Career Episode 3

Introduction
CE 3.1.1
Location: Dehradun India
University: University of Petroleum and Energy Studies
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Background
CE 3.2.1
Natural disasters such as earthquakes during mining had affected human life throughout the years. I
knew that the classification and detection of small-scale earthquakes had always been always crucial for
the mining engineers. I wanted to work on this project as I wanted to address this major concern that
would affect the health and safety of mine workers. I understood that one of the most crucial challenges
and risks had been the absence of an effective procedure for identifying and monitoring different types
of seismic technology at important or less important levels. Based on the upgraded attainment of data
mining with authentic articles such as KNN, SVM, and many more algorithms, I was able to utilise C4.5
tree and KNN in a mixing form categorising and detecting micro seismic technology. Generally, those
steps included performing seismic tests, data analysis, and gathering.

CE 3.2.2
People worldwide faced a different variation of earthquakes during the period of mining activities. These
disasters affected human life and caused irreparable damage during mining. In order to reduce the
fatalist effect of earthquakes and the local state of work, micro-seismic monitoring technology had been
largely impactful in underground mining activities. This particular technology provided data and
information which could be used for knowing and understanding the properties of small-scale
earthquakes. Discrimination of the micro-seismic technology was one of the most crucial issues for the
efficiency of micro-seismic scrutinizing technology, which directly impacted the overall quality of the
micro-seismic primary database. A reliable and reasonable interpretation of underground mining
activities could be obtained through implementing pure and accurate information on micro seismic
technology rather than using mixed kinds of information and data. Otherwise, the accuracy of location in
this technology would be decreased seriously. On the other hand, Passive tomography resolution would
be influenced dismissively for the reason of the accurate location of micro-seismic scrutinizing
technology. Micro seismic technology was the submissive observation of smalls scale earthquakes
occurred in underground. This natural phenomenon mainly occurred as the result of industrial activities
such as mining. I understood that micro seismic technology comes from small-scale earthquake
seismology and aims mostly at micro earthquakes. However micro-earthquake is extremely tiny to feel
on the interface of the earth, yet those earthquakes could be detected through sensitive procedures
such as accelerometers and geophones. Different kinds of methods are utilized to forecast the main
occurrence of small-scale earthquakes during minimized activities such as examining the ionosphere,
mathematical modeling, and many more. I knew about these methods that they barely utilize an
individual feature and are not able to find various features in earthquake forecasting.

CE 3.2.3
This subject matter helped decrease accidents and challenges that occurred during the mining activities.
The primary objective of this research study was to implement and develop a seismic technology using
machine learning to detect and monitor small-scale earthquakes occurred during industrial mining
activities. However, the development and implementation of this project using machine learning and
several technologies helped to assist mining engineers to develop micro seismic technology to monitor
small-scale earthquakes during underground mining. Aside from this previous studies had not included
different kinds of advanced technology, yet in this subject research machine learning and several
technologies had been used to help build and implement micro seismic monitoring technology. This
research object furthermore enhanced safety and security during mining activities.

CE 3.2.4
I performed this project under the kind supervision of a senior faculty member, and the assistance of
two team members. I was the leader of the team as I had volunteered for the task.

Supervisor

Me as team
leader

Other team
member 1

Other team
member 2

Personal Engineering Activity

CE 3.3.1
The upgraded micro-seismic analysis mainly performed through ESG revealed much detailed information
and data about micro-seismicity in the particular area and the response of small-scale earthquakes
during the mining production activities. Submissive micro seismic information and data were generally
buried underneath the noise, which represented a specific significant issue for overall signal recovery
and detection. Recording from the interface surface sensor each and every trace included time-delayed
occurrence from the technology. Less than Mw 3 generally imply an earthquake along with a moment
magnitude.
CE 3.3.2
Micro seismic waves include more higher-frequency rather than other types of earthquake waveforms.
A large earthquake had more rupture procedures of massive duration, which lead to the defeat higher-
frequency elements. Corresponding cutoff earthquake frequency is basically proportional compared to
earthquake size. Micro seismic information and data are primarily categorized through smaller
magnitudes, shorter wavelengths, and higher frequencies. On the basis of scaling relationship among
the different source parameters which involved magnitude frequency and content frequency.
Processing technique system was mainly developed for the natural earthquake that had been put into
micro seismic information. Micro seismic technology was the most efficient tool for scrutinizing changes
in pressure and fluid flow during geothermal production and hydrocarbon production. Additionally,
without the prediction of accurate source excitation of micro seismic technology, it generated
microwaves on the earth's surface along with boreholes. Applying forecasting procedures in the seismic
database created a specific improvement.

CE 3.3.3
This study demonstrated differences among the signal energy spreading band artificial or natural seismic
sources. 80 parameters mainly served in an SVM training model which led to the accurate identification
of each and individual earthquake and non-earthquake events. These tools massively helped to decrease
the cost of general seismic analysis by leaving a tiny fraction of the automatic system determination.
This research study focused on the limited seismic procedure which had been implemented to carry out
important related experiments. This device and the tools that I utilised presented a seismograph along
with geophones which were linked with a system at a 2.5-meter distance from each other, calibrated
with 20kg weight and a calibrated meter. Overall environment condition in this experience involved the
natural environment of an area with rugged oil beside asymmetric geometry. Particularly this
experience included three steps such as an area or land without slope, a positive slope area, where the
geophone was located at a higher point, and a negative slope area where the sensor was located at a
much lower point.

CE 3.3.4
Above mentioned experience involved building shake and hit on the specific ground along 20kg weight
of the different type of height. From the data I observed from 20 kg weight falling from the height of 1.5
m height on the non-sloping area. After carrying out the experiments several features were extracted,
where the features were utilized for conducting numerous related algorithms. P wave’s average velocity
of starting wave propagation, which was most crucial for data analysis, was obtained through distance
dividing among the seismic focus and the sensor. In this subject matter, discrete sampling was mainly
performed for the continuous of 267 microseconds. After gathering information and data from various
kinds of sensors such as positive slope, the negative slope non-slope, I considered it important to
combine information to produce coherent datasets to consider the cluster.

CE 3.3.5
Data mining tools and software such as rapid miners provided different opportunities to implement
machine learning on a particular set of data for extracting various kinds of outputs. In the present
research study I mainly gathered information for the preprocessing acts which applied to a coherent
data set and seismic data set produced utilizing rapid-miner involving SVM algorithms such as MLP
network algorithm, KNN algorithm, and C4.5 decision tree. Overall produced dataset was implemented
to build a related model basis on training samples. Training data and information included 70 percent of
micro seismic data samples and are utilized to create a model on the above figure 7 algorithms. The
experienced information included 20 percent of micro seismic samples for evaluating the proposed
procedure and all the mentioned algorithms. Sampling procedure of experimental data included as
mainly used for maintaining balance. In order to extract an identical sample from each and every group
this technique helped to understand and from all the groups. After building coherent data from
recorded events and splitting up the training data, the final data were inserted into the core of the
machine learning algorithm. I built new training models along with the final classification of every
sample through a machine learning algorithm.

CE 3.3.6
The classification and forecasting procedure of the micro-seismic data sample was primarily carried out
through a seismograph machine consisting of three sensors. 20 percent of information and data were
extracted from overall balance data which were mainly used in experimental data. 80 percent of data
were utilized for the training data for the reason of evaluation regarding the data mining. On the other
hand, the result from the whole algorithm had been examined basis on evaluation criteria. It was
observed that samples bring bout from all sensors without scrutinizing mainly needed to consider each
and every sample and then a learning machine algorithm such as a decision-making tree, neural network
along with SVM. In this study three thresholds had been referred to detect all classes. Those samples
were data and information obtained from dropping a specific weight from 1.5 meters, data gained from
dropping a particular weight from 1 meter height, and final data extracted from one and a half meters.
The algorithm was applied to the information for determining each class related to every sample.

CE 3.3.7
The below figure indicates a comparison among the classification of various algorithms and micro
seismic data detection which involves proposed methods, KNN, SVM, and MLP network. From the
figure, it was observed that the proposed method was the best answer for improving a minimum of 6
percent rather than another type of method.

Figure: The difference between the micro seismic detection and the categorization within
the proposed process and another process
CE 3.3.8
The below figure indicates a comparison between the overall error rate and the categorization of
various algorithms. Since discretion of error rate in proposed methods was complementary in precision
level, it could be observed that the overall error rate had been improved by at least 0.80 percent
compared to another kind of method. The figure indicates a comparison between the accuracy of micro
seismic data detection and recalling, along with the categorization of different algorithms such as
decision-making trees, neural networks, and KNN.

Figure: Difference in error rate

Figure below shows the difference in the micro seismic data accuracy and recall. Classification of
proposed methods had been majorly improved and efficiency rather than another type of procedure.

Figure: Comparison of accuracy and recalling

The following figure indicates a comparison among the different algorithm classifications which involves
the proposed boosted procedure, KNN, neural network, and the micro seismic RMSE values.
 Figure: Comparison of RMSE value
CE 3.3.9
Finally along with examining mean value error and error regarding the mean square it helped to
understand data. From the above study, it had been observed that the proposed methods classified and
detected seismic value with higher efficiency and improvements compared to other types of methods. In
all type of forecaster and classifier algorithm the recalling, error rate, precision, and accuracy was most
important in the criteria of evaluation. The following equation represents the calculation and examines
the accuracy and improvement of seismic data collection classification.

In the above calculation, TP referred to the overall number of classifications and detection. On the other
hand, it was classified for such as less vital or important. TN refers to the whole number which had been
categorized in FP and no important.

Summary
CE 3.4.1
As the leader of my team in this project, I was able to manage my resources effectively in all domains. I
was able to guide my team members to the accomplishment of project tasks. At the beginning of the
project, I had assigned tasks to each team member for effective management of resources. I deliberately
gave myself relatively less tasks because I knew that I would be needed when deadlines come near. The
same happened, and my team members felt stuck near to a deadline. At that moment, I not only
motivated them but also helped them with their tasks so that we could achieve a milestone. I used to
have a discussion with the project supervisor each week and present the project updates. The team
discussions were also important and I used to talk to my members almost every day. Eventually when
the project was executed successfully it was due to the effort of the whole team.