Al-Farabi University College

Petroleum Engineering Department

Reservoir Engineering Lab.
Sabreen Ali Abd Al-Kareem Majeed
Third Stage - B -
2022-11-02

 Water Content by Dean and Stark

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  Aim:
Determine the water content in the rock so that saturation or
porosity is calculated by saturation.

 Introduction:
There are many Concepts that yield water as a co-product where
removal of the water as it is produced is necessary to drive the
reaction to completion and this is done using a Dean - Stark
apparatus. The reaction is carried out under reflux in a solvent
which is less dense than water. The determination of the amount of
water in crude oil and petroleum products has always been
important. Rather than paying crude oil prices for water, contracts
have been based on "net dry oil" This is calculated by reducing the
total gross standard volume (GSV) by the amount of water and
sediment present as determined by analyzing a sample of the oil.
Accurate analysis for the water content is usually more difficult
than the determination of gross volume, temperature, and gravity of
the oil. The water content of oil can be determined either by static or
dynamic methods. The static methods require that a sample of the
oil be removed from the pipeline or tank; then it is analyzed.
Dynamic methods determine the water content as the oil flows
through, or past, an instrument located in the pipe. The following
will focus on the determination of water content in the static state.

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 Saturation Determination, Dean-Stark Distillation
 Procedure:
1. Balance a clean, dry core chamber. Use tongs to handle
the core chamber.
2. Place the cylindrical core plug inside the core chamber.
3. Fill the extraction flask two-thirds full with toluene. Place
the core chamber with sample into the long neck flask.
4. Tighten the ground joint fittings, but do not apply any
lubricant for creating tighter joints. Start circulating
cold water in the condenser.
5. Turn on the heating unit and adjust the rate of boiling.
The water circulation rate should be adjusted so that
excessive cooling does not prevent the condenser solvent
from reaching the core sample.
6. Continue the extraction until the solvent is clear. Change
solvent if necessary.
7. Read the volume of collected water in the graduated tube.

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 Apparatus:
 Flask of 500ml capacity made of heat resistant glass well
annealed and as free as possible from stark and similar
defects. The top of the neck shall be ground to from the
socket of a ground glass joint.
 Condenser made of heat resistant glass well annealed and
as free as possible from stark and similar defects.
 Receiver made of heat resistant glass well annealed and
as free as possible from stark and similar defects.
 Heat resistant glasses well annealed and as free as possible
from stark and similar defects.
 100 ml graduated cylinder.
 A suitable Gas burner or Electric heater Solvent.
 The solvent may be any one of the following.
 Blend of 20% by volume of industrial-grade Toluene and
80% by volume of industrial-grade Xylene.
 Petroleum or coal tar naphtha free from water yielding not
more than 5% distillate at 125°C and not less
than 20% at 160°C .
 Petroleum spirit with a boiling range of 100 to 120°C.

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 Calculations: