Week 3 Analysis and Design of RC Sections

LECTURE GOALS
1
TYPES OF RC SECTIONS- Geometry
ts
b
2
TYPES OF RC SECTIONS- Design
3
STRESSES , STRAINS, AND FAILURE MODE
4
STRESSES AND STRAINS
LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD

0.67 f cu 0.67 f cu
5
Ultimate Limit Flexural Strength [ECP 203-2007]
The maximum concrete stress is equal to 0.67 fcu /γc
f cu
0.67
c f cu
0.67
c
f cu
C  0.67  ab
c
fy
T  As
s
fy
T  As
s
6
From equilibrium,
C=T
Or,
(0.67fcu / γc) (a) (b) = As fy / γs
Then,
As  f y  s 
a
0.67 f cu /  c  b
7
Then Mu equals:
 a
Mu  T d  
 2
fy  As  f y  s  
M u  As   d  
s  2  0.67 f cu /  c  b 
For μ = As / bd, the ultimate flexural strength equation can be rewritten
in the form
 f y / s  2
M u    f y /  s  1  0.75   bd
 f cu /  c 
8
Definition of Balanced Conditions
At balanced strain condition, the maximum strain εcu at the
extreme concrete compression fibers just reaches 0.003
simultaneously with the tension steel reaching a strain of εy / γs =
fy / Es γs  cu  0.003
y
s 
s
At balanced strain condition, μ = μ b = Asb / bd 9

Modes of Failure in Flexure  c  0.003
There are three modes of failure
for reinforced concrete beams:-
1. Tension failure
μ < μb
2. Compression failure 3
μ > μb 1 2
3. Balanced failure
μ = μb
s   y  s
Where: s   y  s
μ = As / bd (actual steel ratio)
s   y  s
μb , is the balanced steel ratio
Strain distribution
10
Tension Failure
Balanced Failure
Compression Failure
11
Maximum and Minimum Steel Ratios
Maximum Steel Ratio
The ECP Code requirement for ductility requires that

the maximum steel ratio in a rectangular section, with
tension reinforcement only, subjected to pure bending
moment shall not exceed 67% of the balanced steel
ratio. Therefore,
f cu  c  a max 
 max  0.67  
fy  s  d 
12
Maximum and Minimum Steel Ratios
Minimum Steel Ratio according to ECP 203-2007
The minimum steel ratio is then taken to be the

least of the following,
0.225 f cu 1.1
 min  
fy fy
The calculated minimum steel content shall not
be less than 0.25% b.t for mild steel and
0.15% b.t for high grade steel.
13
ANALYSIS OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS
Single Reinforced Sections
Given:
b, t, As, fcu, fy
Required:
Ultimate moment capacity
14
Singly Reinforced Sections
1) Check of mode of failure
As
 act 
bd
From ECP code page (4-6) table (4-1) get μmax
Then find μb  max
b 
0.67
If μact ≤ μb then fs  f y  s
If μact > μb then fs  f y  s
15
Singly Reinforced Sections - Tension Failure
f cu
C  0.67  b a
c
From equilibrium,
C=T fy
T  As 
Or, s
(0.67fcu / γc) (a) (b) = As fy / γs
As  f y  s 
Then,
a
0.67 f cu /  c  b
16
Singly Reinforced Sections - Tension Failure
Then Mu equals:
 a fy  a
M u  T   d    As  d  
 2 s  2
Or,
 a f cu  a
M u  C   d    0.67  b ad  
 2 c  2
17
Single Reinforced Sections - Compression Failure
C  0.67 
f
b a
cu
 cu  0.003
c
T  As  f s
From equilibrium,
s
C=T
Or,
(0.67fcu / γc) (a) (b) = As fs
Then,
As As
a  fs 0.8  c   fs
0.67 f cu /  c  b 0.67 f cu /  c  b 18
Single Reinforced Sections - Compression Failure
Then: 1.25  As
c  fs
0.67 f cu /  c  b -------------1
 cu  0.003
fs
Es  fs  2 105   s
s
From strain distribution:
d c
 s   cu -------------2
c
From eq. (1) , eq. (2) get  s fs  2 10   s 5 s
 a  0.5  As 
M u  T   d    As f s  d   f s 
 2  0.67 f cu /  c  b  19
Example (1)
Determine the ultimate limit flexural strength Mu of the
rectangular section shown below for each of the following steel
contents:
a) As = 6 Ф 18 (15.24 cm2)
b) As = (25.78 cm2)
c) As = 10 Ф 25 (49.0 cm2)
Materials: fcu = 25 N/ mm2 ; steel

360/520; b = 25 cm; d = 55 cm.
20
Example (1) - Case (a)
1) Check o mode of failure
1524
act   0.01108
250  550
max  5 10  f cu
4
max  5 10  25  0.0125

4
max 0.0125
Then b    0.01875
0.67 0.67
21
f cu
C  0.67  b a
μact < μb then fs  f y  s c
C=T
As  f y  s 
a
0.67 f cu /  c  b
fy
T  As 
s
1524  360 1.15

a  171 mm
0.67  25 / 1.5 250
22
Then Mu equals:
 a fy  a
M u  T   d    As  d  
 2 s  2
360  171 
M u  1524    550  
1.15  2 
M u  221602852 N.mm  221.6 kN.m

23
Example (1) - Case (b)
1) Check o mode of failure
2578
act   0.01875
250  550
max  5 10  f cu
4
max  5 10  25  0.0125

4
max 0.0125
Then b    0.01875
0.67 0.67
24
f cu
C  0.67  b a
μact = μb then fs  f y  s c
C=T
As b  f y  s 
ab 
0.67 f cu /  c  b
fy
T  As 
s
2578  360 1.15

a  289 mm
0.67  25 / 1.5 250
25
Then Mu equals:
 ab  fy  ab 
M ub  Tb   d    Asb  d  
 2 s  2
360  289 
M ub  2578    550  
1.15  2 
M ub  327215194 N.mm  327.2 kN.m

26
Example (1) - Case (c)
1) Check of mode of failure
4900
act   0.0356
250  550
max  5 10  f cu
4
max  5 10  25  0.0125

4
max 0.0125
Then b    0.01875
0.67 0.67
27
μact > μb then fs  f y  s
 cu  0.003
From equilibrium,
C=T
Or,
(0.67fcu / γc) (a) (b) = As fs
Then,
4900
a  fs
0.67  25 / 1.5 250
a  1.755 f s s 28
c  1.25 1.755  f s  2.194  f s
 cu  0.003
From strain distribution:
d c
 s   cu
c
s
550  (2.194  2 10   s )
5
 s  0.003 
(2.194  2 105   s )
29
550  (2.194  2 105   s )
 s  0.003 
(2.194  2 10   s )
5
then ,
4.388 10  ( s )  1.65  1316.4   s
5 2
4.388 10  ( s )  1316.4   s  1.65  0

5 2
 s  9.5158 10  4 mm / mm
then ,
fs  2 105  9.5158 10  4  190.3 N/mm 2  f y  s
30
a  1.755 190.3  334 mm
Then Mu equals:
 a  a
M u  T   d    As f s  d  
 2  2
 334 
M u  4900 190.3   550  
 2 
M u  357136010 N.mm  357.1 kN.m
31
DESIGN OF SECTIONS
32
DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS IN FLEXURE
Design Procedure using Charts Ru, μ
Depth is not given
1) Let μ < μmax
2) From chart of Ru , μ get Ru
3) Get d from:
Mu
Ru  2
bd
4) Get As = μ b d
33
6
5 Fcu35
Fy:360 N/mm2 Fcu 35
30
4 30
Ru N/mm2
25
25
3
20
20
Fy:240 N/mm2
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
μ%
34
Design Procedure
Depth is given
Mu
1) Get Ru from Ru  2
bd
2) Compare Ru with Ru max which is
corresponding to μ = μ max
3) If Ru > Ru max Then the section will be
designed as double reinforcement.
4) If Ru < Ru max, from chart of Ru , μ get μ
5) Get As = μ b d
35
6
5 Fcu35
Fy:360 N/mm2 Fcu 35
30
4 30
Ru N/mm2
25
25
3
20
20
Fy:240 N/mm2
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
μ%
36
Design Procedure using Charts C1 , j
Depth is not given
1) Let C1 = 3 to 3.5 then get the
corresponding J
2) Get d from:
Mu
d  C1
f cu  b
3) Get As Mu
As 
j fy d
37
Design Procedure using C1 , j
Depth is given
Mu
1) Get C1 from d  C1
f cu  b
2) If C1 < C1min (3 – 2.75) then the section is
double Reinforcement will be designed later
3) If C1 > C1min then get j.
4) Get As Mu
As 
j fy d
39
C1min at Fy = 360 N/mm2

Double Reinforced Section
Design Procedure using Charts 2-6 to 2-9
1) When Ru > Rumax or C1 < C1min then the section is double

Reinforcement
Mu
2) Get R
Fcu bt 2
3) Get α , ω
4) μ = ω Fcu / Fy
5) As = μ b t
41
DOUBLE REINFORCEMENT
Mu
1) Get R
Fcu bt 2
2) Get α , ω
3) μ = ω Fcu / Fy
4) As = μ b t
DESIGN OF FLANGED SECTIONS
Effective Flange Width
16  t s  b  6  t s  b 
L  L 
 2   2 
B   b B   b 

5  10 
C.L to C.L  C.L to edge 
B
ts
b
Effective Flange Width
L 
simple beam, 
 
0.8L 
L2   
one end continuous,
0.7 L 
 
continuous beam 
44
Design Procedure using charts C1, j
Mu
1) Get C1 from d  C1
f cu  B
2) Get c/d corresponding to C1
3) Get a from a= 0.8 c/d x d
4) if a< ts then get j then get
Mu
As 
j fy d
45
Design Procedure using charts C1, j
5) if a > ts then get
Mu
As 
fy
 d  t s 2
s
47
48
DESIGN FOR SHEAR & DIAGONAL TENSION
Shear & Diagonal Tension
Shear Flexure
Cracks Cracks
Typical Crack Patterns for Beams
49
Nominal Ultimate Shear Strength
For Concrete without Web Reinforcement:
f cu
qcu  0.24 N / mm 2
c
For Concrete with Web Reinforcement:
f cu
qu max  0.70 N / mm  4.0
2
c
50
Types of Web Reinforcement:
Vertical stirrups s s Inclined stirrups s s
Asb
qsu  qu  0.5qcu
Ast f yst
qsus  qsu  .
b.s s
qsus . b . s
Ast 
f yst
 51
Web (Shear) Reinforcement
Types of Web Reinforcement:
Vertical stirrups s s
s Bent-up bars
52
Asb f y For Inclined stirrups
qsub  . sin a  cos a 
b. s  s or bent-up bars
This Equation is used for Inclined Stirrups & bent-up bars:
The distance s < x to prevent the crack from passing the

whole depth of the beam.
For Code spacing s is taken ≤ d
fy ≤ 400 N/mm2
qsu  qsus  qsub

53
For Vertical Stirrups: a  90
Ast f y
qsus  .
b. s  s
Ast Ast
Ast = Asf x No. of branches

54
Code Requirements for Web Reinforcement
Minimum Web Reinforcement
Ast min
 min 
b.s
0.4
 min 
fy ( N / mm 2 )
 min  0.15 For smooth mild steel 240/350
 min  0.10 For high strength deformed steel
5 f 6 mm / m ` Minimum Stirrups
55
Design Procedure
1- b & d are obtained from flexure design.
2- Calculate qcu, qumax.
3- Calculate qu at critical section.
a) qu   qcu Use Minimum Web Rft.
  qcu
b) qu  Calculate Web Rft.
  qu max
Increase Section dimensions

c) qu   qu max
(b or d or both b and d)
56
DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Example (1)
It is required to design the section for flexure and shear.
(Mu = 480 kN.m, Qu = 250 kN).
Materials:
Concrete: fcu = 25 N/ mm2
Main steel: 360/520
Stir. steel: 240/350
57
DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Example (1)-Answer
2 Φ 12
Summary of Flexure Design:
Section Details
As =2584 mm2 = 7 Φ 22
2 Φ 12
As’= 0.1 As = 258.4 = 2 Φ 12
t > 700 mm then use Shrinkage RFT
7 Φ 22
Asshrinkage= 0.08 x 2671.6 = 2 Φ 12 .
58
DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Example (1)-Answer
Limiting Stresses:
f cu 25
qcu  0.24  0.24  0.980 N / mm 2
c 1.5
f cu 25
qu max  0.70  0.70  2.857 N / mm 2
c 1.5
59
DESIGN FOR SHEAR
Example (1)-Answer
Design for shear stirrups:
Assume stirrups spacing = 100 mm (10 stir. /m`).
q su  qu  0.5qcu  1.170  0.5  0.980  0.680 N / mm 2

Ast f yst
q sus  q su  .
b . s s
q sus . b . s 0.680  300  100
Ast    97.7 mm 2
f yst 240
s 1.15
60

Week 3 Analysis and Design of RC Sections

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Week 3 Analysis and Design of RC Sections

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LECTURE GOALS

LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD

At balanced strain condition, μ = μ b = Asb / bd 9

The ECP Code requirement for ductility requires that

The minimum steel ratio is then taken to be the

Ultimate moment capacity

Materials: fcu = 25 N/ mm2 ; steel

max  5 10  25  0.0125

1524  360 1.15

M u  221602852 N.mm  221.6 kN.m

max  5 10  25  0.0125

2578  360 1.15

M ub  327215194 N.mm  327.2 kN.m

max  5 10  25  0.0125

4.388 10  ( s )  1316.4   s  1.65  0

C1min at Fy = 360 N/mm2

1) When Ru > Rumax or C1 < C1min then the section is double

5) if a > ts then get

Typical Crack Patterns for Beams

For Concrete with Web Reinforcement:

This Equation is used for Inclined Stirrups & bent-up bars:

The distance s < x to prevent the crack from passing the

For Code spacing s is taken ≤ d

qsu  qsus  qsub

Ast = Asf x No. of branches

 min  0.10 For high strength deformed steel

a) qu   qcu Use Minimum Web Rft.

Increase Section dimensions

q su  qu  0.5qcu  1.170  0.5  0.980  0.680 N / mm 2

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