temperature and atmosphere,
 Relies on external power, and
 Is handled by an internal controller known as a reefer attendant
TYPICAL REEFER OPERATIONS
 Refrigerated containers are bottom air delivery units designed to distribute chilled air from the
floor, via specific T-shaped decking, with the advantage of producing a consistent and
uniform flow of air across the entire shipment, powerful enough to ensure a perfect air
exchange with the goods.
 Reefer attendant must follow specific procedures for preparing, stuffing, removing
cargo, and reloading into alternate reefer containers. Once a reefer container is loaded,
the doors closed properly, and the correct set points for temperature, humidity and air
ventilation entered, the reefer unit can be started.
 The power for supplying a reefer comes from a gen-set. A gen-set, short for generator set, is a
power unit that provides the container with electricity. A reefer container does not cool itself;
therefore, a generator set is necessary to provide it with electricity worldwide. Electricity is
supplied from sources such as power plugs, the gas tank of a truck or other sources.
 Without supplying power to the reefer, the cargo inside can become damaged or completely
ruined. Therefore, it is expected that the reefer container's insulation system can maintain
internal cargo area temperatures within 1-2 degrees Celsius of the cargo protocol temperature,
even with average power disconnection time periods of 1 to 6 hours during its trip or while in
the yard reefer rack.

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  Depending on the manufacturer's guidelines for the container refrigeration unit, its technical
condition and the required temperature level in the box, the average power consumption in a
40′ container ranges from 6 to 9 kW.
 Without being supplied with power, a reefer shipping container acts as a cool box. They are
designed to maintain the container's temperature, humidity and atmosphere at a constant value
during the whole transit time and while at the yard reefer rack. Therefore, when shipping
reefer cargo, four settings must be considered (and constantly monitored): temperature,
ventilation, humidity and drainage.

REEFER OPERATIONS SAFETY TO BE ENSURED BY A REEFER ATTENDANT

 During transport and temporary storage (e.g. waiting for loading on a vessel), the above
mentioned settings must be monitored and secured by reefer attendant to avoid breaking the
cool chain. In addition, the supply of power to the gen-set is critical. Therefore, three basic
activities are executed when transported on trucks, trains, and vessels or in planes and during
temporary storage in the yard reefer rack: plugging, unplugging and monitoring.
 460V typically powers reefer containers. A reefer unit requires a three-phase electrical system
with a supply voltage of 440/460-volt, whereas some units are also available with three-phase
208/230-volt transformers. Because of the high voltage, safety is a high priority during reefer
handling, especially when plugging and unplugging the unit by reefer attendants.
 Before plugging the reefer, the power source must be off. Then, the reefer cord can be pulled
out. First, reefer attendant must inspect it for damage (e.g. exposed wires, cuts), and if
detected, they must be reported. Never plug in a damaged power cord! Next, the reefer
attendant should also check the condition of the power plug itself. If the power plug is
cracked or crushed, are there any burn marks, or the pins are not in good condition, don't use
the power plug. Eventually, connect the power cord with the power receptacle and secure the
safety ring. Now the reefer attendant can turn the power on. When the reefer attendant looks
at the reefer display, it should appear.
 The display of all manufacturers will show the actual temperature inside the reefer unit,
power supply, and a menu to operate the display, settings and any alarms. Typically, the
temperature zone should be set, but if this is missing, it must be entered by reefer attendant to
adjust the unit temperature to the recommended temperature range for the transported cargo.
Not all cargo needs a deep freeze.
 One of the main tasks of a reefer attendant (e.g. in a container terminal, but also the truck
driver) is to monitor, document, and even sometimes correct on request the settings and
temperature inside the reefer unit. As each unit has a recommended temperature range, the

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 reefer attendant must compare it with the data shown on the reefer display. If they deviate,
she must act. Either way, data shown at the display must be recorded with a time log for
documentation and potential damage claims from the cargo owner. Data includes not only
temperature but also humidity, power supply, and also alarms.
 Manual reefer monitoring in a container terminal can be tedious as there are sometimes
hundreds and thousands of refrigerated containers stacked up to 3-4 containers high.
Monitoring means inspecting every reefer individually, checking for alarms and documenting
the displayed values. Every shift, a reefer attendant must check for warnings and write down
the monitoring data for the record of all reefers in the yard.
 As reefer attendant walk literally from refrigerated containers to the next, another safety
aspect becomes omnipresent: terminal vehicles such as cranes, RTGs and other machinery are
constantly moving and represent a potentially fatal hazard in the yard. For safety reasons,
automated operations (e.g., cranes) must stop before personnel can enter the area (a dedicated
reefer block) and continue their inspection. In addition, idle machines reduce the overall
terminal efficiency, resulting in higher costs per movement.
 Before a reefer is picked up by container handling equipment (CHE) for relocation within the
yard, onto a truck or loading on a vessel, it must be disconnected from power. To unplug a
reefer correctly, the reefer attendant must first turn off the power source before touching the
power cord or the plug. Then she can unlock the safety ring from the power plug and remove
the power cord from the receptacle. Finally, the power cord is coiled into the cord housing in
front of the reefer unit. With the power cord secured, the unit is clear to be moved.
 Unplugging a refrigerated container has to be done with good timing. Unplugging a container
too early can end the reefer without a power source for too long and endanger the cargo inside
the unit. On the other hand, if it is unplugged late, it may delay loading a vessel and even
leaving an entire container ship. In the worst case, unplugging is forgotten, and a container
handling equipment removes the reefer unit too early, causing a rupture of the power cable,
damage to the gen-set and risk of further damages or even accidents due to hanging cables.
 The final task of moving reefer containers out of the container terminal is to hand out a record
of the monitoring data recorded and monitored by the reefer attendant to the shipping line.
They must be kept for potential claims.

AUTOMATED REEFER OPERATIONS IMPROVING SAFETY

As we have seen, reefer operations are tedious, labour-intensive, potentially harmful and
subject to claims if not handled correctly. One answer to improving the reefer logistics process is to
automate it, except for the steps of plugging and unplugging reefers from power:

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 1. Improves speed and quality of processes: Information is available at any time 24/7 for
every single reefer.
2. Increases visibility in the field: The conditions (power supply, temperature, alarms) are
visible to the reefer attendant independently of his current position.
3. Protection & prevention against claims: Automated reefer solutions record temperature
and other factors and serve as safe documentation in case of claims. It is easy to produce
digital records anytime and on any reefer.
4. Prevents human error: Temperature is set up by the system following the shipping
document. Therefore, there is no space for human error.
5. Energy monitoring: First, the energy supply is monitored. Second, the energy usage is
calculated and can become automatically part of the invoice.
6. Peak shaving: As energy peaks are costly and reefers can be without power for a specific
time before dropping temperature, yard consumption peaks can be avoided when shutting
down reefers selectively.
7. Improves safety: As the system reduces the amount of manual work in the yard, potential
risks for the workforce decrease accordingly. Personnel can focus on remote work or on
other aspects of reefer operations (e.g. plug/unplug).
In conclusion, automated solutions manage the reefer logistics process: Automated
monitoring, alarm management and escalation, digital reefer record and energy consumption
monitoring.
1. Usually, automated checking includes also:
2. Possible error conditions
3. Set-points (TOS vs controller)
4. Container ID vs manifest
5. Set-point vs temperatures
6. State transitions (Illegal state transitions - move before disconnection)
7. Work order completion
8. Alarm resolution
9. Unplanned / accidental disconnects
10. Reefer power loss
11. System status & interface health
12. All problems detected result in alarms

Reefer Container Shipment

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 Procedures and guidelines for stowage of reefer containers shall be adhered to. A reefer
container list or manifest must accompany every reefer container proposed for shipment.
Additionally read our article on:
1. Reefer cargo Handling in Port: Reefer containers shall be plugged in and supplied with
ships power by the reefer attendant as soon as practicable after loading. In case it is to be done
by shore hands, ship’s crew shall still closely monitor the operation and confirm that all reefer
containers are supplied with power earliest after loading.
2. Reefer cargo care at sea: At sea, all reefer containers shall be monitored by checking
physically at least twice daily (weather permitting). All monitored data for each reefer
container on board shall be entered in a reefer monitoring log and retained for three years.
Some reefer containers with special cargo (e.g., VIP cargo) come with instructions for more
frequent monitoring and reporting. Such instructions shall be strictly followed.
3. Commodities Shipped In Reefer Containers: Some cargoes may require controlled
humidity (e.g. flower bulbs). In such cases, many refrigeration units are only capable of
reducing humidity within the cargo space, and the settings should be applied accordingly.
4. Reefer Cargo Temperature Recording: A Part-low recorder registers temperature on a
pressure-sensitive circular chart over 31 day period. If the voyage transit is expected to
exceed 31 days, care must be taken to ensure charts are replaced before expiry. The first chart
should be placed underneath the new chart to build up a complete temperature record for the
entire voyage up until arrival at the final destination.
5. Reefer Cargo Maintaining Records: Monitoring the digital & chart temperatures of all
reefer containers at least twice a day. Daily reefer container temperature checklists should be
maintained, and printouts from monitoring unit should be preserved.
6. Reefer Cargo Care During Sea Transit: Reefer containers usually have their own
refrigeration unit, with an air or water-cooled heat exchanger. They have a data logger to
record the temperature. The logger may be in the form of a Partlow chart or a digital logger.
They usually contain high-value cargo, and any damage to cargo would likely result in
substantial claims.
7. Reefer Cargo Defrosting: During the operation of a refrigeration unit, a layer of ice will
form on the evaporator coils depending on the temperature set, the temperature of the cargo,
the amount of fresh air ventilation and the cargo humidity. The unit periodically enters a
phase where heat is produced by a series of electrical bars, allowing defrosting to occur. At
such times, all fans are turned off automatically to prevent heat from entering the cargo
compartment.

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 8. Basic check item prior stowing Reefer Cargo: Stowage location of reefers must be checked
against vessels reefer receptacle locations. In case reefer containers must be loaded in random
locations, it must be confirmed that monitoring and repair will be possible during the voyage,
and that vessel has sufficient extension cables for providing power.

Reefer Container Checklist

During the daily reefer container checks, its condition shall be checked for the following:-
1. Power supply
2. Cooling water supply maintained in case of water-cooled machinery
3. Present actual temperature on N4 Navis Express with digital indicator
4. N4 Navis Express verify if any disruption to power supply or fault in unit if abnormal trend is
observed
5. Any alarms displayed on the digital indicator
6. Control box door firmly tightened to prevent any water damage
7. Any abnormal noise or vibration from the refrigerating equipment

Reefer Cargo Handling

In the interest of exercising best cargo care, we appreciate observation of the following
recommendations:
Prior to stuffing
1. Ensure only clean reefer container is accepted from depot
2. Observe the use of adequate packaging material
3. Keep in mind plastic wrapping may act as vapour barrier and prevent air circulation around
the product
4. Ensure your product temperature reflects transport temperature before stuffing commences
5. The reefer cargo should preferably be sourced from a refrigerated loading bay

Stuffing of reefer containers

1. Switch off the power unit during loading operation to avoid ambient air exchange 
2. Ensure product is evenly stuffed in correct manner to avoid obstructions that can result in hot
spots 
3. Do not stack boxes above load line; spacers will help to stabilize cargo and ensure optimal
airflow 
4. Avoid poor air circulation which is amongst primary causes of product deterioration 

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 5. Any free floor area and gaps may not exceed 5% of floor area to avoid negative impact on
airflow 
6. Use board or dunnage material to avoid gaps and open floor areas 
7. Do not load cargo beyond surface provided by  "T-Bar" flooring inside the container 
8. To ensure free airflow, no space between cargo units permitted in front of unit air distribution
point 
9. Adequate refrigeration relies on good air circulation around your entire load

Completing Loading Operation

1. Close doors properly 
2. Ensure correct set point for carrying temperature, humidity and setting of air ventilation 
3. Start-up reefer power unit

PROBLEMS ASSOCAITED WITH REEFER CONTAINERS

There are numerous problems associated with reefer containers, but a less obvious one can
arise when they are not being used for refrigerated cargo and are inadvertently connected up as
refrigerated units. Depending on the cargo, extensive damage can result, and to guard against this
there need to be clear instructions on transport documents and labelling on the container to the effect
that it is "not to be refrigerated". Other common problems arise because the principles and limitations
of container refrigeration are ignored or not fully understood. For example, reefer containers are only
capable of ensuring that the cargo is maintained at the temperature prevailing at the time of stuffing,
and accordingly, they are incapable of freezing a cargo which is not already in a frozen state. Pre-
cooling of the container, and indeed the cargo, to the required temperature is usually critical, but it is
often thought that setting the container temperature at a lower temperature than that required for
carriage will give speedier cooling. This is not the case, the rate of cooling will not be significantly
different and there is the risk that the lower temperature will result in frosting damage to cargo. The
ventilation openings on reefer containers can also be a source of problems, and it is often the case
that these are not in the correct position for the cargo being carried. Most refrigerated loads
(especially fruit), with the exception of frozen goods, fresh meat, and non-organic goods such as
photographic film, require air exchange to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) build up and remove
enzymes which speed up ripening. For frozen cargoes the ventilation openings should always be
closed.
The actual functioning of the reefer equipment is also a source of many problems. There are
numerous accounts of units not being plugged into their power/cooling source correctly, or at all, or
being inadvertently unplugged. This is as much a problem off the ship as it is on, and carriers should

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be aware of their period of responsibility for the goods and in any case ensure that a supervised
regime of manual inspections is rigidly enforced. Reefer system failure is also a problem and pre-trip
inspections (PTI) should be thorough. Appropriate spares and knowledge should be available on
board to effect repairs. The interior fitness of reefer containers is essential, and there are numerous
instances where cargo has been contaminated or otherwise damaged due to improper or insufficient
cleaning and/or removal of previous cargo remnants including odours.
Other common sources of problem lie with temperature setting, recording devices and
stowage arrangements. Incorrect temperature setting is a common occurrence and even when this has
been done by the shipper, the carriers responsibility may become involved if the set temperature is
not checked against bill of lading and shipping/booking instructions. Temperature records are
invariably of great importance and enormous difficulties can arise when recording devices are not
working.
TOOLS REQUIRED FOR REEFER MONITORING ACTIVITIES AT LFT
1. Sets of Screwdrivers
2. Meter to know the voltage or current.
3. Hand gloves
4. Plier
5. Cutter
6. Insulation or Masking. Tape.
7. Official emails to send report.
1. Our own Desk and computer at the reefer station.
2. HHT (Hand Held Terminal)
10. Hard copy notes for CODECO AND COARRI of all reefer inventory for both import and
exports.
11. Refillable industrial gas cylinders (Freon R134a and R404a gas)
12. Fire extinguishers
13. At least a vice
14. Tools box for each reefer attendant
15. A store to keep tools .
16. Industrial nose mask
17. Industrial face shade/glasses.
18. Head warmers for extreme condition
19. Tester
20. Complete engineering overall as applicable to LFT technical unit and not trousers/shirt.
21. Work at height safety belt.

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 22. Tools box compromises of screw drivers, masking tape, electrical knife plus all instruments
needed for maintenance.

CONCLUSION
As refrigerated containers are a vital part of the global supply chain, you don't want to break
the cool chain at any point in the supply chain. However, Reefer cargo is temperature-sensitive and
spoiling it comes with high costs. Managing and monitoring reefers in container terminals is a short
stage of the entire supply chain but critical. Reefer operations in a container terminal are labour-
intensive and need constant monitoring and management. An automated reefer monitoring and
management solution gives you total control of your terminal reefer operations.

COMPLIANCE AND SAFETY

1. Reefer attendant shall ensure that all safety violations in the inspection area are reported
immediately to HSE Team for quick resolution.
2. Reefer attendant shall ensure that no pedestrian movement is allowed around the reefer rack
and outside the during reefer inspection.
3. Reefer attendant shall ensure that all Agents/ freight forwards, Customs officers and other
government agencies follow the LFT Safety and Security procedures and policies during
reefer inspection,
4. Reefer attendant shall ensure that everybody for the inspection exercise is on their complete
PPE during reefer inspection,
5. Reefer attendant shall ensure that the inspection environment is safe for everyone,

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THANK YOU ALL

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