Chapter 2

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter of the paper presents the review of related literature, the

conceptual framework, the research hypotheses, and the definition of terms.

Related Literature

According to the website Study (2021) the term "K-12 curriculum" refers

broadly to the subject matter standards utilized from kindergarten through grade 12.

Discover the details of K–12 curriculum by examining it from the perspectives of the

courses or disciplines covered, the learning objectives, and the Common Core State

Standards. K-12 curriculum is for the preparation and eligibility of the students in a

country (Masayoshi, 2013). In order to hasten the mutual recognition of Filipino

graduates and professionals around the world, it also helps to improve the

educational system of the nation (Dizon, 2019). The program intends to foster

lifelong learners, provide students enough time to understand concepts and skills,

and get them ready for postsecondary education, middle-level skill development,

employment, and entrepreneurship (K12 Philippines, 2015).

The K–12 Program includes Kindergarten and 12 years of elementary school

(six years of primary education, four years of Junior High School, and two years of

Senior High School [SHS] (“The K to 12 Basic Education Program | GOVPH”).

According to Enderun Colleges (2022), K-to-12 system aims to improve students'

math, science and linguistics skills to further demonstrate their competence in the

global job market. According to the CIIT College of Arts and Technology (2017)

likewise the statement of Mark Anthony Llego (2022) there are four tracks in the K-

12 Curriculum with their different strands, the Academic Track which includes
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM),Accountancy,

Business, and Management(ABM), Humanities, and Social Science (HUMSS), and

General Academic Strand (GAS), Technology-Vocational-Livelihood Track (TVL) that

includes Home Economics Strand (HE), Information and Communication Technology

Strand (ICT), Industrial Art Strand (IA). Also the Art and Design Track and Sport

Track. In particular, if the student plans to start working right after graduating from

SHS, track is essential for developing a student's high level of proficiency in the field

to which his or her selected track is associated (“AMA Senior High, n.d.).

History of K to 12 and Implementation of K to 12 Curriculum in the Philippines

It was 150 years ago when the compulsory or the K-12 education curriculum

started in Massachusetts, United States (Beam, 2022). Prior to K–12, the Philippines

was one of just three countries left in the world (the other two being Djibouti and

Angola) with a basic education cycle of 10 years. The majority of the world's nations

follow a 12-year basic education cycle (“A Historical Perspective”, 2015; Oxford

Business Group, 2015). On May 15, 2013, President Benigno Aquino III signed

Republic Act, 10533 “AN ACT ENHANCING THE PHILIPPINE BASIC EDUCATION

SYSTEM BY STRENGTHENING ITS CURRICULUM AND INCREASING THE

NUMBER OF YEARS FOR BASIC EDUCATION, APPROPRIATING FUNDS

THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES” (GOVPH, 2013) into law, marking a

watershed moment for proponents of educational parity (Teach for the Philippines,

2013).
Popular Senior High School Strand

Different Strands are included in the Strands Preferred by the Respondents

K–12 before enrolling, the Senior High School candidate should choose a Strand

that matches his or her interests. The respondents prioritized the following strands,

in that order: 24.38 percent selected STEM, 16 percent preferred ABM, and 15.57

percent picked GAS (Robles, R.J., 2018).

Factors influencing the decision making of SHS strand.

Many factors can influence come into play when grade 10 students choice of

career path. Students will typically take into account the quality of life they want

when they are older. Factors such as gender/sex, family, peer influence, personal

interest, opportunities, economic status, and parent’s occupation.

Gender/ Sex

The workplace has historically had unfair and discriminatory gender roles

(Stamarski & Son Hing, 2015). Women typically had lower-paying occupations than

men (Jagani & Bandookwala, 2021). The playing field between the two is more even

at the moment. However, a closer look reveals that both men and women continue to

work in fields that are associated with stereotypes (Harvey, 2021). Young men and

women have distinct buying preferences depending on their employment, according

to studies (Serra, Soler, Camacho-Miano, Rey-Cao, & Vilanova, 2019). Men typically
have more liberal and progressive thought patterns. According to the W&M School of

Education (n.d.), women favor careers that place a strong emphasis on hierarchy.

Academic Experiences

Perceptions and Academic experiences can affect the students decion

making of their career choice (Abe & Chikoko, 2020). According to Lukman (2021),

academic success in an individual's environment influences career choice. If chosen

wrong, it can lead to failure and disappointment. Academic success and

performance of students in a particular course at higher education institutions

influence how successful a student will be in his or her studies (Sharma, 2012; Bell,

2013; Aminu & Timothy 2014). This means that a student's achievement in a

particular course of study determines how well they function in an academic setting.

According to Abiola (2012), academic performance is the best predictor of future

success since it reflects one's aptitude and the traits necessary to achieve academic

greatness in life. Consistency, tenacity, and concentration are these. Sharma (2012)

also noted that a student's academic performance is influenced by their grade,

attendance, performance on tests, and extracurricular activities (Aminu & Timothy,

2014).

Family Influence

Workman (2015) found that the most typical theme in learner decision-making

processes was parental engagement. Many other academics have backed up same

claim (Nugent, G., Barker, B., Welch, G., Grandgenett, N., Wu, C., & Nelson, C.,

2015). Nowadays, parents are much more conscious of how important it is to give

their children an affordable but high-quality education. The widely held belief that

educating family members will liberate and empower them for better lives serves as
the foundation for this (Ajani, O.A., Dusunmus, S., 2018). According to Kocak

(2021), family has a positive influence on one's self-efficacy in making career

decisions. His findings show that families have a big influence on people's self-

efficacy in choosing a vocation. In spite of the fact that families selected the school

for its small class sizes and close proximity to their homes, as families interacted

with the school and other families in the school, their perceptions of what they

wanted from their education shifted to a more academic focus. Enrolling in a school

of choice had an impact on family on-campus engagement (Curry, K. A, 2018).

Peer Influence

The influence of close friends on scholastic aspirations and outcomes varies

based on the racial and gender composition of the friendship, and interracial

connections are beneficial for students' goals (Martin, Tobin, & Spenner, 2014). The

quantification of the causal effect of peer influence is technically challenging because

of social interference, complex response functions, and network uncertainty (Toulis,

P. & Kao, E., 2013). When students are already friends, they assist one another

more frequently, and those who assist one another academically are more likely to

become friends (Brouwer, J., de Matos Fernandes, C. A., Steglich, C. E., Jansen, E.

P., Hofman, W.A., & Flache, A. (2022). The effect of friends was more likely to affect

socially desirable students (Palacios & Berger, 2022).

Personal Interest

According to Holland’s theory of “Career Typology,” individuals choose career

environments that best fit their personality and interest (Holland, 1966). According to
Ahmed (2014) state in his research article there is a great importance to student

interests when choosing a career. He noticed that career interests depend on the

student's likes and dislikes patterns. Indifference predict student career choices in

work-related activities. Having prior knowledge about a career is important to

developing and nurturing interest in the career. Every person should be encouraged

to choose a job in areas they possess or are capable of acquiring knowledge,

abilities, and interests, which is likely to increase production when a person is

engaging in what they enjoy (Nyamwange, 2016).

Opportunity

Opportunity, according to Eremie and Chiamaka (2019), may have an effect

on how students evaluate their future in terms of the realistic likelihood of a potential

future in a particular field of work. The prospects available to everyone have been

significantly impacted by the issue of poverty. The kid must have access to the

support system right away and it must be in place. To help the student through times

of financial, emotional, and educational need, support organizations such school

guidance and counseling departments will need to be established (Supporting child

and student social, emotional, behavioral, and mental ... 2021). The National

Commission on Cooperative Education (2012) stated that cooperative education

integrated chances for education, financial security, and career development.

Cooperative education is one opportunity that high school students (and their

parents) should be aware of, according to "What Is Cooperative Education?" (n.d.).

Opportunities may therefore have an impact on how many students decide on their

SHS stream.
Economic status

According to, Navarro-Carillo, G., Alonso-Ferres, M., Moya, M., & Valor-

Segura I. (2020), that the concept of socioeconomic status (SES) is intricate and

multifaceted; it includes both independent, objective qualities and the subjective

assessments of individuals regarding where they fall on the socioeconomic scale.

Rusell, A.E., Ford, T., Williams, R., et. al. (2016) also states that parental income,

education, occupation, and marital status were used to determine Socio-Economic

Status (SES). Socioeconomic position has an impact on students' ability to pursue

their ideal courses or careers in the near future. The socioeconomic condition of the

kids is what drives them to work hard and have a promising future (Narisma, 2019)

Parent’s Occupation

According to the study of Shah, S., & Hussain, D. (2021) that socioeconomic

inequality was the root cause of educational inequality. Children from low

socioeconomic backgrounds were unable to access good schools, pricey tuition,

recreational facilities, or a room of their own where they could study in solitude. A

strong socioeconomic foundation meant that kids with parents in high-profile jobs

never experienced a lack of fees, textbooks, uniforms, pocket money, or a home

library, according to 200 (80%) respondents. 34 respondents, or 13.6% of the total,

stated that pupils from well-off socioeconomic households had access to pocket

money, while this was not the case for students from lower socioeconomic strata.

Academic performance is higher among students with working parents than among

children without working parents (Atolagbe, A., Oparinde, O., & Umaru, H., 2019).

Additionally, pupils who have parents who work in offices and in educational

environments perform better than students whose parents work outside of offices
(Atolagbe, A., et.,al.). Students who have parents who often leave for work early and

come home to assist them with academics are better than students whose parents

leave for work later, require frequent travel away from home do worse than students

who do not have parents with such employment, who work in government are not

good examples of entrepreneurs. Students' perceptions of how appealing these two

career paths are are influenced by their parents' professions (Tillman, 2015),

Students whose parents are self-employed place a higher emphasis on money than

do offspring of civil workers (Spaulding, Derrick-Mills, & Callan, 2016). The study’s

demonstrates how parental career affects children's values and professional choices

(Pablo-Lerchundi, I., Morales-Alonso, G., & González-Tirados, R., 2015)