EEE 2314 Induction Machines.

By: Siyoi. V.
▪ 3𝚽 Bank of 1𝚽 Transformers.

▪ 3𝚽 Tx Connections.

▪ 3𝚽 to 1𝚽, 2𝚽, 3𝚽 and 6𝚽 Tx Conversions.

▪ Parallel Operations of 1𝚽 and 3𝚽 Tx.

▪ Tx Ratings and Related Problems.

▪ Tx for Special Purpose.

2
▪ When the voltage of a 3Φ line has to be stepped up/down by a moderate
amount, it is economically advantageous to use THREE 1Φ transformers to
create a Y connected autotransformer. The actual physical connections are
shown in Fig.

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▪ The respective line-to-neutral voltages of the primary and secondary are
obviously in phase.

▪ Consequently, the incoming and outgoing transmission line voltages are in

phase.

▪ The neutral is connected to the system neutral otherwise a tertiary winding

must be added to prevent the line-to-neutral voltage distortion.

▪ For a given power output an autotransformer is smaller and cheaper than a

conventional transformer if the ratio of the incoming line voltage to outgoing
line voltage lies between 0.5 and 2.
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▪ The voltage of a 3Φ 230 kV line has to be stepped up to 345 kV to supply a
load of 200 MVA. THREE 1Φ transformers connected as autotransformers in
Fig are to be used.
▪ Calculate the basic power and voltage rating of each transformer.

67
▪ To simplify the calculations, let us consider only one phase (Say phase A). The
line-to-neutral voltage between 𝑋1 and 𝐻2 is:

▪ The line-to-neutral voltage between 𝐻1 and 𝐻2 is:

▪ The voltage of winding 𝑋1 𝑋2 between lines 1 and A is:

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▪ This means that each transformer has an effective primary to secondary voltage
rating of 133 kV to 66 kV. The current in each phase of the outgoing line is:

▪ The power associated with winding 𝑋1 𝑋2 is:

▪ Winding 𝐻1 𝐻2 has the same power rating. The basic rating of e

phase transformer is therefore 22.1 MVA.

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▪ The basic rating of the 3Φ transformer bank is 22.1 X 3 = 66.3 MVA.

▪ The basic transformer rating (as far as size is concerned) is considerably less
than its load-carrying capacity of 200 MVA.

▪ This is in keeping with the fact that the ratio of transformation (345/230 = 1.5)
lies between 0.5 and 2.0.

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▪ Voltage variation in power systems is a normal phenomenon owing to the rapid
growth of industries and distribution network.

▪ System voltage control is therefore essential for:

▪ (i) Adjustment of consumers’ terminal voltage within prescribed limits.

▪ (ii) Control of real and reactive power flow in the network.

▪ (iii) Periodical adjustment (1–10%) to check off-set load variations.

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▪ Adjustment is normally carried out by off-circuit tap changing, the common
range being 5% in 2.5% steps.

▪ Daily and short-time control or adjustment is carried out by means of on-load

tap changing gear.

▪ Besides the above, tapping are also provided for one of the following purposes:
▪ (i) For varying the secondary voltage.

▪ (ii) For maintaining the secondary voltage constant with a varying primary
voltage.

▪ (iii) For providing an auxiliary secondary voltage for a special purpose, such
as lighting.

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 ▪ (iv) For providing a low voltage for starting rotating machines.

▪ (v) For providing a neutral point, e.g. for earthing.

▪ The principal tapping is one to which the rating of the winding is related.

▪ A positive tapping means more, and a negative tapping implies less turns than
those of the principal tap.

▪ Tap changing may be achieved in one of the three conditions, viz:

▪ (i) voltage variation with constant flux and constant voltage turn.

▪ (ii) with varying flux.

▪ (iii) a mix of (i) and (ii). In (i) the percentage tapping range is same as the
voltage variation.

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▪ Some of the methods of locating tappings are depicted in Fig.

▪ (a) Taps at one end for small Tx (b) Large transformer taps centrally placed for
both delta and wye Tx.

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▪ No-load (Off-Load OR Off-Circuit) Tap Changing is the cheapest method of
changing the turn ratio of a Tx is the use of off-circuit tap changer.
▪ As the name indicates, it is required to de-energize the Tx before changing
the tap. A simple no-load tap changer is shown in Fig.

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▪ It has eight studs marked one to eight. The winding is tapped at eight points.

▪ The face plate carrying the suitable studs can be mounted at a convenient place
on the transformer such as upper yoke or located near the tapped positions on
the windings.

▪ The movable contact arm A may be rotated by handwheel mounted

externally on the tank.

▪ If the winding is tapped at 2% intervals, then as the rotatable arm A is moved

over to studs 1, 2; 2, 3; … , 7; 7, 8 the winding in circuit reduces progressively
by it from 100% with arm at studs (1, 2) to 88% at studs (7, 8).

▪ The stop F which fixes the final position of the arm A prevents further
anticlockwise rotation so that stud 1 and 8 cannot be bridged by the arm.
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▪ On-load tap changers are used to change the turn ratio of transformer to
regulate system voltage while the transformer is delivering load.

▪ With the introduction of on-load tap changer, the operating efficiency of

electrical system gets considerably improved.

▪ Nowadays almost all the large power transformers are fitted with on-load tap
changer.

▪ During the operation of an on-load tap changer the main circuit should not be
opened to prevent (dangerous) sparking and no part of the tapped winding
should get short-circuited.

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▪ All forms of on-load tap changing circuits are provided with an impedance,
which is introduced to limit short-circuit current during the tap changing
operation.

▪ The impedance can either be a resistor or centre-tapped reactor. In modern

designs the current limiting is almost invariably carried out by a pair of
resistors.

▪ On-load tap changing gear with resistor transition, in which one winding tap is
changed over for each operating position, is depicted in Fig.
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Simple switching sequence for on-load tap changing

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▪ The Fig also shows the sequence of operations during the transition from one
tap to the next (adjoining) (in this case from tap 4 to tap 5).

▪ Back-up main contractors are provided which short-circuit the resistor for
normal operation.

▪ On-load tap changer control gear can be from simple push-button initiation to
complex automatic control of several transformers operating in parallel.

▪ The aim is to maintain a given voltage level within a specified tolerance or

to raise it with load to compensate for the transmission line voltage drop.

▪ The main components are an automatic voltage regulator, a time delay

relay, and compounding elements.
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▪ The time delay prevents unwanted initiation of a tap change by a small
transient voltage fluctuation. It may be set for a delay upto 1 min.

▪ At present tap changers are available for the highest insulation level of 1475
kV (peak) impulse and 630 kV power frequency voltage.

▪ Efforts are underway to develop tap changers suitable for still higher insulation
levels.

▪ More compact tap changers with high reliability and performance are being
made by employing vacuum switches in the diverter switch.

▪ Also, now thyristorized tap changers are available for special applications
where a large number of operations are desired.

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▪ A 3Φ system enables us to shift the phase angle of a voltage very simply.
Phase shifting enables us to create 2𝚽, 6𝚽, and 1𝟐𝚽 systems from an
ordinary 3𝚽 line.

▪ Such multiphase systems are USED in large electronic converter stations and
in special electric controls.

▪ Phase shifting is also USED to control power now over transmission lines
that form part of a power grid.

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▪ To understand the phase shifting principle, consider a rheostat connected
between phases B and C of a 3Φ line:

▪ As we slide contact P from phase B toward phase C, voltage 𝑬𝑨𝑷 changes both
in amplitude and phase.

▪ We obtain a 60° phase shift in moving from one end of the potentiometer to
the other.
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▪ Fig: Voltage 𝐄𝐀𝐏 can be phase-shifted with respect to 𝐄𝐀𝐂 by means of a
potentiometer.

▪ Thus, as we move from B to C, voltage 𝐄𝐀𝐏 gradually advances in phase with

respect to 𝐄𝐀𝐁 .

▪ At the same time. the magnitude of 𝐄𝐀𝐏 varies slightly, from E (voltage
between the lines) to 0.866E when the contact is in the middle of the rheostat.

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▪ Such a simple phase-shifter can only be used in circuits where the load
between terminals A and P draws a few milli-amperes.

▪ If a heavier load is applied, the resulting 𝐼𝑅 drop in the rheostat completely

changes the voltage and phase angle from what they were on open-circuit.

▪ To get around this problem, we connect a multi-tap autotransformer between

phases B and C Fig. (Autotransformer used as a phase shifter).

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▪ By moving contact P, we obtain the same open-circuit voltages and phase shifts
as before, but this time they remain essentially unchanged when a load is
connected between terminals A and P.

▪ Why Is This So? The reason is that the flux in the autotransformer is fixed
because 𝐄𝐀𝐁 is fixed.

▪ As a result, the voltage across each turn remains fixed (both in magnitude and
phase) whether the autotransformer delivers a current to the load or not.

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▪ Fig. 3 tapped autotransformers connected between lines A, B and C. (3Φ phase-
shifter).

▪ Contacts 𝑃1, 𝑃2 and 𝑃3 move in tandem as we switch from one set of taps to the next.

▪ This arrangement enables us to create a 3Φ source 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 ,𝑃3 whose phase angle

changes stepwise with respect to source ABC.

▪ We obtain a maximum phase shift of 60° as we move from one extremity of the
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autotransformers to the other.
 3𝚽 to 2𝚽 TRANSFORMATION
▪ The voltages in a 2Φ system are equal but displaced from each other by
90°.

▪ There are several ways to create a 2Φ system from a 3Φ source.

▪ One of the simplest and cheapest is to use a 1Φ autotransformer having taps at

50% and 86.6%.

▪ We connect it between any two phases of a 3Φ line, as shown in Fig.

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▪ If the voltage between lines A, B, C is 100 V, voltages 𝐸𝐴𝑇 and are both equal
to 86.6 V.

▪ Furthermore, they are displaced from each other by 90°. This relationship can
be seen by referring to the phasor diagram Fig and reasoning as follows:
▪ 1. Phasors 𝐸𝐴𝐵 , 𝐸𝐵𝐶 and𝐸𝐶𝐴 arefixed by the source.

▪ 2. Phasor 𝐸𝐴𝑁 is in phase with phasor 𝐸𝐴𝐵 because the same ac flux links the
turns of the autotransformer.

▪ 3. Phasor 𝐸𝐴𝑇 is in phase with phasor 𝐸𝐴𝐵 for the same reason.

▪ 4. From Kirchhoff's voltage law:

𝐸𝐴𝑁 + 𝐸𝑁𝐶 + 𝐸𝐶𝐴 = 0
▪ Consequently, phasor 𝐸𝑁𝐶 must have the value and direction shown in the
Fig. 90
▪ Loads 1 and 2 must be isolated from each other, such as the two windings of a
2Φ induction motor.

▪ The ratio of transformation (3Φ voltage to 2Φ voltage) is fixed and given by:

𝐸𝐴𝐵 = 100 = 1.15

𝐸𝐴𝑇 86.6

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 SCOTT-T CONNECTION
▪ The Scott-T connection is a way to derive 2 phases 90° apart from a 𝟑𝚽
power supply.

▪ In the early history of ac power transmission, 2Φ and 3Φ power systems were

quite common.

▪ In those days, it was routinely necessary to interconnect 𝟐𝚽 and 𝟑𝚽 power

systems, and the Scott-T transformer connection was developed for that
purpose.

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▪ It consists of TWO identical 1Φ transformers, one having a 50% tap and the
other an 86.6% tap on the primary winding.

▪ The 3Φ source is connected to terminals A, B, C and the 2Φ load is connected

to the secondary windings.

▪ The ratio of transformation (3Φ line voltage to 2Φ line voltage) is given by:
𝐸𝐴𝐵
𝐸12

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▪ The transformers are connected as shown in Fig.

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▪ The Scott connection has the advantage of isolating the 3𝚽 and 2𝚽 systems
and providing any desired voltage ratio between them.

▪ Except for servomotor applications, 2Φ systems are seldom encountered today.

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▪ The Scott T consists of 2 𝟏𝚽 Tx with identical ratings.

▪ One has a tap on its primary winding at 86.6% of full-load voltage.

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▪ The 86.6% tap of Tx 2 is connected to the center tap of Tx l.

▪ The voltages applied to the primary winding are shown in Figure.

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▪ The resulting voltages applied to the primaries of the two transformers are
shown in Figure.

▪ Since these voltages are 90° apart, they result in a 𝟐𝚽 output.

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 ▪ Fig: The 2Φ secondary voltages.

▪ It is also possible to convert 2Φ power into 3Φ power with this connection, but
since there are very few 2Φ generators in use, this is rarely done.
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▪ The concept of 3Φ − 2Φ conversion follows from the voltagep
of balanced 3Φ supply shown in Fig.

▪ If the point M midway on VBC could be located, then VAM leads VBC by 90°.

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▪ A 𝟐𝚽 supply could thus be obtained by means of transformers; one connected
across AM, the teaser Tx and the other connected across the lines BC.

3 𝟑
▪ Since 𝑉𝐴𝑀 = 𝑉𝐵𝐶 , the Tx primaries must 𝑵𝟏 (teaser)
have and 𝑵𝟏
turns; this would mean equal voltage/turn in each Tx.𝟐
2

▪ A balanced 2Φ supply could then be easily obtained by having both

secondaries with equal number of turns, N2 .

▪ The point M is located midway on the primary of the transformer connected

across the lines B and C.

▪ The connection of two such transformers, known as the Scott connection, is

shown in Fig.
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▪ the Scott connection and the phasor diagram of the 2Φ supply on the
secondary side is shown in Fig.

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▪ If the secondary load currents are 𝐼𝑎 and 𝐼𝑏 , the currents can be easily found
on the 3Φ side from the Scott connection Fig above.

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▪ The corresponding phasor diagram for balanced secondary side load of
unity power factor is drawn in Fig from which it is obvious that the currents
drawn from the 3Φ system are balanced and cophasal with the wye voltages.

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▪ The phasor diagram for the case of an unbalanced 𝟐𝚽 load is drawn in Fig.

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▪ A 1Φ power pulsates at twice the frequency, while the total power drawn by
a balanced 3Φ load is constant.

▪ Thus a 𝟏𝚽 load can never be transferred to a 𝟑𝚽 system as a balanced

load without employing some energy-storing device (capacitor, inductor or
rotating machine).

▪ Suitable transformer connections can be used in distributing a 𝟏𝚽 load on all

the three phases though NOT in a balanced fashion.

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▪ For large 1Φ loads, this is better than allowing it to load one of the phases of a
3Φ system.

▪ Fig shows how Scott-connected Tx (and the corresponding phasor diagram)

could be used for this purpose.

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Phasor diagram.

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▪ The Scott-T connection uses 2 transformers to convert 𝟑𝚽 power to 𝟐𝚽
power at a different voltage level.

▪ By a simple modification of that connection, the same two transformers can

also convert 𝟑𝚽 power to 𝟑𝚽 power at a different voltage level.

▪ Here both the primary and the secondary windings of Tx 2 are tapped at
the 86.6% point, and the taps are connected to the center taps of the
corresponding windings on Tx l .

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▪ Fig: The 3Φ T transformer connection Wiring diagram

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▪ In this connection T1 is called the main transformer and T2 is called the
teaser transformer.

▪ As in the Scott T, the 3Φ input voltage produces two voltages 90° apart on the
primary windings of the transformers.

▪ These primary voltages produce secondary voltages which are also 90°
apart.

▪ Unlike the Scott T, though, the secondary voltages are recombined into a
𝟑𝚽 output.

▪ One major advantage of the 3Φ T connection over the other 3Φ transformer

connections (the open-delta and open-wye-open-delta) is that a neutral can be
connected to both the primary side and the secondary side of the
transformer bank.
111
▪ This connection is sometimes used in self-contained 𝟑𝜱 distribution
transformers, since its construction costs are lower than those of a full 3Φ
transformer bank.

▪ Since the bottom parts of the teaser transformer windings are not used on either
the primary or the secondary sides, they could be left off with no change in
performance.

▪ This is, in fact, typically done in distribution transformers.

112
▪ Fig: The 3Φ T transformer 3Φ input voltages.

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▪ Fig: The 3Φ T transformer voltages on the transformer primary windings.

114
▪ Fig: The 3Φ T transformer voltages on the transformer secondary windings.

115
▪ Fig: The 3Φ T transformer resulting 𝟑𝚽 secondary voltages.

116
▪ Each secondary phase is divided into two equal halves with polarity
labelling as in Fig.

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▪ 6Φ voltages (characteristic angle 360°/6 = 60°) are obtained by means of two
stars in phase opposition, each star being formed from three respective half-
windings as shown in Fig above.

▪ This connection is employed in rectifiers and thyristor circuits where a path

for the dc current is needed.

118
▪ Two 1Φ furnaces A and B are supplied at 100 V by means of a Scott-connected
transformer combination from a 3Φ 6600 V system.

▪ The voltage of furnace A is leading.

▪ Calculate the line currents on the 3Φ side, when the furnace A takes 400 kW at
0.707 pf lagging and B takes 800 kW at unity pf.

119
Furnace currents are

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▪ Furnace voltages and currents are drawn in the phasor diagram of Fig.

121
▪ On the 3Φ side:

▪ From the phasor diagram of Fig.

122
▪ A 2Φ, 7.5 kW ( 10 hp), 240 V, 60 Hz motor has an efficiency of 0.83 and a
power factor of 0.80. It is to be fed from a 600 V, 3Φ line using a Scott-
connected transformer bank as in Fig:

123
▪ Calculate:

▪ a. The apparent power drawn by the motor.

▪ b. The current in each 2Φ line.
▪ c. The current in each 3Φ line.

124
▪ a. The active power drawn by the motor is:

▪ The apparent power drawn by the motor is:

▪ The apparent power per phase is:

▪ b. The current in each 2Φ line is:

125
▪ c. The transformer bank itself consumes very little active and reactive power:
consequently.

▪ The 3Φ line supplies only the active and reactive power absorbed by the motor.
The total apparent power furnished by the 2Φ line is therefore 11295 VA.

▪ The 3Φ line current is:

126
to be continued

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