DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MICRO-SEISMIC

MONITORING TECHNOLOGY FOR DETECTION OF PASSIVE

OBSERVATION OF VERY SMALL-SCALE EARTHQUAKES
DURING MINING ACTIVITIES
 Abstract
Natural disasters such as earthquakes during mining had affected human life throughout the
years. Classification and detection of small-scale earthquakes have been always crucial for the
mining engineers. One of the most crucial challenges and risks is the absence of an effective
procedure for identifying and monitoring different types of seismic technology at important or
less important levels. based on upgraded attainment of data mining with authentic articles such
as KNN, SVM, and many more algorithms. C4.5 tree and KNN have been utilized in a mixing
form categorizing and detecting micro seismic technology. Generally, those steps include such as
performing seismic tests, data analysis, and gathering.
Abstract: seismic technology, machine learning algorithm, SVM algorithm, error rate

2
 Table of Contents

Introduction......................................................................................................................................4

Problem statement...........................................................................................................................4

Methods and materials.....................................................................................................................5

Result.............................................................................................................................................11

Carrere design................................................................................................................................14

Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................14

References......................................................................................................................................16

3
Introduction
People worldwide face a different variation of earthquakes during the period of mining activities.
These disasters affected human life and gave irreparable damage during mining, Micro seismic
technology. In order to reduce the fatalist effect of earthquakes and the local state of work micro-
seismic monitoring technology has been largely impactful in underground mining activities. This
particular technology provides data and information which can be used for knowing and
understanding the properties of small-scale earthquakes. Discrimination of the micro-seismic
technology is one of the most crucial issues for the efficiency of micro-seismic scrutinizing
technology, which directly impacts the overall quality of the micro-seismic primary database. A
reliable and reasonable interpretation of underground mining activities could be obtained through
implementing pure and accurate information on micro seismic technology rather than using
mixed kinds of information and data. Otherwise, the accuracy of location in this technology will
be decreased seriously. On the other hand, Passive tomography resolution would be influenced
dismissively for the reason of the accurate location of micro-seismic scrutinizing technology.
Micro seismic technology is the submissive observation of smalls scale earthquakes occurred in
underground. This natural phenomenon mainly occurred as the result of industrial activities such
as mining. Micro seismic technology comes from small-scale earthquake seismology and aims
mostly at micro earthquakes. However micro-earthquake is extremely tiny to feel on the interface
of the earth, yet those earthquakes could be detected through sensitive procedures such as
accelerometers and geophones. Different kinds of methods are utilized to forecast the main
occurrence of small-scale earthquakes during minimized activities such as examining the
ionosphere, mathematical modeling, and many more. The above methods barely utilize an
individual feature and are not able to find various features in earthquake forecasting.
Problem statement
This subject matter helped decrease accidents and challenges that occurred during the mining
activities. The primary objective of this research study is to implement and develop a seismic
technology using machine learning to detect and monitor small-scale earthquakes occurred
during industrial mining activities. However, the development and implementation of this project
using machine learning and several technologies will help to assist mining engineers to develop
micro seismic technology to monitor small-scale earthquakes during underground mining. Aside

4
from this previous study has not included different kinds of advanced technology, yet in this
subject research machine learning and several technologies have been used to help build and
implement micro seismic monitoring technology. This research object furthermore enhances
safety and security during mining activities.
Methods and materials
The upgraded micro-seismic analysis mainly performed through ESG will reveal much detailed
information and data about micro-seismicity in the particular area and the response of small-
scale earthquakes during the mining production activities. Submissive micro seismic information
and data are generally buried underneath the noise, which represents a specific significant issue
for overall signal recovery and detection. Recording from the interface surface sensor each and
every trace includes time-delayed occurrence from the technology. Less than Mw 3 generally
implies an earthquake along with a moment magnitude.

Figure 1: Illustration of recorded micro seismic waveforms

Source:
The above figure compares the small-scale seismic waveform and naturally feels earthquakes.
Micro seismic waves include more higher-frequency rather than other types of earthquake
waveforms. A large earthquake had more rupture procedures of massive duration, which lead to
the defeat higher- frequency elements. Corresponding cutoff earthquake frequency is basically
proportional compared to earthquake size. Micro seismic information and data are primarily
categorized through smaller magnitudes, shorter wavelengths, and higher frequencies [1]. On the
basis of scaling relationship among the different source parameters which will be involve
magnitude frequency and content frequency. Processing technique system mainly developed for
the natural earthquake which had been put into micro seismic information. Micro seismic

5
technology is the most efficient tool for scrutinizing changes in pressure and fluid flow during
geothermal production and hydrocarbon production [2]. Additionally, without the prediction of
accurate source excitation of micro seismic technology, it generates microwaves on the earth's
surface along with boreholes. Applying forecasting procedures in the seismic database creates a
specific improvement.
Data analysis and gathering
This study demonstrates differences among the signal energy spreading band artificial or natural
seismic sources. 80 parameters mainly served in an SVM training model which leads to the
accurate identification of each and individual earthquake and non-earthquake events [3]. These
tools massively help to decrease the cost of general seismic analysis by leaving a tiny fraction of
the automatic system determination. This research study focuses on the limited seismic
procedure which had been implemented to carry out important related experiments. This device
and tools utilized a seismograph along with geophones which are linked with a system at a 2.5-
meter distance from each other, calibrated with 20kg weight and a calibrated meter. Overall
environment condition in this experience involves the natural environment of an area with
rugged oil beside asymmetric geometry [7]. Particularly this experience includes three steps
such as an area or land without slope, a positive slope area, where the geophone is located at a
higher point, and a negative slope area where the sensor is located at a much lower point.

Figure 2: 0.5 height of a non-sloping area surface

(Source: [2])
Above mentioned experience involves building shake and hit on the specific ground along 20kg
weight of the different type of height. The above figure involves data from sensors in each and
every step.

6
 Figure 3: Falling coming out of 1 m height
(Source: [2])
The above graph shows the data about the falling from 1 m height in the non-sloping area.

Figure 4: Falling coming out of a 1.5 m height

(Source: [1])
From figure 4 the data has been observed from 20 kg weight falling from the height of 1.5 m
height on the non-sloping area. After carrying out the experiments several features are extracted,
where the features the utilized for conducting numerous related algorithms. P wave’s average
velocity of starting wave propagation, which is most crucial for data analysis, is obtained through
distance dividing among the seismic focus and the sensor [4]. In this subject matter, discrete
sampling was mainly performed for the continuous of 267 microseconds.

7
 Figure 5: Datasheet sample
(Source: [1])
Figure 5 represents the main features that have been implemented in this research study. Above
table involves dividing numbered good diagnoses in various situations. Specification of every
technical term has been elaborated properly below.

8
 Figure 6: Different features of data
(Source: [7])
Figure 6 represented the various kinds of features that have been utilized in the present research
study. Every table has one sensor for more good diagnosis in various conditions. In the above
figure t height column indicate the overall height and the rows indicate to slope surface. S1
represents the positive slope it indicates a non-slope and flat surface. S2 indicates the negative
slope along with the top to down route, on the other hand, S3 represents the non-slope surface.
Second-row columns represent three sensors that have been partially used for the experiment.
Sensor A is the farthest sensor beginning at a 7.5-meter source, sensor C is the nearest sensor and
sensor b is the middle from the 5-meter source. After gathering information and data from
various kinds of sensors such as positive slope, the negative slope non-slope. After gathering the
information and data from various sensors, it was much needed to combine information to
produce coherent datasets to consider the cluster.

9
 Figure 7: Machine learning algorithm applying to micro seismic technology
(Source: [7])
Data mining tools and software such as rapid miners provide different opportunities to
implement machine learning on a particular set of data for extracting various kinds of outputs
[8]. In the present research study information was mainly gathered for the preprocessing acts
which applied to a coherent data set and seismic data set produced utilizing rapid-miner
involving SVM algorithms such as MLP network algorithm, KNN algorithm, and C4.5 decision
tree. Overall produced dataset was implemented to build a related model basis on training
samples. Training data and information include 70 percent of micro seismic data samples and are
utilized to create a model on the above figure 7 algorithms [5]. The experienced information
includes 20 percent of micro seismic samples for evaluating the proposed procedure and all the
mentioned algorithms. Sampling procedure of experimental data includes as mainly used for

10
maintaining balance [6]. In order to extract an identical sample from each and every group this
technique helps to understand and from all the groups. After building coherent data from
recorded events and splitting up the training data, the final data are inserted into the core of the
machine learning algorithm. Figure 7 demonstrated in what process data will be inserted,
building new training models along with the final classification of every sample through a
machine learning algorithm.
Result
The classification and forecasting procedure of the micro-seismic data sample was primarily
carried out through a seismograph machine consisting of three sensors. 20 percent of information
and data are extracted from overall balance data which are mainly used in experimental data. 80
percent of data are utilized for the training data for the reason of evaluation regarding the data
mining. On the other hand, it can be said that the result from the whole algorithm has been
examined basis on evaluation criteria [9]. It has been observed that samples bring bout from all
sensors without scrutinizing mainly need to consider each and every sample and then a learning
machine algorithm such as a decision-making tree, neural network along with SVM. In this study
three thresholds had been referred to detect all classes. Those samples are data and information
obtained from dropping a specific weight from 1.5 meters, data gained from dropping a
particular weight from 1 meter height, and final data extracted from one and a half meters. The
algorithm will be applied to the information for determining each class related to every sample

11
Figure 8: The difference between the micro seismic detection and the categorization within
the proposed process and another process
(Source: [8])
The above figure indicates a comparison among the classification of various algorithms and
micro seismic data detection which involves proposed methods, KNN, SVM, and MLP network.
From the figure, it has been observed that the proposed method will be the best answer for
improving a minimum of 6 percent rather than another type of method.

Figure 9: Difference in error rate

(Source: [9])
The above figure indicates a comparison between the overall error rate and the categorization of
various algorithms. Since discretion of error rate in proposed methods is complementary in
precision level, it could be observed that the overall error rate had been improved by at least 0.80
percent compared to another kind of method. Figure 9 indicates a comparison between the
accuracy of micro seismic data detection and recalling, Along with the categorization of different
algorithms such as decision-making trees, neural networks, and KNN.

12
 Figure 10: Comparison of accuracy and recalling
(Source: [9])
Figure 10 shows the difference in the micro seismic data accuracy and recall. Classification of
proposed methods had been majorly improved and efficiency rather than another type of
procedure.

Figure 11: Comparison of RMSE value

(Source: [10])
The following figure indicates a comparison among the different algorithm classifications which
involves the proposed boosted procedure, KNN, neural network, and the micro seismic RMSE
values. Finally along with examining mean value error and error regarding the mean square it
helps to understand data. From the above study, it has been observed that the proposed methods
classified and detects seismic value with higher efficiency and improvements compared to other
types of methods [10]. In all type of forecaster and classifier algorithm the recalling, error rate,
precision, and accuracy is most important in the criteria of evaluation. The following equation

13
represents calculate and examines the accuracy and improvement of seismic data collection
classification.

In the above calculation, TP refers to the overall number of classifications and detection. On the
other hand, it is classified for such as less vital or important. TN refers to the whole number
which had been categorized in FP and no important.
Carrere design
In order to make this project I go through several aspects of constraints and for this reason this
made me slow to elaborate on the whole project. However insufficient data and inadequate
information is one the crucial issue that caused me a lot of difficulties and challenges in the time
sphere of gathering information and data in the context of this research paper. Additionally, in
the time-sphere gathering data, I have confused about some wrong data about my subject matter.
On the other hand, I have not completed the assignment properly due to not having insufficient
time. Moreover due to not having the accessible time I could not travel anywhere for gathering
relevant information and adequate data. Aside from this, I have collected a massive number of
supports from my supervisor and peers. Along with that when I am suffering from insufficient
data my supervisor assists me to find adequate data. Thus I want to serve as a thank you word to
my peer for helping me to elaborate on this project properly.
Conclusion
In this study matter micro seismic technology is the most vital tool because it is classified and
detected through mixing machine learning algorithms including vector machine, decision-
making tree, and KNN algorithm along with the neutral network. Overall experiment procedure
in this study was done in such a way that important and less important seismic technology caused
weight falling to come out of different distances and sensors. After that data and information
were classified and pre-processed. The overall classification was examined basis on a high level,
considering sensor and distance. Right after this process, experimental data and training data are
spilt up from each other. Training data are mainly utilized for considering algorithms along with
experimental information used for implementing the accuracy rate, error rate, and precision of

14
the proposed method. The clustered related sample was primarily considered through each and
every algorithm and the outcome is inserted into a machine learning system. The accuracy and
precision are significantly increased and improved through up to 6 percent rather than other
kinds of methods. However, it was intended to use a machine learning algorithm instead of using
an SVM algorithm for improving efficiency and accuracy. Aside from this, it is fascinating to
explore merging magnitude on micro seismic technology, which can be improved real-time
identification as well as reduce mining potential and semi hazards.

15
References
1.Cesca, S. and Grigoli, F., 2015. Full waveform seismological advances for microseismic
monitoring. Advances in Geophysics, 56, pp.169-228.
2.Grigoli, F., Cesca, S., Priolo, E., Rinaldi, A.P., Clinton, J.F., Stabile, T.A., Dost, B., Fernandez,
M.G., Wiemer, S. and Dahm, T., 2017. Current challenges in monitoring, discrimination, and
management of induced seismicity related to underground industrial activities: A European
perspective. Reviews of Geophysics, 55(2), pp.310-340.
3.Cordeiro, M. and Gama, J., 2016. Online social networks event detection: a survey. Solving
Large Scale Learning Tasks. Challenges and Algorithms: Essays Dedicated to Katharina Morik
on the Occasion of Her 60th Birthday, pp.1-41.
4.Díaz-Moreno, A., Barberi, G., Cocina, O., Koulakov, I., Scarfì, L., Zuccarello, L., Prudencio,
J., García-Yeguas, A., Álvarez, I., García, L. and Ibáñez, J.M., 2018. New insights on Mt. Etna’s
crust and relationship with the regional tectonic framework from joint active and passive P-wave
seismic tomography. Surveys in geophysics, 39, pp.57-97.
5.Mousavi, S.M., Horton, S.P., Langston, C.A. and Samei, B., 2016. Seismic features and
automatic discrimination of deep and shallow induced-microearthquakes using neural network
and logistic regression. Geophysical Journal International, 207(1), pp.29-46.
6.van Proosdij, A.S., Sosef, M.S., Wieringa, J.J. and Raes, N., 2016. Minimum required number
of specimen records to develop accurate species distribution models. Ecography, 39(6), pp.542-
552.
7. Crouch, T.N., Burton, D., LaBry, Z.A. and Blair, K.B., 2017. Riding against the wind: a
review of competition cycling aerodynamics. Sports Engineering, 20, pp.81-110.
8.Massaro, A., Maritati, V. and Galiano, A., 2018. Data Mining model performance of sales
predictive algorithms based on RapidMiner workflows. International Journal of Computer
Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT), 10(3), pp.39-56.
9.Litjens, G., Toth, R., Van De Ven, W., Hoeks, C., Kerkstra, S., van Ginneken, B., Vincent, G.,
Guillard, G., Birbeck, N., Zhang, J. and Strand, R., 2014. Evaluation of prostate segmentation
algorithms for MRI: the PROMISE12 challenge. Medical image analysis, 18(2), pp.359-373.
10.Di, H., Shafiq, M. and AlRegib, G., 2018. Patch-level MLP classification for improved fault
detection. In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2018 (pp. 2211-2215). Society of
Exploration Geophysicists.

16
17