EEE 2314 Induction Machines.

By: Siyoi. V.
 3𝚽 Bank of 1𝚽 Transformers.

 3𝚽 Tx Connections.

 3𝚽 to 1𝚽, 2𝚽, 3𝚽 and 6𝚽 Tx Conversions.

 Parallel Operations of 1𝚽 and 3𝚽 Tx.

 Tx Ratings and Related Problems.

 Tx for Special Purpose.

2
 A 3Φ transformer can be built in one of two ways. By:

 Connecting a bank of THREE 1𝚽 transformers or

 Constructing a 3𝚽 transformer on a common magnetic structure.

 The construction of a single 3𝚽 Tx is the preferred practice today, since it is

lighter, smaller, cheaper, and slightly more efficient.

3
 Three 1Φ Tx have the advantage that each unit in the bank could be
replaced individually in the event of trouble.

 when 1Φ transformers are connected into a 3Φ system, they retain all their
basic 1Φ properties such as current ratio, voltage ratio, and flux in the core.

 Given the polarity marks 𝑯𝟏 , 𝑯𝟐 and 𝑿𝟏 , 𝑿𝟐 , the phase shift between primary
and secondary is zero, in the sense that 𝐸𝑋1 𝑋2 , is in phase with 𝐸𝐻1 𝐻2 .

4
 Wye-wye (Y-Y).

 Wye-delta (Y - Δ).

 Delta-wye (Δ -Y).

 Delta-delta (Δ - Δ).

5
 The primaries and secondaries of any 3Φ transformer can be independently
connected in either a wye (Y) or a delta (Δ ).

 This gives a total of four possible connections for a 3Φ transformer bank.

 The impedance, voltage regulation, efficiency, and similar calculations for

3Φ transformer are done on a per-phase basis.

6
7
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 The Δ - Δ connection is shown in Figure.

 In a Δ - Δ connection:

 And:

9
10
11
 So the relationship between primary and secondary line voltages is:

 This transformer has no phase shift associated with it and no problems with
unbalanced loads or harmonics.

12
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 Three 1Φ Tx are connected in Δ – Δ to step down a line voltage of 138 kV to
4160 V to supply power to a manufacturing plant.
 The plant draws 21 MW at a lagging power factor of 86%. Calculate:
 a. The apparent power drawn by the plant.
 b. The apparent power furnished by the HV line.
 c. The current in the HV lines.
 d. The current in the LV lines.
 e. The currents in the primary and secondary windings of each transformer.
 f. The load carried by each transformer.

14
 a. The apparent power drawn by the plant is:

 b. The transformer bank itself absorbs a negligible amount of active and

reactive power because the 𝑖 2 𝑅 losses and the reactive power associated with
the mutual flux and the leakage fluxes are small. It follows that the apparent
power furnished by the HV line is also 24.4 MVA.

15
 c. The current in each HV line is:

 d. The current in the LV lines is:

16
 e. Referring to Fig. the current in each primary winding is:

 The current in each secondary winding is:

 f. Because the plant load is balanced. each transformer carries one-third of the
total load, or

 The individual transformer load can also be obtained by multiplying the

primary voltage times the primary current:

17
18
19
 In a Δ -Y connection, the primary line voltage is equal to the primary-phase
voltage:

 while the secondary voltages are related by:

 A Δ -Y connection of 3Φ transformers is shown in Figure.

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 Therefore, the line-to-line voltage ratio of this transformer connection is:

 This connection has the same advantages and the same phase shift as the Y −
Δ transformer.

 The Δ -Y connection makes the secondary voltage lag the primary voltage
by 30°, as before.

23
24
 Three 1Φ step-up transformers rated at 40 MVA, 13.2 kV/80 kV are connected
in Δ –Y on a 13.2 kV transmission line (Fig).

25
 If they feed a 90 MVA load. calculate the following:
 a. The secondary line voltage.

 b. The currents in the transformer windings.

 c. The incoming and outgoing transmission line currents.

26
 The easiest way to solve this problem is to consider the windings of only one
transformer, say, transformer P.

 a. The voltage across the primary winding is obviously 13.2 kV. The voltage
across the secondary is. therefore, 80 kV. The voltage between the outgoing
lines 1, 2 and 3 is:

27
 b. The load carried by each transformer is:

 The current in the primary winding is:

 The current in the secondary winding is:

 c. The current in each incoming line A, B, C is:

 The current in each outgoing line 1,2.3 is:

28
 The currents and voltages in a Y - Δ connection are identical to those in the Δ −
Y connection.

 The primary and secondary connections are simply interchanged.

 In other words, the 𝐻2 terminals are connected together to create a neutral and
the 𝑋1 𝑋2 . terminals are connected in delta.

 Again, there results a 30° phase shift between the voltages of the incoming
and outgoing lines.
29
 The Y − Δ connection of 3Φ transformers is shown in Figure.

30
31
 The connection shown in Figure will cause the secondary voltage to be
lagging if the system phase sequence is abc.

 If the system phase sequence is acb, then the connection shown in Figure will
cause the secondary voltage to be leading the primary voltage by 30°.

32
 In this connection, the primary line voltage is related to the primary phase
voltage by:

 while the secondary line voltage is equal to the secondary phase voltage:

 The voltage ratio of each phase is:

33
 So the overall relationship between the line voltage on the primary side of the
bank and the line voltage on the secondary side of the bank is:

 The Y − Δ connection has no problem with third harmonic components in

its voltages, since they are consumed in a circulating current on the Δ side.

 This connection is also more stable with respect to unbalanced loads, since
the 𝚫 partially redistributes any imbalance that occurs.

34
 The Y − Δ arrangement does have one problem, though. Because of the
connection, the secondary voltage is shifted 𝟑𝟎𝒐 relative to the primary
voltage of the transformer.

 The fact that a phase shift has occurred can cause problems in paralleling the
secondaries of two transformer banks together.

 The phase angles of transformer secondaries must be equal if they are to

be paralleled, which means that attention must be paid to the direction of the
𝟑𝟎𝒐 phase shift occurring in each transformer bank to be paralleled together.

 In the United States, it is customary to make the secondary voltage lag the
primary voltage by 30°.

35
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 Y-Y connection with neutral of the primary connected to the neutral of the source.

37
 Y-Y connection using a tertiary winding.

38
 These connections are shown in Figure.

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 In a Y-Y connection, the primary voltage on each phase of the transformer is
given by:

 The primary-phase voltage is related to the secondary-phase voltage by the

turns ratio of the transformer.

 The phase voltage on the secondary is then related to the line voltage on
the secondary by:

41
 Therefore, overall the voltage ratio on the transformer is:

 The Y-Y connection has two very serious problems:

 If loads on the transformer circuit are unbalanced, then the voltages on the
phases of the transformer can become severely unbalanced.

 Third-harmonic voltages can be large.

42
 If a 3Φ set of voltages is applied to a Y - Y transformer, the voltages in any
phase will be 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒐 apart from the voltages in any other phase.

 However, the third-harmonic components of each of the three phases will

be in phase with each other, since there are three cycles in the third harmonic
for each cycle of the fundamental frequency.

 There are always some third-harmonic components in a transformer because

of the nonlinearity of the core, and these components add up.

 The result is a very large third-harmonic component of voltage on top of

the 50 Hz or 60 Hz fundamental voltage. This third-harmonic voltage can be
larger than the fundamental voltage itself.

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 Both the unbalance problem and the third-harmonic problem can be solved
using one of two techniques:

 1. Solidly ground the neutrals of the transformer, especially the primary

winding’s neutral.

 This connection permits the additive third-harmonic components to cause a

current flow in the neutral instead of building up large voltages.

 The neutral also provides a return path for any current imbalances in the
load.

45
 2. Add a third (tertiary) winding connected in ∆ to the transformer bank.

 If a third Δ-connected winding is added to the transformer, then the third-

harmonic components of voltage in the 𝚫 will add up, causing a
circulating current flow within the winding.

 This suppresses the third-harmonic components of voltage in the same

manner as grounding the transformer neutrals.

 One or the other of these correction techniques must be used any time a Y-Y
transformer is installed.

 In practice, very few Y-Y transformer are used, since the same jobs can be
done by one of the other types of 3Φ transformers.

46
 Open Δ or (V- V) connection.

 Autotransformer.

 Phase-Shift principle.

 3𝚽 to 2𝚽 Transformation.

 Scott-T Connection.

47
 OPEN Δ OR (V- V)
CONNECTION
 It is possible to transform the voltage of a 3Φ system by using only 2
transformers connected in open Δ.

 The V- V arrangement is identical to a Δ - Δ connection except that one

transformer is absent:

48
 In some situations a full transformer bank may not be used to accomplish 3Φ
transformation.

 For example, suppose that a Δ − Δ transformer bank composed of separate

transformers has a damaged phase that must be removed for repair.

 The resulting situation is shown in Figure.

49
 50
Fig: The open-Δ or v- v transformer connection
 If the two remaining secondary voltages are 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉∠00 and 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉∠1200 ,
then the voltage across the gap where the third transformer used to be is
given by:

 This is exactly the same voltage that would be present if the third
transformer were still there.

 Phase C is sometimes called a ghost phase.

51
 How Much Apparent Power Can The Bank Supply With One Of Its Three
Transformers Removed?

 At first, it seems that it could supply two-thirds of its rated apparent power,
since two-thirds of the transformers are still present.

 To understand what happens when a transformer is removed, see Figure a;

shows the transformer bank in normal operation connected to a resistive
load.
52
Fig: Voltages and Currents in ∆ − ∆

53
 If the rated voltage of one transformer in the bank is 𝑉𝜙 and the rated current is
𝐼𝜙 then the maximum power that can be supplied to the load is:

 The angle between the voltage 𝑉𝜙 and the current 𝐼𝜙 in each phase is 𝟎𝟎 so the total
power supplied by the transformer is:

 The open 𝚫 transformer is shown in Figure b. It is important to note the angles on

the voltages and currents in this transformer bank.

 Because one of the transformer phases is missing, the transmission line current is
now EQUAL to the phase current in each transformer, and the currents and
voltages in the transformer bank differ in angle by 30°.

54
Fig: Voltages and Currents in open ∆ transformer bank.
55
 Since the current and voltage angles differ in each of the two transformers, it is
necessary to examine each transformer individually to determine the
maximum power it can supply.

 For Tx 1, the voltage is at an angle of 150° and the current is at an angle of

120°, so the expression for the maximum power in transformer 1 is:

56
 For Tx 2, the voltage is at an angle of 30° and the current is at an angle of 60°,
so its maximum power is:

 Therefore, the total maximum power of the open 𝚫 bank is given by:

 The rated current is the same in each transformer whether there are two or
three of them, and the voltage is the same on each transformer.

57
 The ratio of the output power available from the open 𝚫 bank to the output
power available from the normal 𝟑𝜱 bank is:

 The available power out of the open Δ bank is only 57.7% of the original
bank's rating.

 What Happens To The Rest Of The Open 𝚫 Bank's Rating?

 To find out, examine the reactive power of the open Δ bank.

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 The reactive power of Tx 1 is:

 The reactive power of Tx 2 is:

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 Thus one Tx is producing reactive power which the other one is
consuming.

 It is this exchange of energy between the two transformers that limits the
power output to 57.7% of the original bank s rating instead of the otherwise
expected 66.7%.

 Open Δ connections are used occasionally when it is desired to supply a small

amount of 𝟑𝚽 power to an otherwise 1𝚽 load.

 In such a case, the connection in Figure can be used, where Tx 1 is much

larger than Tx 2.

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 Fig: Using an open Δ transformer connection to supply a small amount of 3Φ power
along with a lot of 1Φ power.

 Tx 1 is much larger than Tx 2.

61
 Two 1Φ 150 kVA 7200 V/600 V transformers are connected in V- V . Calculate
the maximum 3Φ load they can carry.
Solution
 Although each transformer has a rating of 150 kVA, the two together cannot
carry a load of 300 kVA. The following calculations show why: The nominal
secondary current of each transformer is:

62
 The current I, in lines 1, 2, 3 cannot therefore exceed 250 A (Fig).

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 Consequently, the maximum load that the transformers can carry is:

 Thus, the ratio:

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 When the voltage of a 3Φ line has to be stepped up/down by a moderate
amount, it is economically advantageous to use THREE 1Φ transformers to
create a Y connected autotransformer. The actual physical connections are
shown in Fig.

65
 The respective line-to-neutral voltages of the primary and secondary are
obviously in phase.

 Consequently, the incoming and outgoing transmission line voltages are in

phase.

 The neutral is connected to the system neutral otherwise a tertiary winding

must be added to prevent the line-to-neutral voltage distortion.

 For a given power output an autotransformer is smaller and cheaper than a

conventional transformer if the ratio of the incoming line voltage to outgoing
line voltage lies between 0.5 and 2.
66
 The voltage of a 3Φ 230 kV line has to be stepped up to 345 kV to supply a
load of 200 MVA. THREE 1Φ transformers connected as autotransformers in
Fig are to be used.
 Calculate the basic power and voltage rating of each transformer.

67
 To simplify the calculations, let us consider only one phase (Say phase A). The
line-to-neutral voltage between 𝑋1 and 𝐻2 is:

 The line-to-neutral voltage between 𝐻1 and 𝐻2 is:

 The voltage of winding 𝑋1 𝑋2 between lines 1 and A is:

68
 This means that each transformer has an effective primary to secondary voltage
rating of 133 kV to 66 kV. The current in each phase of the outgoing line is:

 The power associated with winding 𝑋1 𝑋2 is:

 Winding 𝐻1 𝐻2 has the same power rating. The basic rating of each single-
phase transformer is therefore 22.1 MVA.

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 The basic rating of the 3Φ transformer bank is 22.1 X 3 = 66.3 MVA.

 The basic transformer rating (as far as size is concerned) is considerably less
than its load-carrying capacity of 200 MVA.

 This is in keeping with the fact that the ratio of transformation (345/230 = 1.5)
lies between 0.5 and 2.0.

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 Voltage variation in power systems is a normal phenomenon owing to the rapid
growth of industries and distribution network.

 System voltage control is therefore essential for:

 (i) Adjustment of consumers’ terminal voltage within prescribed limits.

 (ii) Control of real and reactive power flow in the network.

 (iii) Periodical adjustment (1–10%) to check off-set load variations.

71
 Adjustment is normally carried out by off-circuit tap changing, the common
range being 5% in 2.5% steps.

 Daily and short-time control or adjustment is carried out by means of on-load

tap changing gear.

 Besides the above, tapping are also provided for one of the following purposes:
 (i) For varying the secondary voltage.

 (ii) For maintaining the secondary voltage constant with a varying primary
voltage.

 (iii) For providing an auxiliary secondary voltage for a special purpose, such
as lighting.

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  (iv) For providing a low voltage for starting rotating machines.

 (v) For providing a neutral point, e.g. for earthing.

 The principal tapping is one to which the rating of the winding is related.

 A positive tapping means more, and a negative tapping implies less turns than
those of the principal tap.

 Tap changing may be achieved in one of the three conditions, viz:

 (i) voltage variation with constant flux and constant voltage turn.

 (ii) with varying flux.

 (iii) a mix of (i) and (ii). In (i) the percentage tapping range is same as the
voltage variation.
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 Some of the methods of locating tappings are depicted in Fig.

 (a) Taps at one end for small Tx (b) Large transformer taps centrally placed for
both delta and wye Tx.

74
 No-load (Off-Load OR Off-Circuit) Tap Changing is the cheapest method of
changing the turn ratio of a Tx is the use of off-circuit tap changer.
 As the name indicates, it is required to de-energize the Tx before changing
the tap. A simple no-load tap changer is shown in Fig.

75
 It has eight studs marked one to eight. The winding is tapped at eight points.

 The face plate carrying the suitable studs can be mounted at a convenient place
on the transformer such as upper yoke or located near the tapped positions on
the windings.

 The movable contact arm A may be rotated by handwheel mounted

externally on the tank.

 If the winding is tapped at 2% intervals, then as the rotatable arm A is moved

over to studs 1, 2; 2, 3; … , 7; 7, 8 the winding in circuit reduces progressively
by it from 100% with arm at studs (1, 2) to 88% at studs (7, 8).

 The stop F which fixes the final position of the arm A prevents further
anticlockwise rotation so that stud 1 and 8 cannot be bridged by the arm.
76
 On-load tap changers are used to change the turn ratio of transformer to
regulate system voltage while the transformer is delivering load.

 With the introduction of on-load tap changer, the operating efficiency of

electrical system gets considerably improved.

 Nowadays almost all the large power transformers are fitted with on-load tap
changer.

 During the operation of an on-load tap changer the main circuit should not be
opened to prevent (dangerous) sparking and no part of the tapped winding
should get short-circuited.

77
 All forms of on-load tap changing circuits are provided with an impedance,
which is introduced to limit short-circuit current during the tap changing
operation.

 The impedance can either be a resistor or centre-tapped reactor. In modern

designs the current limiting is almost invariably carried out by a pair of
resistors.

 On-load tap changing gear with resistor transition, in which one winding tap is
changed over for each operating position, is depicted in Fig.
78
Simple switching sequence for on-load tap changing

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 The Fig also shows the sequence of operations during the transition from one
tap to the next (adjoining) (in this case from tap 4 to tap 5).

 Back-up main contractors are provided which short-circuit the resistor for
normal operation.

 On-load tap changer control gear can be from simple push-button initiation to
complex automatic control of several transformers operating in parallel.

 The aim is to maintain a given voltage level within a specified tolerance or

to raise it with load to compensate for the transmission line voltage drop.

 The main components are an automatic voltage regulator, a time delay

relay, and compounding elements.
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 The time delay prevents unwanted initiation of a tap change by a small
transient voltage fluctuation. It may be set for a delay upto 1 min.

 At present tap changers are available for the highest insulation level of 1475
kV (peak) impulse and 630 kV power frequency voltage.

 Efforts are underway to develop tap changers suitable for still higher insulation
levels.

 More compact tap changers with high reliability and performance are being
made by employing vacuum switches in the diverter switch.

 Also, now thyristorized tap changers are available for special applications
where a large number of operations are desired.

81
 A 3Φ system enables us to shift the phase angle of a voltage very simply.
Phase shifting enables us to create 2𝚽, 6𝚽, and 1𝟐𝚽 systems from an
ordinary 3𝚽 line.

 Such multiphase systems are USED in large electronic converter stations and
in special electric controls.

 Phase shifting is also USED to control power now over transmission lines
that form part of a power grid.

82
 To understand the phase shifting principle, consider a rheostat connected
between phases B and C of a 3Φ line:

 As we slide contact P from phase B toward phase C, voltage 𝑬𝑨𝑷 changes both
in amplitude and phase.

 We obtain a 60° phase shift in moving from one end of the potentiometer to
the other.
83
 Fig: Voltage 𝐄𝐀𝐏 can be phase-shifted with respect to 𝐄𝐀𝐂 by means of a
potentiometer.

 Thus, as we move from B to C, voltage 𝐄𝐀𝐏 gradually advances in phase with

respect to 𝐄𝐀𝐁 .

 At the same time. the magnitude of 𝐄𝐀𝐏 varies slightly, from E (voltage
between the lines) to 0.866E when the contact is in the middle of the rheostat.

84
 Such a simple phase-shifter can only be used in circuits where the load
between terminals A and P draws a few milli-amperes.

 If a heavier load is applied, the resulting 𝐼𝑅 drop in the rheostat completely

changes the voltage and phase angle from what they were on open-circuit.

 To get around this problem, we connect a multi-tap autotransformer between

phases B and C Fig. (Autotransformer used as a phase shifter).

85
 By moving contact P, we obtain the same open-circuit voltages and phase shifts
as before, but this time they remain essentially unchanged when a load is
connected between terminals A and P.

 Why Is This So? The reason is that the flux in the autotransformer is fixed
because 𝐄𝐀𝐁 is fixed.

 As a result, the voltage across each turn remains fixed (both in magnitude and
phase) whether the autotransformer delivers a current to the load or not.

86
 Fig. 3 tapped autotransformers connected between lines A, B and C. (3Φ phase-
shifter).

 Contacts 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 and 𝑃3 move in tandem as we switch from one set of taps to the next.

 This arrangement enables us to create a 3Φ source 𝑃1 , 𝑃2 ,𝑃3 whose phase angle

changes stepwise with respect to source ABC.

 We obtain a maximum phase shift of 60° as we move from one extremity of the
87
autotransformers to the other.
 3𝚽 to 2𝚽 TRANSFORMATION
 The voltages in a 2Φ system are equal but displaced from each other by
90°.

 There are several ways to create a 2Φ system from a 3Φ source.

 One of the simplest and cheapest is to use a 1Φ autotransformer having taps at

50% and 86.6%.

 We connect it between any two phases of a 3Φ line, as shown in Fig.

88
89
 If the voltage between lines A, B, C is 100 V, voltages 𝐸𝐴𝑇 and are both equal
to 86.6 V.

 Furthermore, they are displaced from each other by 90°. This relationship can
be seen by referring to the phasor diagram Fig and reasoning as follows:
 1. Phasors 𝐸𝐴𝐵 , 𝐸𝐵𝐶 and 𝐸𝐶𝐴 are fixed by the source.

 2. Phasor 𝐸𝐴𝑁 is in phase with phasor 𝐸𝐴𝐵 because the same ac flux links the
turns of the autotransformer.

 3. Phasor 𝐸𝐴𝑇 is in phase with phasor 𝐸𝐴𝐵 for the same reason.

 4. From Kirchhoff's voltage law:

𝐸𝐴𝑁 + 𝐸𝑁𝐶 + 𝐸𝐶𝐴 = 0
 Consequently, phasor 𝐸𝑁𝐶 must have the value and direction shown in the
Fig. 90
 Loads 1 and 2 must be isolated from each other, such as the two windings of a
2Φ induction motor.

 The ratio of transformation (3Φ voltage to 2Φ voltage) is fixed and given by:

𝐸𝐴𝐵 100
= = 1.15
𝐸𝐴𝑇 86.6

91
 SCOTT-T CONNECTION
 The Scott-T connection is a way to derive 2 phases 90° apart from a 𝟑𝚽
power supply.

 In the early history of ac power transmission, 2Φ and 3Φ power systems were

quite common.

 In those days, it was routinely necessary to interconnect 𝟐𝚽 and 𝟑𝚽 power

systems, and the Scott-T transformer connection was developed for that
purpose.

92
 It consists of TWO identical 1Φ transformers, one having a 50% tap and the
other an 86.6% tap on the primary winding.

 The 3Φ source is connected to terminals A, B, C and the 2Φ load is connected

to the secondary windings.

 The ratio of transformation (3Φ line voltage to 2Φ line voltage) is given by:
𝐸𝐴𝐵
𝐸12

93
 The transformers are connected as shown in Fig.

94
 The Scott connection has the advantage of isolating the 3𝚽 and 2𝚽 systems
and providing any desired voltage ratio between them.

 Except for servomotor applications, 2Φ systems are seldom encountered today.

95
 The Scott T consists of 2 𝟏𝚽 Tx with identical ratings.

 One has a tap on its primary winding at 86.6% of full-load voltage.

96
 The 86.6% tap of Tx 2 is connected to the center tap of Tx l.

 The voltages applied to the primary winding are shown in Figure.

97
 The resulting voltages applied to the primaries of the two transformers are
shown in Figure.

 Since these voltages are 90° apart, they result in a 𝟐𝚽 output.

98
  Fig: The 2Φ secondary voltages.

 It is also possible to convert 2Φ power into 3Φ power with this connection, but
since there are very few 2Φ generators in use, this is rarely done.
99
 The concept of 3Φ − 2Φ conversion follows from the voltage phasor diagram
of balanced 3Φ supply shown in Fig.

 If the point M midway on VBC could be located, then VAM leads VBC by 90°.

100
 A 𝟐𝚽 supply could thus be obtained by means of transformers; one connected
across AM, the teaser Tx and the other connected across the lines BC.

3 𝟑
 Since 𝑉𝐴𝑀 = 𝑉𝐵𝐶 , the Tx primaries must have 𝑵𝟏 (teaser) and 𝑵𝟏
2 𝟐
turns; this would mean equal voltage/turn in each Tx.

 A balanced 2Φ supply could then be easily obtained by having both

secondaries with equal number of turns, N2 .

 The point M is located midway on the primary of the transformer connected

across the lines B and C.

 The connection of two such transformers, known as the Scott connection, is

shown in Fig.
101
 the Scott connection and the phasor diagram of the 2Φ supply on the
secondary side is shown in Fig.

102
 If the secondary load currents are 𝐼𝑎 and 𝐼𝑏 , the currents can be easily found
on the 3Φ side from the Scott connection Fig above.

103
 The corresponding phasor diagram for balanced secondary side load of
unity power factor is drawn in Fig from which it is obvious that the currents
drawn from the 3Φ system are balanced and cophasal with the wye voltages.

104
 The phasor diagram for the case of an unbalanced 𝟐𝚽 load is drawn in Fig.

105
 A 1Φ power pulsates at twice the frequency, while the total power drawn by
a balanced 3Φ load is constant.

 Thus a 𝟏𝚽 load can never be transferred to a 𝟑𝚽 system as a balanced

load without employing some energy-storing device (capacitor, inductor or
rotating machine).

 Suitable transformer connections can be used in distributing a 𝟏𝚽 load on all

the three phases though NOT in a balanced fashion.

106
 For large 1Φ loads, this is better than allowing it to load one of the phases of a
3Φ system.

 Fig shows how Scott-connected Tx (and the corresponding phasor diagram)

could be used for this purpose.

107
Phasor diagram.

108
 The Scott-T connection uses 2 transformers to convert 𝟑𝚽 power to 𝟐𝚽
power at a different voltage level.

 By a simple modification of that connection, the same two transformers can

also convert 𝟑𝚽 power to 𝟑𝚽 power at a different voltage level.

 Here both the primary and the secondary windings of Tx 2 are tapped at
the 86.6% point, and the taps are connected to the center taps of the
corresponding windings on Tx l .

109
 Fig: The 3Φ T transformer connection Wiring diagram

110
 In this connection T1 is called the main transformer and T2 is called the
teaser transformer.

 As in the Scott T, the 3Φ input voltage produces two voltages 90° apart on the
primary windings of the transformers.

 These primary voltages produce secondary voltages which are also 90°
apart.

 Unlike the Scott T, though, the secondary voltages are recombined into a
𝟑𝚽 output.

 One major advantage of the 3Φ T connection over the other 3Φ transformer

connections (the open-delta and open-wye-open-delta) is that a neutral can be
connected to both the primary side and the secondary side of the
transformer bank.
111
 This connection is sometimes used in self-contained 𝟑𝜱 distribution
transformers, since its construction costs are lower than those of a full 3Φ
transformer bank.

 Since the bottom parts of the teaser transformer windings are not used on either
the primary or the secondary sides, they could be left off with no change in
performance.

 This is, in fact, typically done in distribution transformers.

112
 Fig: The 3Φ T transformer 3Φ input voltages.

113
 Fig: The 3Φ T transformer voltages on the transformer primary windings.

114
 Fig: The 3Φ T transformer voltages on the transformer secondary windings.

115
 Fig: The 3Φ T transformer resulting 𝟑𝚽 secondary voltages.

116
 Each secondary phase is divided into two equal halves with polarity
labelling as in Fig.

117
 6Φ voltages (characteristic angle 360°/6 = 60°) are obtained by means of two
stars in phase opposition, each star being formed from three respective half-
windings as shown in Fig above.

 This connection is employed in rectifiers and thyristor circuits where a path

for the dc current is needed.

118
 Two 1Φ furnaces A and B are supplied at 100 V by means of a Scott-connected
transformer combination from a 3Φ 6600 V system.

 The voltage of furnace A is leading.

 Calculate the line currents on the 3Φ side, when the furnace A takes 400 kW at
0.707 pf lagging and B takes 800 kW at unity pf.

119
Furnace currents are

120
 Furnace voltages and currents are drawn in the phasor diagram of Fig.

121
 On the 3Φ side:

 From the phasor diagram of Fig.

122
 A 2Φ, 7.5 kW ( 10 hp), 240 V, 60 Hz motor has an efficiency of 0.83 and a
power factor of 0.80. It is to be fed from a 600 V, 3Φ line using a Scott-
connected transformer bank as in Fig:

123
 Calculate:

 a. The apparent power drawn by the motor.

 b. The current in each 2Φ line.
 c. The current in each 3Φ line.

124
 a. The active power drawn by the motor is:

 The apparent power drawn by the motor is:

 The apparent power per phase is:

 b. The current in each 2Φ line is:

125
 c. The transformer bank itself consumes very little active and reactive power:
consequently.

 The 3Φ line supplies only the active and reactive power absorbed by the motor.
The total apparent power furnished by the 2Φ line is therefore 11295 VA.

 The 3Φ line current is:

126
 The open-wye-open-delta connection is very similar to the open-delta
connection except that the primary voltages are derived from two phases
and the neutral.

 This type of connection is shown in Figure.

127
 Fig: The open-Y-open-Δ Tx connection.

128
Fig: The open-Y-open-Δ Tx wiring diagram 129
 It is used to serve small commercial customers needing 𝟑𝚽 service in rural
areas where all 3 phases are not yet present on the power poles.

 With this connection, a customer can get 𝟑𝚽 service in a makeshift fashion

until demand requires installation of the third phase on the power poles.

 A major disadvantage of this connection is that a very large return current

must flow in the neutral of the primary circuit.

130
 Vector Group of a 3𝚽 Tx.

 Parallel Transformers on No-load.

 Load division between Tx in parallel.

131
 When THREE 1Φ transformers are used to transform a 3Φ voltage, the
windings can be connected in several ways.

 Thus, the primaries may be connected in delta and the secondary in wye, or
vice versa.

 As a result, the transformation ratio of the 3Φ Tx voltage depends not only

upon the turns ratio of the transformers, but also upon how they are
connected.

132
 A 3Φ transformer bank can also produce a phase shift between the 3Φ input
voltage and the 3Φ output voltage.

 The amount of phase shift depends again upon the turns ratio of the
transformers, and on how the primary and secondary are interconnected.

 Furthermore, the phase shift feature enables us to change the number of

phases. Thus. a 3Φ system can be converted into a 2Φ, 5Φ, 6Φ or a 12Φ
system.

 In making the various connections. it is important to observe transformer

polarities. An error in polarity may produce a short-circuit or unbalance the
line voltages and currents.

133
 When the load outgrows the capacity of an existing Tx, it may be economical
to install another one in parallel with it rather than replacing it with a single
larger unit.

 Also, sometimes in a new installation, two units in parallel, though more

expensive, may be preferred over a single unit for reasons of reliability:- half
the load can be supplied with one unit out.

 Further, the cost of maintaining a spare is less with two units in parallel.

134
 The satisfactory and successful operation of transformers connected in parallel
on both sides requires that they fulfil the following conditions:

 (i) The transformers must be connected properly as far as their polarities are
concerned so that the net voltage around the local loop is zero.
 A wrong polarity connection results in a dead short circuit.

 (ii) 3Φ Tx MUST have zero relative phase displacement on the secondary

sides and must be connected in a proper phase sequence.
 Only the Tx of the same phase group can be paralleled. For example, 𝑌 − 𝑌
and 𝑌 − Δ transformers cannot be paralleled as their secondary voltages will
have a phase difference of 30°. Transformers with +30° and –30° phase shift
can, however, be paralleled by reversing the phase-sequence of one of them.

135
 (iii) The Tx MUST have the same voltage-ratio to avoid no-load circulating
current when Tx are in parallel on both primary and secondary sides.

 Since the leakage impedance is low, even a small voltage difference can give
rise to considerable no-load circulating current and extra 𝐼1 𝑅 loss.

 (iv) There should exist only a limited disparity in the per-unit impedances
(on their own bases) of the Tx .
 The currents carried by two Tx (also their kVA loadings) are inversely
proportional to their ohmic impedances. The ratio of equivalent leakage
reactance to equivalent resistance should be the same for all the Tx .

 A difference in this ratio results in a divergence of the phase angle of the

two currents, so that one Tx will be operating with a higher power factor
than that of the total output.

136
 As a result, the given active load is not proportionally shared by them.
 Vector Groups of a 3𝚽 Tx

 The three windings and the corresponding core legs of a 3Φ Tx are marked by
the letters U, V, W.

 The primary and secondary windings are indicated by a prefix (e.g. 1 or 2)

and their terminals by a suffix consisting of 1 or 2 numbers (e.g. 1U01 or 1U1,
1U2, etc.).

 For windings on the same core leg, the order of the markings must
correspond to the signs of the induced voltage for a common main flux
direction.
137
 The choice of the primary and secondary winding connections in a 3Φ Tx
determines not only the (secondary) voltage levels but ALSO the phase
difference between primary and secondary voltages and the behaviour of
the transformer with respect to asymmetrical supply and loading
conditions.

 The phase difference between primary and secondary is ALWAYS a multiple

of 𝟑𝟎𝒐 . It is always considered as the lagging of the secondary voltage with
respect to the primary voltage.

 This lagging of the secondary voltage with respect to the primary voltage is
expressed by the vector group.

 When specifying or determining the phase shift or vector group the phase
sequence is supposed to be U → V → W (i.e. phase U leads phase V, which
in turn leads phase W).
138
 The connection of a Tx is indicated by three symbols:

 The primary connection (Y, D or Z for a Y− or Δ− or Z−connection).

 The secondary connection (y, d or z for a Y− or Δ− or Z−connection).

 The vector group or phase shift in multiples of 30o .

 A vector group of 1 is obtained by a combination of Y and Δ, or a

combination of a Y or Δ with a Z−connection.

139
 For a vector group of 6 (phase shift of ±180o ), the Tx terminals are to be
connected to the other end of the windings.

 A phase shift of ±𝟔𝟎𝐨 is obtained if the connections in a Δ are SWITCHED

(e.g. connecting 2U2 with 2V1 instead of 2W1 yields Dd8 instead of Dd6).
140
 A phase shift of ±𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐨 can be achieved if the Tx terminals U, V, W are
connected with winding terminals V, W, U or W, U, V.

141
142
143
144
 Parallel Transformers on No-load
 The parallel operation of transformers can be easily conceived on a per phase
basis. Fig shows two Tx paralleled on both sides with proper polarities but on
no-load.

145
 The primary voltages V1 and V2 are EQUAL.

 If the voltage-ratio of the two transformers are NOT identical, the secondary
induced emf’s, E1 and E2 though in phase will not be equal in magnitude
and the difference (E1 – E2) will appear across the switch S.

 When secondaries are paralleled by closing the switch, a circulating current

appears even though the secondaries are not supplying any load.

 The circulating current will depend upon the total leakage impedance of
the two transformers and the difference in their voltage ratios.

 Only a small difference in the voltage-ratios can be tolerated.

146
 Load division between Tx in parallel

 Equal voltage-ratios.

 Unequal Voltage Ratios.

147
 When the Tx have equal voltage ratio, E1 = E2, the equivalent circuit of the
two Tx would then be as showin Fig.

148
 It immediately follows from the sinusoidal steady-state circuit analysis that:

 And:

 The individual currents are inversely proportional to the respective

leakage impedances.

 Thus, if the Tx are to divide the total load in proportion to their kVA
ratings, it is necessary that the leakage impedances be inversely
proportional to the respective kVA ratings i.e.
149
 This condition is independent of the power factor of the total load. The
condition of Eq. can be written as:

 Or:

 Or:

150
 Taking 𝑉𝐿 as the reference phasor and defining complex power as V*I , the
multiplication of 𝑉𝐿∗ on both sides of Eqs gives:

 Where:

 These are phasor relationships giving loadings in the magnitude and phase
angle. Equations also hold for pu loads and leakage impedances if all are
expressed with reference to a common base.

151
 It means that if individual transformer loadings are to be in the ratio of their
respective kVA ratings, their pu impedances (on their own ratings) should
be EQUAL. If:

 The Tx 1 will be the first to reach its rated loading as the total kVA load is
raised. The maximum permissible kVA loading of the two in parallel without
overloading anyone is then given by:

 Or:

152
 Similarly if:

 Then:

 In either case:

153
 Let 𝐸1 and 𝐸2 be the no-load secondary emfs of two transformers in parallel. If
a load current 𝐼𝐿 is drawn at voltage 𝑉𝐿 , two mesh voltage balance equations
can be written as:

154
 On no-load 𝐼𝐿 =0, so that the circulating current between the two Tx is given
by:

 On short-circuit:

 On loading:

155
 Substituting for 𝐼1 : in Eq for 𝐸2 we get:

 Similarly:

156
 A 600 kVA, 1Φ Tx with 0.012 pu resistance and 0.06 pu reactance is connected
in parallel with a 300 kVA Tx with 0.014 pu resistance and 0.045 pu reactance
to share a load of 800 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging. Find how they share the load
when:
 (a) Both the secondary voltages are 440 V.
 (b) The open-circuit secondary voltages are respectively 445 V and 455 V.

157
 (a) The pu impedances expressed on a common base of 600 kVA are:

 The load is:

158
 It may be noted that the transformers are NOT loaded in proportion to their
ratings.

 At a total load of 800 kVA, the 300 kVA transformer operates with 5%
overload because of its pu impedance (on common kVA base) being less
than twice that of the 600 kVA transformer.

 The maximum kVA load the two transformers can feed in parallel without any
one of them getting overloaded can now be determined.

 From above it is observed that the 300 kVA transformer will be the first to
reach its fullload as the total load is increased. In terms of magnitudes:

159
 while the sum of the ratings of the two transformers is 900 kVA.

 This is consequence of the fact that the Tx impedances (on common base) are
NOT in the inverse ratio of their ratings.

 (b) In this case it is more convenient to work with actual ohmic impedances.
Calculating the impedances referred to secondary:

160
 The load impedance 𝑍𝐿 must also be estimated. Assuming an output voltage on
load of 440 V:

161
 Circulating current on loading:

 The corresponding kVA:

 The total output power will be:

162
 This is about 3% less than 800 × 0.8 = 640 𝑘𝑊 required by the load because
of the assumption of the value of the output voltage in order to calculate the
load impedance.

 The secondary circulating current on no-load is:

 which corresponds to about 88 kVA and a considerable waste as copper-loss.

163
 Voltage and Frequency Ratings of a Tx.

 Apparent Power Rating of a Tx.

 Problem of Current Inrush.

 Transformer Nameplate.

164
 Transformers have four major ratings: apparent power, voltage, current,
and frequency.

 Aim: Examine the ratings of a transformer and explain why they are
chosen the way they are.

 Theory of the related current inrush that occurs when a transformer is first
connected to the line.

165
 The voltage rating of a transformer serves two functions.

 One is to protect the winding insulation from breakdown due to an

excessive voltage applied to it.

 Thesecond function is related to the magnetization curve and

magnetization current of the transformer.

 Figure shows a magnetization curve for a transformer.

166
Fig: The magnetization curve of the transformer core.
167
Fig: Magnetization current caused by the flux in the transformer core. 168
 If a steady-state voltage:

 is applied to a transformer’s primary winding, the flux of the transformer is

given by:

169
 If the applied voltage 𝒗(𝒕) is increased by 10%, the resulting maximum
flux in the core also increases by 10%.

 Above a certain point on the magnetization curve, a 10% increase in flux will
require an increase in magnetization current much larger than 10%.

 This concept is illustrated in Figure.

 As the voltage increases, the high-magnetization currents soon become

unacceptable.

 The maximum applied voltage (and therefore the rated voltage) is set by the
maximum acceptable magnetization current in the core.
170
 171
Fig: The effect of the peak flux in a Tx core upon the required magnetization current.
 Notice that voltage and frequency are related in a reciprocal fashion if the
maximum flux is to be held constant:

 Thus, if a 60 Hz Tx is to be operated on 50 Hz, its applied voltage must also

be reduced by one-sixth or the peak flux in the core will be too high.

 This reduction in applied voltage with frequency is called derating.

 Similarly, a 50 Hz Tx may be operated at a 20% higher voltage on 60 Hz if this

action does not cause insulation problems.
172
 The principal purpose of the apparent power rating of a Tx is that,
together with the voltage rating, it sets the current flow through the
transformer windings.

 The current now is important because it controls the 𝒊𝟐 𝑹 losses in

transformer, which in turn control the heating of the transformer coils.

 It is the heating that is critical, since overheating the coils of a transformer

drastically shortens the life of its insulation.

173
 The actual voltampere rating of a transformer may be more than a single
value. In real transformers, there may be a voltampere rating for the
transformer by itself, and another (higher) rating for the transformer with
forced cooling.

 The key idea behind the power rating is that the hot-spot temperature in the
transformer windings must be limited to protect the life of the
transformer.

 If a transformer’s voltage is reduced for any reason (e.g., if it is operated at a

lower frequency than normal), then the transformer’s voltampere rating
must be reduced by an equal amount.

 If this is not done, then the current in the transformer’s windings will exceed
the maximum permissible level and cause overheating.
174
 A problem related to the voltage level in the transformer is the problem of
current inrush at starting.

 Suppose that the voltage:

 is applied at the moment the transformer is first connected to the power

line.

 The maximum flux height reached on the first half-cycle of the applied voltage
depends on the phase of the voltage at the time the voltage is applied.
175
 If the initial voltage is:

 and if the initial flux in the core is zero, then the maximum flux during the first
half-cycle will just equal the maximum flux at steady state:

 This flux level is just the steady-state flux, so it causes no special problems.

 But if the applied voltage happens to be:

176
 The maximum flux during the first half-cycle is given by:

177
 This maximum flux is twice as high as the normal steady-state flux.

 If the magnetization curve in Figure is examined, it is easy to see that doubling

the maximum flux in the core results in an enormous magnetization
current.

 In fact, for part of the cycle, the transformer looks like a short circuit, and a
very large current flows (see Figure).

178
 Fig: Current inrush due to a Tx’s magnetization current on starting. 179
 For any other phase angle of the applied voltage between 90°, which is no
problem, and 0°, which is the worst case, there is some excess current flow.

 The applied phase angle of the voltage is not normally controlled on starting,
so there can be huge inrush currents during the first several cycles after the
transformer is connected to the line.

 The transformer and the power system to which it is connected must be

able to withstand these currents.

180
 Instrument Transformers.

 Audio Frequency Transformer.

 Grounding Transformer.

 Welding Transformer.

181
 Instrument Tx

 A potential transformer is a specially wound transformer with a high voltage

primary and a low-voltage secondary.

 It has a very low power rating, and its sole purpose is to provide a sample of
the power system's voltage to the instruments monitoring it.

 Since the principal purpose of the transformer is voltage sampling, it must be

very accurate so as not to distort the true voltage values too badly.

182
 The impedance presented by the instrument on measurement system to the
transformer output terminals is called burden. It is mainly resistive in nature
and has a large value, e.g. the impedance (practically a resistance) of a
voltmeter.
 The circuit model of a PT is drawn in Fig.

183
 It is the same as that of an ordinary transformer but ideally should have:

 The current drawn by the burden causes a voltage drop in 𝑅2′ + 𝐽𝑋2′ and this
current referred to primary plus the magnetizing current (all phasors) causes a
voltage drop in 𝑅1 + 𝐽𝑋1 .

𝑉2 𝑁1
 Therefore differs from the desired value in magnitude and phase resulting
𝑉1 𝑁2
in magnitude and phase errors.

 Most important thing for low PT errors is to make the burden (Zb) as HIGH
as feasible.

184
 A 6000 V/100 V, 50 Hz potential transformer has the following parameters as
seen from HV side.

 R1 = 780 Ω, X1 = 975 Ω, R′2 = 907 Ω, X 2′ = 1075 Ω, X m = 443 kΩ.

 (a) The primary is excited at 6500 V and the secondary is left open. Calculate
the secondary voltage magnitude and phase.

 (b) The secondary is loaded with 1 kΩ resistance, repeat part (a).

 (c) The secondary is loaded with 1 kΩ reactance, repeat part (a).

185
 The potentiometer equivalent circuit as seen from HV side is drawn on Fig.

186
 (a) Secondary open;

187
 (b)

 As 𝑅𝑏′ is far larger than 𝑅2′ and 𝑋2′ , we can ignore the later. Then:

188
 Exact value should be:

 (c)

189
 Ignoring 𝑅2′ and 𝑋2′ in comparison:

 𝑉2 is same as in resistive load part (b) except for change in phase. In any case
phase is almost zero.

190
 Current transformers sample the current in a line and reduce it to a safe and
measurable level.

 A diagram of a typical current transformer is shown in Figure:

191
 The current transformer consists of a secondary winding wrapped around a
ferromagnetic ring, with the single primary line running through the
center of the ring.

 The ferromagnetic ring holds and concentrates a small sample of the flux from
the primary line.

 That flux then induces a voltage and current in the secondary winding.

 A current transformer differs from the other transformers in that its windings
are loosely coupled.

 Unlike all the other transformers, the mutual flux 𝜙𝑀 in the current transformer
is smaller than the leakage flux 𝜙𝐿
192
 Nevertheless, the secondary current in a current transformer is directly
proportional to the much larger primary current , and the device can provide an
accurate sample of a line’s current for measurement purposes.

 Current transformer ratings are given as ratios of primary to secondary current.

 A typical current transformer ratio might be 600:5, 800:5, or 1000:5.

 A 5 A rating is standard on the secondary of a current transformer.

193
 It is important to keep a current transformer short-circuited at all times,
since extremely high voltages can appear across its open secondary
terminals.

 In fact, most relays and other devices using the current from a current
transformer have a shorting interlock which must be shut before the relay
can be removed for inspection or adjustment.

 Without this interlock, very dangerous high voltages will appear at the
secondary terminals as the relay is removed from its socket.
194
 It is the current ratio transformer meant for measuring large currents and
provide a step down current to current measuring instruments like an ammeter.

 Such instruments present a short-circuit to the CT secondary.

 It means that burden 𝑍𝑏 ≈ 0. An ideal CT current ratio is:

195
 A 250 A/5 A, 50 Hz current transformer has the following parameters as seen
on 250 A side:
 𝑅1 = 109 μΩ, 𝑋1 = 505μΩ, 𝑅2′ = 102 μΩ, 𝑋2′ = 551 μΩ, 𝑋𝑚 = 256 𝑚Ω.

 (a) The primary is fed a current of 250 A with secondary shorted. Calculate the
magnitude and phase of the secondary current.

 (b) Repeat part (a) when the secondary is shorted through a resistance of 200
μΩ.

196
 The equivalent circuit with secondary shorted is drawn in Fig.

197
 By current division:

198
199
 Audio Frequency Tx

 It is used at the output stage of audio frequency electronic amplifier for

matching the load to the output impedance of the power amplifier stage.

 Here the load is fixed but the frequency is variable over a band (audio, 20
Hz to 20 kHz), the response being the ratio V2/V1.

 A flat frequency response over the frequency band of interest is most

desirable.

 The corresponding phase angle (angle of V2 w.r.t. V1) is called phase

response. A small angle is acceptable.

200
 Fig shows the exact circuit model of a transformer with frequency variable
over a wide range.

 Here the magnetizing shunt branch is drawn between primary and secondary
impedances (resistance and leakage reactance).

 Also represented is the shunting effect of transformer windings stray

capacitance Cs.
201
 In the intermediate frequency (IF) range the shunt branch acts like an open
circuit and series impedance drop is also negligibly small such that V2/V1
remains fixed (flat response) as in Fig.

 In the LF (low frequency) region the magnetizing susceptance is low and draws a
large current with a consequent large voltage drop in 𝑟1 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿1 .As a result V2/V1
drops sharply to zero as 𝐵𝑚 = 0.

 In the HF (high frequency) region as 𝐵𝑠 = 1/𝜔𝐶𝑠 (stray capacitance susceptance) has

a strong shunting effect and V2/V1 drops off, which shows the complete frequency
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response of a transformer on logarithmic frequency scale.
 Grounding Transformer

 In case the neutral of the power transformer is not available for grounding (e.g.
when a Δ − Δ transformer is used), a special 𝑌 − Δ transformer is employed
only for neutral grounding as shown in Fig.

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 Such a transformer is called a grounding transformer and it is a step down
transformer.

 The star connected primaries are connected to the system and its neutral is
grounded.

 The secondaries are in delta and generally do not supply any load but provide a
closed path for triple harmonic currents to circulate in them.

 Under balanced conditions the current in a grounding transformer is its own

exciting current.

 Under fault conditions (such as LG fault) large current may flow in it. Hence a
grounding transformer should be of sufficient rating to withstand the effects of
LG (line to ground) faults.
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 Welding transformer is basically a step-down transformer with high reactance
both in primary and secondary.

 Its primary and secondary winding are placed in separate limbs or in the same
limbs but spaced distance apart.

 This high reactance causes steeply drooping V-I characteristics. That is with
increase in current, the leakage flux increase and the induced emf will come
down.

 This is why the increase in primary or secondary current increases the

reactance voltage drop across the respective windings, which is essential to
limit the welding current as the weld is practically a short circuit.
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 The schematic of a welding transformer is shown in Fig.

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 The information on a Tx nameplate includes rated voltage, rated
kilovoltamperes, rated frequency, and the transformer per-unit series
impedance.

 It also shows the voltage ratings for each tap on the transformer and the wiring
schematic of the transformer.

 Nameplates such as the one shown also typically include the transformer type
designation and references to its operating instructions.

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208
 Fig Phase shift in line-to-line voltages in a 3Φ Tx.

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 Fig 3Φ Tx and equivalent circuit.

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 Fig 3Φ Tx and equivalent circuit.

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 A 3Φ, 230 V, 27 kVA, 0.9 PF (lag) load is supplied by three 10 kVA, 1330/230
V, 60 Hz transformers connected in 𝐘 − 𝚫 by means of a common 3Φ feeder
whose impedance is 0.003 + 𝑗0.015Ω per phase.

 The transformers are supplied from a 3Φ source through a 3Φ feeder whose

impedance is 0.8 + 𝑗5.0Ω per phase. The equivalent impedance of one
transformer referred to the low-voltage side is 0.12 + 𝑗0.25Ω.

 Determine the required supply voltage if the load voltage is 230 V.

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 The circuit is shown in Fig.

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 The equivalent circuit of the individual Tx referred to the high-voltage side is:

 The turns ratio of the equivalent 𝐘 − 𝐘 bank is:

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 The 1Φ equivalent circuit of the system is shown Fig.

 All the impedances from the primary side can be transferred to the secondary
side and combined with the feeder impedance on the secondary side.

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 The circuit is shown in Fig.

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 The line-to-line supply voltage is:

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218
219
END

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