Soran University

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Properties LAB

Title: Density of Fluids

Experiment No.: 01

Name: Kaify Abubakr

Group: C2

Date: 17 Feb 2019

Supervisor (s): Mr. Foad Yousefi

Ms. Mariam Wanli

Table of Contents
1. Aim .............................................................................................................................. 2

2. Theory ......................................................................................................................... 2

3. Apparatus .................................................................................................................... 3

4. Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 3

5. Calculation .................................................................................................................. 4

6. Results and Discussion ................................................................................................ 5

7. Conclusion................................................................................................................... 7

8. References ................................................................................................................... 7

List of Figures
Figure 1:Hydrometer ............................................................................................................ 2
Figure 2:Pycnometer ............................................................................................................ 3
Figure 3: Density of gasoline (hydrometer) ......................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Density of gasoline (pycnometer) ........................................................................ 6

List of Tables
Table 1:Results of Hydrometer ............................................................................................ 5
Table 2: Results of Pycnometer ........................................................................................... 5

1
1. Aim
To determine density of liquids at various temperature by using pycnometer and
hydrometer.

2. Theory
Density is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its volume.
An object with much matter in a certain volume has high density. An object with little matter
in the same amount of volume has a low density. Density is found by dividing the mass of an
object by its volume (sachan, 2010).

𝑚
𝜌=
𝑣

where ρ is the density, m is the mass, and V is the volume.

There are several different methods to determine density, including pycnometer and
hydrometer methods. A hydrometer is a glass float with lead ballast that is floated in the liquid
(see Figure 1). The level at which hydrometer is floating in the liquid is proportional to the
specific gravity of the liquid. Through graduation of the hydrometer the specific gravity can be
read directly from the stalk of hydrometer (Riazi, 2005). Specific gravity is defined as the ratio
of the density of the liquid to the density of water. The pycnometer is a flask with a close-fitting
ground glass stopper with a fine hole through it, so that a given volume can be accurately
obtained (see Figure 2). This enables the density of a fluid to be measured accurately, by
reference to an appropriate working fluid such as water or mercury, using an electrical balance
(Anon., 2004).

Figure 1:Hydrometer

2
 Figure 2:Pycnometer

3. Apparatus
Martials:

• Gasoline

Equipment:

• Beaker
• Electronic balance
• Graduated cylinder
• Thermometer
• Heater
• Pycnometer
• Hydrometer

4. Procedure
A. Using Hydrometer
1. Filled the beaker with gasoline.
2. Recorded temperature by thermometer.
3. Poured gasoline to the graduated cylinder.
4. Determined the density of the liquid at temperature 14°C using hydrometer.
5. Filled the beaker with gasoline and put on a heater to increase temperature.
6. Heated the sample to measure its density at temperatures 20, 26, 32 and 42°C.
3
 B. Using Pycnometer
1. Measured the mass of empty, dry pycnometer (100 ml).
2. Filled the pycnometer with gasoline and measured the mass of the pycnometer
with gasoline, then calculate mass of gasoline.
3. Recorded temperature by thermometer.
4. Determined the density of the liquid at temperature 14°C.
5. Filled the beaker with gasoline and put on a heater to increase temperature.
6. Heated the sample in order to measure mass of the sample at several different
temperatures 20, 26, 32 and 42°C.
7. Calculated their densities at the specified temperatures.

5. Calculation
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 28.55𝑔 , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 110.75 𝑔 , 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 100𝑐𝑚3, 𝑇 = 14 °C

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 110.75 − 28.55 = 82.2 𝑔

𝑚 82.2
𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = = = 0.822 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑣 100

𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.828 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 28.55𝑔 , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 110.34 𝑔 , 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 100𝑐𝑚3, 𝑇 = 20 °C

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 110.34 − 28.55 = 81.76 𝑔

𝑚 81.76
𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = = = 0.8176 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑣 100

𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.8255 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 28.55𝑔 , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 109.74 𝑔 , 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 100𝑐𝑚3, 𝑇 = 26 °C

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 109.74 − 28.55 = 81.19 𝑔

𝑚 81.19
𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = = = 0.8119 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑣 100

𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.818 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

4
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 28.55𝑔 , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 109.5 𝑔 , 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 100𝑐𝑚3, 𝑇 = 32 °C

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 109.5 − 28.55 = 80.95 𝑔

𝑚 80.95
𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = = = 0.8095 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑣 100

𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.815 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 28.55𝑔 , 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 109.05 𝑔 , 𝑉𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 100𝑐𝑚3, 𝑇 = 42 °C

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑛𝑜+𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 109.05 − 28.55 = 80.5 𝑔

𝑚 80.5
𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = = = 0.805 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3
𝑣 100

𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.809 𝑔/𝑐𝑚3

6. Results and Discussion

Table 1:Results of Hydrometer

Temperature (°c) Density (g/cm3)

14 0.8280
20 0.8225
26 0.8180
32 0.8150
42 0.8090

Table 2: Results of Pycnometer

Temperature (°c) Density (g/cm3)

14 0.8220
20 0.8176
26 0.8119
32 0.8095
42 0.8050

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 Density of gasoline (Hydrometer)
45

40

35

30
Temperature (c)

25

20

15

10

0
0.805 0.81 0.815 0.82 0.825 0.83
Density by Hydrometer (g/cm3)

Figure 3: Density of gasoline (hydrometer)

Density of gasoline (Pycnometer)

45
40
35
Temperature (c)

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.8 0.805 0.81 0.815 0.82 0.825
Density by pycnometer (g/cm3)

Figure 4: Density of gasoline (pycnometer)

The results that have been calculated and plotted above are the results of density of water
at various temperatures. In this experiment, the densities of gasoline were measured at various
temperatures using two different methods: pycnometer and hydrometer. As the temperature
increased, the density decreased. Errors might have been detected due to the inaccurately
temperature increase.

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7. Conclusion
In the lab experiment two methods of measuring density were familiarized and densities of
water at varying temperatures were determined once by pycnometer and another one by
hydrometer. It is concluded that density is inversely proportional to temperature. All in all, our
hypothesis for measuring density of liquid was confirmed.

8. References
• Anon., 2004. Determining Density Using the Pycnometer, s.l.: s.n.

• Riazi, M. R., 2005. Characterization and Properties of Petroleum Fractions. 1st

ed. s.l.:s.n.

• sachan,s.,2010.Define density. [Online]

Available at: https://brainly.in/question/6171083 [Accessed 21 Feb 2019].