O MATHEMATICS roare t= r Progression Sum of terms in GP. : Sn= alr) veel Arithmetic Progression (A. P.) ‘Sum of Infinite Geometric Progression = a sequence of numbers if the differences See i-r between consecutive terms are the same. 7,10, 13,16 , 19... 1 a2 03 04 5... Gy a= the first term a, = the nth term d = common difference = a2 - a; = a3~ a2 nth term of AP. ay = a+ (n-t)d ‘Sum of terms in AP. (a1 + an) or S,= 5( 201+ (n= 1)d) Geometric Progression ( GP. ) ~ a sequence of numbers if the ratios of consecutive terms are the same 26,18 54, 162 a: a2 a3 a © the first term he nth term Ge r= common ratio aes 4 a nth term of 6.P. an = a rt Harmonic Progression (HP.) =a sequence of numbers in which their reciprocals forms an __ arithmetic progression. HP. AP. 5 A 5 1 3 3 Binomial Theorem Expansion of (a + b)" Properties: 1L_ The number of terms in the expansion of (a+ by'isn+1. 2. The first term is o”, the last term is bY. 3. The exponent of “o" descends linearly from n 400. 4, The exponent of 5, The sum of the exponents of a and b in any of ‘he terms is equal ton. 6. The coefficient of the second term and the second to the last term isn ‘ascends linearly from 0 to rth term of (a+b)" nl ary eye rth term = a ape if middle term:MATHEMATICS Pascal's Triangle ~ used to determine coefficients of the terms in a binomial expansion, (a+b? 1 (a+b)! to. (a+b)? 1 2061 (a+b)? 133 1 (a+by* 14 6 41 (a+b? 1 5 10 10 5 1 (a+b) 1 6 15 Counting Principles, Permutations, Combinations Fundamental Counting Principle Let E: and E2 be two events, The first event E; can occur in m: different ways. After E: has occurred Ez can occur in mz different ways.The number of ways that the two events can occur is mir me, Permutation is an ordering of the elements such that one element is first, one is second, one is third, ‘and so on. Permutations of n elements Pent Permutations of n elements taken r at a time al Distinguishable Permutations ‘Suppose a set of n objects has m: of one kind of object, ne of a second kind, ns of a third kind, and so on, with n= m+ nz # ns + + Me. Cyclical Permutation (Permutation of n things ina circle) P= (n-1)! Combination ~ a method of selecting subsets of a larger set in which order is not important. Combinations of n elements taken r at a time a Probability Probability of an Event Tf an event E has n(E) equally likely outcomes nd its sample space S has n(S) equally likely outcomes, then the probability of event E is pce): ME) , favorable outcome “ n(S) "probable outcomeMATHEMATICS Probability of Independent Events Two events are independent if the occurrence of one has no effect on the occurrence of the other. To find the probability that two independent events will occur, multiply the probabilities of each. P(Aand B ) = P(A) + P(B) Probabilty of Mutually Exclusive Events ‘Two events A and B (from the same sample space) are mutually exclusive if A and B have no outcomes in common, P(A UB) = P(A) + P(B) Probability of the Complement of an Event The complement of an event A is the collection of all outcomes in the sample space that are not AL P.CA‘)=1-P(A) Properties of Exponents 4.09 = 1,040 5, (aby" = ab" 6. (ay) = ah m ay, om 7G oe 8. |c?| = la? Properties of Logarithms Base Logarithm 1. log (uv) = log u + log v 2. log = log u-logv 3. logu" = nlogu 4, logoa = 1 _ logy 5. loge = (ay 6. logsm=n thena"=m 7. logm = logn thenm=n Natural Logarithm 8. In(uy) = Inutiny 9. In == Inu-inv v 10.Inu® = ninu IInu = logeu , €= 2.718 Quadratic Equation Tf Ax? + Bx+C = 0 BB? - 4AC 2A where B? - 4AC is called the discriminant x if B’= 4AC, the roots are equal if B?> 4AC , the roots are real, unequal if B® < 4AC , the roots are imaginary Properties of Roots Sum of roots: x: + x2 = - Product of roots: x1 xe = alamoVerbal Problems MATHEMATICS Equality of Division Key Words and Phrases Verbal Description Algebraic Statement Equals, equal to, is are, was, | The sale price Sis 10less | S=L~-10 will be, represents than the list price L. Addition Sum, plus, greater, increased | The sum of 5 and x 5+x by, more than, exceeds, total | Seven more than y ye7 Subtraction Difference, minus, less, The difference of 4andb | 4-b decreased by, subtracted —_| Three less than z z-3 from, reduced by, the remainder ‘Multiplication Product, multiplied by, twice, | Two times x 2x times, percent of Quotient, divided by, ratio, | The ratio of x and 8 x 8 per Variance and Standard Deviation Standard Deviation Variance = zi (n-1) V= residual where n= no. of trials Work Problem Rate of working x Time working = Completion of the work Rate x Time = 1MATHEMATICS Clock Problem Case I: clock with hour hand and minute hand x= number of minutes the minute hand moves I = number of minutes the hour hand moves Case II: clock with hour hand, minute hand and second hand x= number of seconds the second hand moves p { humber of seconds the minute hand moves x oF ‘the hour hand moves 720 7 Mumber of seconds the Variation Problem xis directly proportional to y xecy @ xzky x is inversely proportional to y xed oxekt Y Y -onstant of proportional Proportion Problem reid e alk bd band care called means aand dare called extremes the fourth proportional to a, b, and c - the mean proportinal to aand bis Yab Rate Problem - motion of body with uniform velocity. Distance = Rate x Time Age Problem Past Present Future was is will be ego nowMATHEMATICS Determinants & Matrices Minors & Cofactors of a square matrix ~ if Aisa square matrix, then the minor My of the entry ay is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column A, The cofactor Gy of the entry ay is given by : y= 1) My, Sign pattern for cofactors Equality of Matrices abe 130 defi = [5 24 gh 89 7 Operations of Matrices 1, Addition / Subtraction 2. Multiplication 3. Adjoint Matrix : Assy - is a matrix formed from the transposed cofactor matrix. 4, Inverse Matrix : At fea lA, Determinants Determinant of 2 x 2 matrix 13 5 2 Determinant of 3 x 3 matrix une man Determinant of 4x 4 matrix 2041 1223 323-2 4-423 Complex Numbers For real numbers a and b, the number a+ bi is a complex number, bi is an imaginary number. 2. lame Operations of complex numbers Addition (a+ bi)+ (c+ di)= (a+ c)+(b+d)i Subtraction (a+bi)- (c+ di) =(a-c)+(b- d)i Multiplication (a+ bile + di) Division a+bi erdiPartial Fractions Distinct Linear Factors x7 ox the partial fraction decomposition is: x47 A 3 ax-6 Repeated Linear Factors Sx? +20x+6 wH2x +x the partial fraction decomposition is: 5x°420x46_ A, BoC Paatex ox xe] GaiF Distinct Linear and Quadratic Factors Bx? ear +4r the partial fraction decomposi Bxt4dr44 A Br tC tds x ed Repeated Quadratic Factors 8x° +13x @? +2) the partial fraction decomposition is: Bx 13x _ Ax +B, Cx+D GD? x42) (44) MATHEMATICS PLANE GEOMETRY & MENSURATION TRIANGLE ~ a polygon having three sides. b S Right triangle - is a tiangle having one right angle a Area, A= dab Pythagorean theorem: c”= a” + b* aS y Area, A ZN 7 CIRCLE - is a plane closed curve, all points of which are at the same distance from a point within called the center Isosceles triangle -is a triangle having two equal sides xysin@ or A= Sxoosind Equilateral triangle -is a triangle having three equal sides A circle is inscribed in a a polygon when the sides of the b= polygon are tangent tit Area of triangle ° Arrs . a+b+ Inscribedcircle = S= “ 2CIRCLE - is a plane closed curve, all points of which areat the same distance from a point within called the center A circle is inscribed in a polygon when the sides ofthe polygon are tangent oi Area of triangle. Azrs arbre 2 Inscribed circle Se A circle is circumscribed about a polygon when it passes through the vertices of the polygon. Area of triangle abe a Acie is escribed outside 2 triangle if itis tangent to one side and the other two side prolonged. Area of triangle A=r(s-a) ‘The bisectors of the three angles ofa triangle meet at a ‘common point caled the incenter, which is equidistant from the three sides of the triangle. incenter MATHEMATICS The perpencicular bisectors ofthe sides ofa triangle pass through a common point J | called circumcenter, which is equidistant from the three a 7 vertices of the tangle circumcenter ‘An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is @ point ‘onthe circle and whose sides TT | are chords. inscribed angle ‘A central angle is an angle | whose vertex i the center of the center and whose sides aera central angle An inscribed angle is measured by one-half the central angle 6: nieCIRCLE - isa plane closed curve, all points of which are'at the saine distance from a poi within called the center A circle is inscribed in. a polygon when the sides ofthe polygon are tangent ot Area of triangle Azrs atbec Inscribedcircle = S= —> A cile is circumscribed about a polygon when it passes through the vertices ofthe polygon ‘Area of triangle abe Ae ap A circle is escribed outside 2 triangle if itis tangent to one side and the other two side prolonged Area of triangle A=r(s-a) The bisectors of the three angles of a triangle meet al a ‘common point called the incenter, which is equidistant from the three sides of the triangle, incenter MATHEMATICS “The perpendicular bisectors of the sdes ofa tangle pass through a commen point called circumcenter, which is equidistant from the three ~ vertices ofthe triangle. circumcenter ‘An inscribed angle isan angle whose vertex is a point ‘onthe circle and whose sides CT —_ wechords inscribed angle ‘central angle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the cener and whose sides are ri. central angle ‘An insetbed angle measured by oneal the 8 central angle. } 8 _/ o2MATHEMATICS ©) Ptolemy's Theorem: The product of the segments ofa chord intersecting each other are equal, ab=cd Ia tangent and a secant axe drawn toa circle fom the same poiat, the tangent is_a_mean proporional between the entre secant and its ‘extemal segment PA: PA=PB-PC Hi two secant are draun to a Circle from the same pont, the pratuct of one entire secant ‘and ils extemal segments equals the product ofthe oer. PA: PB=PC - PD Cyclic Quadrilateral ac+ bd=d; dz Area of quadrilateral: Az Sd. desind Az is als bys os d) abcdeos?6 atb+ced , ZArZC_2B+D 2 2. 2 © Trapetoid — is a. quadlateral two and only two sides of which ae parallel. 2atb zh exer - sa qadlateral the opposite sides ti oe ple Bai Rhombus isa parallelogram with equal ses are oblique angles AS $e de Polygons - is a plane closed broken line. a by ‘Sum of interior angles = (n-2) 180° ‘number of sides ‘Sum of exterior angles = 360° Octagon Number of diagonals, D n 5 3) 3sides triangle 4sides - quadrilateral Ssides - pentagon 6 sides - hexagon Tsides - heptagon Bsides octagon @sides = nonagon 10sides - decagon 11sides - undecagon 12sides - dodecagonPlane Curvilinear Figures Circular Sector ~ is tho porion of a circle enclosed between two rai and an ar A, Nsctoe = Aciate @ | 360 Circular Segment ~ is the Potton of 2 circle enclosed between chord andits ae Asegnent = Asector= Atsarle SOLID GEOMETRY & MENSURATION Cone ~ a sold bounded by a cori¢ surface and a plane tL intersecting all te elements. areh Volume : V= ED : Lateral Area: Sear Frustum of a Cone - isthe potion of a cone incuded ED between the base and a section paral to the base. ER) mere bee oe) Loteral Area: $= m(R+r)L MATHEMATICS (LEZ LS Pyramid isa polyhedron incosed by three or more tiangular faces | wth commen vertex, and one ater plane face called base . ye At olume : V= Lateral Area, S = perimeter of base multiplied ty one half the sint height Frustum of a Pyramid ~ is the part of the pyramid incuded between is base and a section paral to its base, h Volume, V= 3(8+b+ VBE) Lateral Area, S = jg the sum of the perimeter of the bases multiplied by one half the slant height ‘Sphere — is a sold bounded by surface all points of which are equidistant fom a point called the centr. ral Volume, V= = Surface Area, S=4 7 ‘Spherical Zone (One base) Surface Area, § = 2arh ‘Spherical Zone (Two bases) Surface Area, S = 2nrhLacecrzos\ MATHEMATICS A Spherical Segment (One base) A i mh = Gr-h) Volume, ‘Spherical Segment (Two bases) Volume, V hs ths h Flee? +3b2 + 4h2) Lilly ‘Spherical Sector Spherical Cone LW Volume, V = ou? h i "Spherical Wedge 30 270° 0 = central angle of wedge Volume, V = © spherical Lune me 90° (© = central angle of une Surface Area, S = “Triangular spherical Pyramid mee Volume, V = = E=A+B+C- 180 ‘Spherical Triangle mre Ares, A= aa E=A+B+C-180 TN @ Right Prism | Volume, | Asbase area ‘Ah “Truncated Prism Volume, V= A (Narra) ‘Axbase area y.. Prismatoid Volume, V: Eiveatar ne) [As & a= ond area + Ay= area atid section Cube Volume, V Surface Area, S = 6a° Radius of sphere circumscribing a cube R=a 2 a= side of cubePOLYHEDRON - is a solid bounded by planes, Tetrahedron ~a polyhedron having four equal faces each cof which isan equilateral triangle Vvoume os 12° Surface rea A= 3a? Radius of Inscrbe Sphere 6 R= 42? a= length of side of plone Hexahedran ~ a polyhedron having six plane faces. Volume Ve ai Surface Area A= 6a? Radius of inscribe Sphere a 2 Ociahedron — a polyhedron having eight equal faces each of which is an equilateral tangle Volume Radius of Inscrbe Sphere ve R= Dodlecahedron ~a polyhedron having twelve equal faces each of which isa regular pentagon. Volume V= 7.66a* Surface Area A= 2065a? of inscribe Sphere R= t.ta MATHEMATICS Isocahedron ~a polyhedron having twenty equal faces each of which is an equilateral triangle. Volume 2.18a° Surface Area A= 8680" ius of Inseribe Sphere 76a PLANE TRIGONOMETRY Right Angle Formulas Hypotenuse, © Opposite, a ‘Adjacent, b sino = ,cppesite 2 hypotenuse ¢ adjacent _b Cos = —iecent .P hypotenuse ¢ sin@_a tong = 288 2a cos8 b cos8_b cote = 22 ore sind a ieee seco = — ec = eos 1 csco= 2 sind ~ Versed sin @ = 1~ cos 0 Coversed sin 0 = 1~ sin @ Exsecont = secO-1 Pythagorean Relation sec @=1+ tan? 0 sin? 0+ cos? = 1 esc? 0= 1+ cot?Fundamental Identities ‘Addition Formula sin(A+B)= sin A cos B+ sin B cos A cos(A+B)= cos A cos B- sinAsinB A+ ton (A+ pys tm A+ tonB 1 tan AtanB Subtraction Formula sin(A-B)= sin A cos B-sinB cos A cos (A-B)= cos A cos B+ sin A sin B An ton(A-B)= tOA-tonB_ 1+ tan AtanB Double Angle Formula sin 2A=2 sin A cos A cos 2A= cos? A-sin?A=1-2 sin? A 2tana tan 2a = 4 tan2A 2 AA cot 2a LAT 2cotA Powers of Function sin? 1 plt-eos 2a) cos* Az 4+ cos 2a) a, 1008 28 jan? = ST " Teas 2A eqs 12082 cot AS cos 2A Law of Sines sind _ sinB _ sinC abc A Law of Cosines b P= bP +c? 2be Cos A b?=a?+ c?- 2ac Cos B c chs a +b? ~ Zab Cos C MATHEMATICS SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY Right Spherical Triangles a Right Spherical Triangle Napie's Circle Nopier's Rules Rule I (Tan - Ad Rule) : The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the tangents of ‘the two adjacent parts. Rule II (Co - Op Rule) : The sine of any middle part is equal to the product of the cosines of the ‘two opposite parts [Note : In applying Napier’s Rules, any one of the five circular parts mentioned above maybe called a middle part, the parts next to it are adjacent parts, and the other two parts are called opposite parts Oblique Spherical Triangles B Law of Sines Law of Cosines for the Sides cos.a= cosb cosc+sinb sinc cos A cos b= cos acos c+ sina sinc cos B cos c= cosa cos b+ sinasinb cos C Law of Cosines for the Angles cos A=- cos B cos C+ sin B sinC cosa cos B=-cos AcosC+sin AsinC cosb cos C= - cos A.cos B+ sin Asin B cos ¢STRAIGHT LINE . AG, 0) Distance Formula Pi.y) MATHEMATICS ANALYTIC GEOMETRY Pola ya) #COa,yi) ao Slope, m= tan a - RQ © (PRI POs yi), x Ba ,0) Q0a.99) # RG, ¥) x Yar¥s Xa 7X) Parallel Lines . Line 1: slope is m Line 2: slope is ms m= mz iT x Perpendicular Lines y Line 1: slope is my my m= x Line : slope ism, The Straight Line Equations 1, Two-Point Form: y-yi = P(2,y3) Qc.) 2, Point-Slope Form: y—yi=m (x—x1) y Posy lo Line : slope is m3. Slope-Intercept Form : y=mx+b y oS Line : slope is m 4, Intercept Form: ~ a oh " y aN 5. General Form: Ax + By+C=0 Distance from a point to a line:d = a Pry) 4 x 0 Ax+By+C=0 m =m, ‘Angle between two lines: tan @ = "2+ T+ mm, Line 1 :slope is my Line 2 : slope is mz MATHEMATICS CIRCLE ~ a locus of a point which moves at a constant distance from a fixed point called the center and the constant distance of any point from the center is called the radius. Equation of Circle 1, General Form : Ax? + By? + Dx + Ey + F=0 2, Standard Form ©, Center at origin: C(O , 0) y b. Center at (hk): C(h,k) y (= hY + -KYPARABOLA = a locus of a points which are equidistant from a fixed point called the focus and a fixed line called the directrix. AS directrix L axis of parabola Eccentrcity: e=1 Latur Rectum : LR = 4a Equation of Parabola 1. General Form a. Axis parallel to x. Ax? + Dx + Ey+F £0 b, Axis parallel to y. By’ + Dx + Ey+F=0 MATHEMATICS 2. Standard Form a. Vextex at V(0,0) and opening to the right 1 — " b. Vextex at V(0,0) and opening to the left 1 ¢. Vextex at V(0,0) and opening upward x day d, Vextex at V(0,0) and opening downward v x =- dayMATHEMATICS €, Vextex at V(h, k) and opening to the right 4 (yk)? = 4a(x—h) f. Vextex at V(h, k) and opening to the left ! (y=? == 4agx—h) h. Vextex at V(h, k) and opening downward i (xh)? =-4a(y—-k) ELLIPSE ~ locus of a point whose sum of the distances from two fixed points called the foci is constant and is equal to the length of the major axis, 2a. ASD ino ais Girectix Greate major axis, = center of ellipse F, &Fe= the two fixed points called foci Vi & Ve= vertices of ellipse a+.a= length of major axis = di + de c Eccentricity: e= £ must be less than 1 a a Distance from center to directrix: d= < e Relation of a, b and ¢ : a? = b* +c? at Length of latus rectum : LR = Equation of Ellipse 1, General Form «4. Major axis parallel to x Ax? + By? + Dx + Ey +F = 0 b, Major axis parallel to y. Ax? + By? + Dx+ Ey +F 20MATHEMATICS 2. Standard Form ©, Center at C(0,0) and major axis parallel to x : Boy ee ee b, Center at C(0,0) and major axis parellel toy A 2 ¢. Center at C(h,k) and major axis parallel to x d. Center at C(h,k) and major axis parallel to y A (x-h)* gy-k? HYPERBOLA = a locus of a point whose difference of the distances from two fixed points called the foci is constant and is equal to the length of the transverse axis, 26MATHEMATICS SS transverse axis “conjugate axis 2 eis sxsymtote — C= center of hyperbola Fi & Fe the two fixed points called foci V1 & Vee vertices of hyperbola a+ a= length of transverse axis = dz- di Eccentricity: e = a must be greater than 1 Distance from center to directrix: d= © e 26 bt Relation of a, b and ¢ Length of latus rectum : LR Equation of Hyperbola 1, General Form a. Transverse axis parallel to x. Ae - By? + Dx+ Ey + F 20 b. Transverse axis parallel toy. By? - Ax? + Dx + Ey+ F=0 2, Stondard Form 1 Center at C(0,0) and transverse axis parallel to x ’b Center at €(0,0) and transverse oxis parallel 40 y vues . Center at C(h,k) and transverse exis parallel to x 1 6 (-hy?_y-W? d. Center at C(h,k) ond transverse axis porallel to y 4 A (y-&* (x-hy? Equilateral Hyperbola 2xy =MATHEMATICS @) Tangents and Normals To get equation of a tangent line on a curve at a given point PCx:, i) normal ~ change x? to x x: < ~ change y* toy yi tangent x ~ change x to = change y to - ange te ESV Another method to get equation of a tangent line on a curve at a given point P(x:, yi) Equation of tangent : y ~ yx = Mm (x - xi) gy me ox m= first derivative of y wrt x of the equation of curve at point P(x: . yi) Equation of normal : y ~ sm me= 1 me (x - x1) Diameter of Conics diameter Diameter = locus of the mid-points of a system of parallel chord. fi aon Equation of diameter: m= m= slope of the parallel chords oy dx irst derivative of the equation of conic Cartesian and Polar Coordinates L polar axis Cartesian coordinates : P (x,y) Polar coordinates : P(r, 0.) Solid Analytic Geometry 42 ze Distance between two points dz fx’. +y%+2% Direction CosinesMATHEMATICS @) Distance from a point Pi(xi, y1, 21) to the Plane Ax + By + Cz+D=0. [Ax +8y, 2621+ | fat +B? +c? Angle between two planes Axe By + Ciz+D=0 Aox + Bay Gaz + D = 0 [Arka + BBs + Cal Cos @= a ° Tate B,2+ Ce ApoB, oC? DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS FORMULAS Algebraic Functions: 1 ¢ is constant d(w)=udvevdu u,_ vdu-udv ay Logarithmic & Exponential Functions: d(Inu)= # d(o*) =tlnadu ais constant d(e!) ze'du du 4 (loge w) = Trigonometric Functions d(sinu) = cos udu d (cos u) =~ sinu du d (tan u) = sec u du d (cot u) = -ese? udu d (secu) = secu tan udu d(escu) =~ esc ucot udu Inverse Trigonometric Functions d(aresin uy = ot =u? d (orceosu)= 2 hue d (arctan u) = = teu du d(arccot u) = d (arcsec u) = d (arccosec u) = ‘Theorems of Limits Limit of a Constant lim, ti, Obvious Limit ainxe? Limit of a Product lim, 2x? = fim, (2 x+x) = 2-2-2 8 Limit of a Sum slim, OF +3) lim, (8+3)=11 cy Limit of a Quotient x83 11MATHEMATICS @ _———— MS Curvature of Curve, k Iv 3 [+9]? Radius of Curvature, p 4 ak Center of Curvature of a Curve Abscissa: a b+ @?] Y Ordinate: B = y+ So Polnts of Inflection ‘At points of inflection, the second derivative of ay ae y is zero, ¥"= Slope of the curve The slope of the curve y = f(x) at any point is the first derivative of the function, y= 3 APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION ‘Maxima and \inima Guides in solving problems of maxima and minima 1. Draw a figure when appropriate 2. Assign a letter to each of the quantities mentioned in the problem. 3. Select the quantity which is to be made a maximum or minimum and express it as a function of the other quantities. 4, Use information in the problem fo eliminate all quantities but one so os to have a function of one variable. 5. differentiate and equate to zero, to get ‘the maximum or minimum. Related Rates Guides in solving problems of related rates 1. Draw a diagram, Label any numerical quantities which remain fixed throughout the problem (such as dimensions). 2. Denote all quantities which change with time by letters. A relation (or relations) is found among the quantities which vary: these relations must hold for all time. 3, Toke differentials of the relation or relations found in guide 2. Divide by dt to obtain a relation among the derivatives, 4, Insert the special numerical values of all quantities to get the desired result.MATHEMATICS ‘a z ITEGRAL CALCUL t {wiecrat onLoutus } V5 ty ol a FORMULAS | wl ipeecuemr aes vecetale Jurdue Gre wee? 9 u Jord = eve Integration by Parts du Vf adv euv- J vdu ye In ful+e Jerdus Mee ine J sinudu = -cosute Jcosudu = sinute J sectudu = tanure Jsecutanudu = secure Jsecudu = In|secu+tanu|+e Sescudu = -In|escucotul+e J esctudu = -coture J csc ucot udu escuteENGINEERING ECONOMY. ENGINEERING ECONOMY Simple Interest =the interest earned by the principal is computed at the end of the investment period. t ~ a Future Worth: F=P+I Interest earned : I= Prt P = principal or present worth r= simple interest rate (per year ) t= time in years of fraction of a year Ordinary simple interest = the interest is computed on the basis of one banker's year ( 1 banker's year = 360 days ) Exact simple interest = the interest is based on the exact number of days ina year ( ordinary year = 365 days, leap year = 366 days) Compound Interest = the interest is computed every end of each interest period (compounding period) and the interest earned for that period is added to the principal. 0 n 7 F rn compounding period Future Worth: F=P(1 +i)" fective interest per interest period nominal interest rate = Tumber of compounding per year n= total number of compoundings To compute values of i and r: nominal interest rate = 12 % number of years of investme @. compounded annually iz 02/1 = 012 nz 6(1) = 6 b. compounded semi-annually i= 0.12/2 = 0.06 n= 6(2) = 12 ¢. compounded quarterly i= 0.12/4 = 0.03 nz 6(4) = 24 d. compounded monthly i= 0.12/12 = 0.01 nz 6(12) = 72 e. compounded bi-monthly i= 0.12/6 = 0.02 nz 6(6) = 36 unt = 6 years Continuous compounding Future Worth : F = Pe™ Annuity * isa series of uniform payments made at equal intervals of time. i. as payment of a debt by a series of equal payment at equal time intervals, also known as amortization ji, to accumulate a certain amount in the future by depositing equal amounts at equal time intervals, these amounts are called sinking fund. iii, as a substitute periodic payment for a future lump sum payments.ENGINEERING ECONOMY. Ordinary Annuity = the payments is made at the end of each period starting from the first period Future Worth: F= AEG*O 1) F i ? Present Worth : a A= periodic payment P= present worth of all periodic payments F = future worth of all the periodic payments after the last payment is made interest rate per payment number of payments Uniform Payment Series with Continuous Compunding A Present Worth : P= Future Worth : F = Deferred Annuity «the first payment is deferred a certain number of periods after the first. 2 fa ‘Annuity Due ~ the payment is ma period starting from the ig an annuity where the payment indefinitely. A Present worth of perpetuity :P = — ~ is the decrease in t usage of passage of time. cost inst cost ‘otal depreciation after m years BVp = book value after m years m= any time before n n= life of the property in years SV= salvage value de at the beginning of each first period. Perpetuity periods extend forever or the periodic payments continue Depreciation he value of an asset due to n time|ENGINEERING ECONOMY. Methods of Computing Depreciation Straight Line Method FC-sv Annuel Depreciation = Total Depreciation after m years FC-8V (m) inst Cost ~ Depreciation Book Valu Sinking Fund Method ‘Annual Depreciation = et Total Depreciation after m years = AL(ei"-1) Declining Balance Method (Wathesons Method) Depreciation at the m" year = FC(1-ky"k k= ennuel rate of depreciation ot VRC oak value at them" year =FC(I-K)” Double Declining Balance Method Depreciation at the m” year 2 FC(1-k)™k k= annual rate of depreciation 2 Book value at the m™ year = FC(I-k)" Sum of Yeors Digit Method Life of Property = 10 ‘Sum of years digit = 55 Year Depreciation 1 (Fc Sv) 10/55 2 (Fc- Sv) 9/55 Annual Cost, AC 'AC= ennual interest of investment + annual operation and mainter + annuol depreciation cost . (Fe-S\i ACs (FC) + OC Trang nance Capitalized Cost ‘Annual Cost Benefit Cost Ratio _ Present Worth of Benefits Present Worth of Cost Payout Period Fixed Capital Investment = Fmnual Profit + Annual DepreciationMATHEMATICS Area in Polar Coordinates Rules of Symmetry Rule 1 If the substitution of (r, -0) for (r, 0) yields the same equation, the graph is symmetric with respect to the x - axis. Rule 2 Tf the substitution of (r, x - 0) for (r, 0) yields the same equation, the graph is symmetric with respect to the y~ axis. Rule 3 Tf the substitution of (-r, 0) or of (r, 0 + x) for (e9) yields the same equation, the graph is symmetric with respect to the pole. Limacons rzasbcos0 or r=azbsin0 7 XY rzasacos0 or r=azasind NE SN Baa ea = Sai area= 5 Lemniscates r= a® cos 20 or r= asin 20 Areas aMATHEMATICS Rose or Petal r=acosn or r=asinnd + number of petals is equal to n if n is an odd integer + number of petals is equal to 2n if n is even integer.Plane Areas by Integration dx. Vertical Strip: A= [dA=JLax=J MATHEMATICS