Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Faculty of Engineering
Petroleum Properties
Experiment No.: 02
Group: C2
2. Theory ......................................................................................................................... 1
3. Apparatus .................................................................................................................... 2
4. Procedure ..................................................................................................................... 3
5. Calculation .................................................................................................................. 3
7. Conclusion................................................................................................................... 5
8. References ................................................................................................................... 6
List of Figures
Figure (1): stand ................................................................................................................... 2
Figure (2): pipette ................................................................................................................ 2
Figure (3): pipette bulb ........................................................................................................ 2
Figure (4): viscometer .......................................................................................................... 2
Figure (5): thermometer ....................................................................................................... 2
Figure (6): heater.................................................................................................................. 2
Figure (7): graph kinematic viscosity vs temperature.......................................................... 5
List of Tables
Table (1): Results ................................................................................................................. 4
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1. Aim
To determine the viscosity of the fluid at various temperature by using a viscometer.
2. Theory
Viscosity is a fundamental characteristic property of all liquids. When a liquid flow, it has
an internal resistance to flow. Viscosity is a measure of this resistance to flow or shear.
Viscosity can also be termed as a drag force and is a measure of the frictional properties of the
fluid. Viscosity is a function of temperature and pressure. Although the viscosities of both
liquids and gases change with temperature and pressure, they affect the viscosity in a different
manner (Viswanath, et al., 2007).
1. Effect of Temperature: the temperature of the liquid fluid increases its viscosity
decreases. In gases its opposite, the viscosity of the gases fluids increases as the
temperature of the gas increases.
2. Pressure: when increase the pressure on liquids, the viscosity increases because increase
the attraction force between the molecules of liquid.
The kinematic viscosity is the ratio of the dynamic viscosity and the density of a fluid. The
SI unit of the kinematic viscosity is m2/s. Other units are: 1 St (Stoke) = 1 cm2/s = 10−4 m2/s.
1 cSt (centistoke) = 1 mm2/s = 10−6m2/s. Water at 20 °C has a kinematic viscosity of about 1
cSt (ToolBox, 2003).
µ
𝑣=
ρ
ρ =density (kg/m³)
Dynamic viscosity is the force needed by a fluid to overcome its own internal molecular
friction so that the fluid will flow. In other words, dynamic viscosity is defined as the tangential
force per unit area needed to move the fluid in one horizontal plane with respect to other plane
with a unit velocity while the fluid's molecules maintain a unit distance apart (Viswanath, et
al., 2007).
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Ostwald viscometer is a commonly used viscometer, which consists of a U-shaped glass
tube held vertically. For more accurate measurements it is held in a controlled temperature
bath. It is also known as a glass capillary viscometer. A liquid is allowed to flow through its
capillary tube between two etched marks and the time of flow of the liquid is measured using
a stopwatch (McKenna, 2003).
3. Apparatus
Martials:
• Water
• Gasoline
Equipment:
• Beaker
• Stand (see Figure (1))
• Pipette (see Figure (2))
• Pipette bulb (see Figure (3))
• Viscometer (see Figure (4))
• Thermometer (see Figure (5))
• Heater (see Figure (6))
Figure (1): stand Figure (2): pipette Figure (3): pipette bulb
5. Calculation
𝑣 1 𝑚𝑚2
𝑡 = 32.7𝑠 , 𝑐= = = 0.0306
𝑡 32.7 𝑠
𝑔 𝑔
𝑇 = 14 𝐶, 𝑡 = 85.12 𝑠, 𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.8280 , 𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 0.8220
𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑔 𝑔
𝑇 = 20 𝐶, 𝑡 = 86.31 𝑠, 𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.822 , 𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 0.8176
𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑔 𝑔
𝑇 = 26 𝐶, 𝑡 = 88.67 𝑠, 𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.8180 , 𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 0.8119
𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
3
𝜇ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 𝜌. 𝑣 = 0.8180 ∗ 0.02713 = 0.0222 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑔 𝑔
𝑇 = 32 𝐶, 𝑡 = 107.85 𝑠, 𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.815 , 𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 0.8095
𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑔 𝑔
𝑇 = 42 𝐶, 𝑡 = 85.7 𝑠, 𝜌ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜 = 0.809 , 𝜌𝑝𝑦𝑐𝑛𝑜 = 0.805
𝑐𝑚3 𝑐𝑚3
4
Viscosity of gasoline
0.03
0.025
kinematic viscosity (poise)
0.02
0.015
μ_hydro
μ_pycno
0.01
0.005
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Temperature (C)
7. Conclusion
The experiment was run to measure the viscosity of the gasoline at various temperatures.
the results were found not to be acceptable due to the errors happened during the experiment.
unfortunately, the hypothesis for calculating the viscosity using viscometer was not confirmed.
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8. References
• McKenna, B. a. K. D., 2003. Texture in Food: Semi-Solid Foods. s.l.:Woodhead
Publishing.
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