Case Study 2

Lympathic
System
(Thymus)
Submitted to: Sir Ervill Villegas
Submitted by: Kaylo V. Vergara NI – B
 I. Introduction of the disease

Thymus Though the thymus is a little-known organ in the body, it does some very
important things. It is part of the lymphatic system, along with the tonsils, adenoids and
spleen, and it's also part of the endocrine system. The most common thymus diseases are
myasthenia gravis (MG), pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and hypogammaglobulinemia,
according to the NLM. Myasthenia gravis occurs when the thymus is abnormally large
and produces antibodies that block or destroy the muscles' receptor sites. This causes
the muscles to become weak and easily tired.  

II. Signs and Symptoms

The thymus is in the middle of the chest, near the airways and certain blood
vessels. Tumors in the thymus can press on nearby structures, causing symptoms
such as:

 Shortness of breath
 Cough (which may bring up bloody sputum)
 Chest pain
 Trouble swallowing
 Loss of appetite
 Weight loss
 Swelling in the face, neck, and upper chest, sometimes with a bluish color
 Swelling of the visible veins in this part of the body
 Headaches
  Feeling dizzy or light-headed

III. Causes

Not much is known about why thymus cancers develop in some people but not in
others. Researchers have found some DNA changes that occur more often in
thymus cancer cells than in normal cells. (DNA is the chemical in each of our cells
that makes up our genes — the instructions for how our cells function.) However,
they are still not certain why these changes occur in some people, exactly how the
changes occur, and how the changes might cause cancer to form.

IV. Pathophysiology

PPI THERAPY

Profound Acid Suppression

Hypergastrinemia Calcium absorption

Calcium Balance
Parathyroid Hyperplasia

Plasma [Ca ++]

Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

PTH

Bone Resorption

Bone Strength
V. Risk Factors

A risk factor is anything that affects your chance of getting a disease such as cancer.
Learn more about the risk factors for thymus cancer. For example, exposing the skin to
strong sunlight is a risk factor for skin cancer. Smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer
and many others. And many people who get the disease may not have had any known
risk factors. Different cancers have different cancers have different risk factors.

Complication
the thymus is a specialized primary lymphoid organ of the immune system. Within the
thymus, Thymus cell lymphocytes or T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive
immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders.

Prevention
Because we do not know what causes most thymic cancers, it is not yet possible to
know how to prevent them to remove as much of the cancer as possible may be used
for some cases of recurrent thymus cancer that is advanced. It helps reduce symptoms
caused by growth of the cancer. If thymus cancer has spread to one part of the pleura
(isolated pleural metastases), surgery may be used to remove the area.

Reference
https://www.bing.com/search?q=risk+factors++thymus+&FORM=HDRSC1
https://www.bing.com/search?
q=complication+of+thymus&cvid=e07673d3978044d9a725328bf684f768&pglt=43&FORM=
ANNTA1&PC=NMTS

https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/health-content-a-z

https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/signs-and-symptoms-of-an-overactive-
thymus-gland-12318940.html
URINARY
(UTI)
I. Introduction of the diseases
The urinary system is a collection of organs which are responsible for the excretion of waste
material from the body. Although the urinary system has a major role in excretion, other organs
contribute to the excretory function. The lungs in the respiratory system excrete some waste
products, such as carbon dioxide and water. The skin is another excretory organ that rids the
body of wastes through the sweat glands. The liver and intestines excrete bile pigments that
result from the destruction of hemoglobin. Other aspects of its function include regulating
the concentrations of various electrolytes in the body fluids and maintaining normal pH
of the blood.

II. Sign and symptoms

o Burning or painful urination

o Urinary urgency
o Increased frequency of urination
o Incontinence
o Blood in urine
o Cloudy urine
o Pelvic pain in women
o Rectal pain in men
o Urine that has a strong odor
o Fever and chills
o Feeling tired
o Nausea and vomiting

III.Cause

when bacteria enter and grow in the normally sterile urinary tract. At least 90% of
uncomplicated infections are caused by a type of bacteria called Escherichia coli, better
know as E. coli. These bacteria normally live in the bowel (colon) and around the anus
and can move to the area around the urethra. Other types of bacteria can also cause a
UTI but less commonly.

IV. Pathophysiology

Lower urinary tract infection

Bladder and urethra

Bladder infection
 Cystitis
Urethra infection

Urethra

UTI
Upper urinary tract

infection

Persistent recurrent UTI

Ureters and kidneys

Chronic cystitis

Chronic UTI

Kidney infection

Pyelonephritis

V. Risks factors

One of the most common types of infection, urinary tract infections (UTIs), occur when
harmful microscopic organisms enter your urinary tract. Although these organisms can
include fungi and viruses, most UTIs are caused by bacteria. Your body typically
eliminates these bacteria before they can trigger symptoms, but risk factors ranging
from sexual activity to underlying health problems can increase the likelihood of
developing a urinary tract infection.

VI. Complication

Complications of a urinary tract infection include: Recurrent UTIs occurring at least

twice in six months or four times in a year, most commonly in women Urethral narrowing
(stricture) in men with recurrent infections 15 Increased risk of preterm birth and low
birth weight in pregnancy. The list of complications that have been mentioned in various
sources for Urinary tract infections includes: Urethritis. Bladder infection (cystitis) Kidney
infection (pyelonephritis) (see Kidney symptoms) caused by urinary tract infections that
are not treated quickly or properly. Urosepsis is a serious complication of a urinary tract
infection (UTI) that requires immediate medical care to avoid a possible life-threatening
event

VII. Prevention

o Drink plenty of water, and relieve yourself often. The simplest way to prevent a
UTI is to flush bacteria out of the bladder and urinary tract before it can set in. If
you’re well-hydrated, it will be tough to go too long without urinating.

o Wipe from front to back. Bacteria tend to hang around the anus. If you wipe from
front to back, especially after a bowel movement, they're less likely to make it to
the urethra.

o Wash up before sex and urinate after it. Use soap and water before sex. This
keeps bacteria away from the urethra. And urinating afterward pushes any
bacteria that entered the urinary tract back out.

o Steer clear of irritating feminine products. Skip douches, deodorant sprays,

scented powders, and other potentially irritating feminine products.

VIII. Reference

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/urinary-tract-infection/symptoms-
causes/syc-20353447

https://pmj.bmj.com/content/early/2020/11/24/postgradmedj-2020-139090

https://www.verywellhealth.com/urinary-tract-infections-symptoms-
2328460#:~:text=Complications%20of%20a%20urinary%20tract%20infection
%20include%3A%20Recurrent,preterm%20birth%20and%20low%20birth%20weight
%20in%20pregnancy
ENDOCRINE
(THYROID CANCER)

I. Introduction of the diseases

Thyroid cancer is the result of cells that change and grow out of control. It's the
most common type of endocrine cancer, and the rate of some types of thyroid
cancer is on the rise. Tumors can grow on the thyroid and disrupt its functioning.
The cancerous cells can also spread beyond the thyroid gland. It is a disease in
which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts of
the body. Symptoms can include swelling or a lump in the neck.
II. Sign and Symptoms

o A lump in the neck, sometimes growing quickly

o Swelling in the neck

o Pain in the front of the neck, sometimes going up to the ears

o Hoarseness or other voice changes that do not go away

o Trouble swallowing

o Trouble breathing

o A constant cough that is not due to a cold

III. Cause

Thyroid cancer is cancer that develops from the tissues of the thyroid gland. It is a
disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to spread to other parts
of the body. Symptoms can include swelling or a lump in the neck. Cancer can also
occur in the thyroid after spread from other locations, in which case it is not classified as
thyroid cancer. It's the most common type of endocrine cancer, and the rate of some
types of thyroid cancer is on the rise. The exact cause of endocrine cancer is unknown.
The following are common risk factors that may be contributing causes, including: Age:
Different age groups are more likely to develop different types of endocrine tumors.

VI. Pathophysiology

GLAND

EXORINE ENDOCRINE
GLAND ENDOCRINE GLAND

SYSTEM

HORMONE
TARGET RECEPTOR
CELL ANTAGONIST
 FEED BACK
V. Risk factors CYCLE
LOOP
o Gender or age
o Radiation exposure
o Heredity and genetics
o Not Enough Iodine in Your Diet

VI. Complication

The main complications of thyroid surgery are voice problems and low
calcium. These are usually temporary but in a small number of cases may
be permanent Alternatives to thyroid surgery for hyperthyroidism are
antithyroid drug therapy or radioactive iodine treatment Patients with
permanent HypoPT require lifelong calcium and vitamin D
supplementation. Calcitriol is the vitamin D metabolite of preference
because of its high activity and short half-life. Both PTH (1-34) and intact
PTH (1-84) have demonstrated to be attractive options in
hypoparathyroid patients who cannot maintain stable serum and urinary
calcium levels with calcium and vitamin D supplementation. However, the
long-term safety of these preparations has not been established.
Postsurgical HypoT is an unavoidable consequence of total or near-total
thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. Replacement and suppressive therapy
are necessary in these patients. Thyroid hormone suppression therapy
has shown to be accompanied by a decreased risk of disease
progression and recurrence; however, it may also be associated with
increased risk of dysrhythmia and loss of bone mass.

VII. Prevention

Preventive (prophylactic) surgery: Genetic tests can determine if you

carry an altered gene (a mutation) that increases your risk for medullary
thyroid cancer or multiple endocrine neoplasia. If you have the faulty
gene, you may opt to have preventive (prophylactic) surgery to remove
your thyroid gland before cancer develops. from the tissues of the thyroid
 gland. It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the
potential to spread to other parts of the body. Symptoms can include
swelling or a lump in the neck. Cancer can also occur in the thyroid after
spread from other locations, in which case it is not classified as thyroid
cancer.

VIII. Reference

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12210-thyroid-cancer/prevention

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28444664/

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/thyroid-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-
20354161
 REPRODUCTIVE
(HIV)
I. Introduction of the diseases

HIV-affected couples have unique challenges that require access to information and
reproductive services which prevent HIV transmission to the uninfected partner and
offspring while allowing couples to fulfill their reproductive goals. The unique
characteristics of the condom and its accepted use in conjunction with safer conception
interventions allow HIV- serodiscordant couples an opportunity to maintain reproductive
health, prevent HIV/STI transmission, and achieve their reproductive goals while timing
conception. Rethinking the traditional view of the condom and incorporating a broader
reproductive health perspective of HIV-affected couples into MPT methodologies will
impact demand, acceptability, and uptake of these future technologies

II. Sign and Symptoms

o Thrush (a thick, white coating on your tongue or mouth)

o Sore throat

o Bad yeast infections

o Chronic pelvic inflammatory disease

o Getting bad infections a lot

o Feeling really tired, dizzy, and lightheaded

o Headaches

o Losing lots of weight quickly

o Bruising more easily than normal

o Having diarrhea, fevers, or night sweats for a long time

o Swollen or firm glands in your throat, armpit, or groin

o Deep, dry coughing spells

o Feeling short of breath

o Purplish growths on your skin or inside your mouth

o Bleeding from the mouth, nose, anus, or vagina

o Skin rashes

o Feeling very numb in your hands or feet, losing control of your muscles and
reflexes, not being able to move, and losing strength in your muscles
o Fever
 o Muscle aches and joint pain

o Rash

o painful mouth sores

o Swollen lymph glands, mainly on the neck

o Diarrhea

o Weight loss

o Cough

o Night sweats

III. Cause

HIV-infected individuals are in the reproductive age, fertility and reproductive desire
have emerged as clinically important issues among this population. Biological changes
caused by HIV, including systemic illnesses, stress, and weight loss, may affect the
function of reproductive organs and result in infertility. It can also be spread by contact
with infected blood or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth or breast-
feeding. Without medication, it may take years before HIV weakens your immune
system to the point that you have AIDS.

III. Pathophysiology

HUMAN REPRODUCTION

OVUM SPERM

FERTILIZATION
 IV. Risk factors

o Unsafe sex
o Shared Needles
o Alcohol and Recreational Drugs

o A Sexually Transmitted Disease

o From Mother to Child
o Donated Blood
o Your Genes

V. Complication
Complications of HIV, such as increased risk of cervical abnormalities, early
menopause, pelvic inflammatory disease (which can cause scarring of the Fallopian
tubes), and severe wasting may also contribute to infertility in women. HIV-related
neurological complications may lead to: Suddenly forgetting things all the time or acting
confused. Feeling of weakness that keeps getting worse. Changes in behavior.
Headaches. Problems with balance and coordination. Seizures. Changes in your vision.

VI. Prevention

HIV prevention and, especially, HIV treatment providers need to address a range of
reproductive health needs, either by referral or—whenever feasible—by directly
providing these services. Programs to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV
should include contraceptive services to prevent future children from becoming infected.
Condoms can be expected to provide different levels of protection for various STIs,
depending on differences in how the diseases or infections are transmitted. Male
condoms may not cover all infected areas or areas that could become infected.

VII. Reference

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4206833/

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-
20373524