緒論

Introduction

第一節| 國際貿易之基本概念

Section 1 | Basic Concepts of International Trade

第二節|國際貿易之特性(vs 國內貿易)

Section 2 | Characteristics of International Trade (vs Domestic Trade)

第三節 | 國際貿易之種類

Section 3 | Types of International Trade

第四節|國際貿易環境的發展趨勢

Section 4 | Development Trend of International Trade Environment

第五節 | 國際貿易與電子商務

Section 5 | International Trade and Electronic Commerce

*多閱讀或收看收聽相關國際新聞資訊

*Read more or watch and listen to relevant international news

第一節 國際貿易之基本概念
Section 1 Basic Concepts of International Trade
一，國際貿易之定義
1. Definition of International Trade

國際貿易(International Trade),係指不同國家或地區間之人民或政府,從事貨物、勞務或技術等互通
有無之交易行為。
International trade refers to people or governments in different countries or regions engaged in the
exchange of goods, labor services or technologies.

交付

《 Deliver

貸款或等值物品

《 Loan or equivalent

雙方協商約定

Negotiated by both parties

賣方 《=》 買方
Seller Buyer
 轉移
Transfer
買賣標的物之所有權/使用權
Ownership/right to use the subject matter
第二節 國際貿易之特性—複雜、困難
Section 2 Characteristics of International Trade—Complex and Difficult
1.歷史文化背景不同,風俗習慣互異,加上語言文字之隔閡,易造成彼此認知上之差異。
1. Different historical and cultural backgrounds, different customs and habits,
coupled with the estrangement of languages, can easily lead to differences in mutual
understanding.

2.市場調查不易,買賣雙方之信用狀況較難以掌握。

2. Market research is not easy, and it is difficult to grasp the credit status of
buyers and sellers.
3.法令規章、貿易政策、管制措施、貨幣制度及度量衡規定等互異,增加貿易作業之困難。
3. The laws and regulations, trade policies, control measures, currency systems and
weights and measures regulations are different, which increases the difficulty of
trade operations.
4.貨物運輸、風險掌握及貨款收付等,常受國際情勢變動之影響。 (英最大貨櫃港罷工,澳洲碼頭
罷工,俄烏戰爭)
4.Cargo transportation, risk control and payment for goods are often affected by
changes in the international situation. (British largest container port strike,
Australian terminal strike, Russian-Ukrainian war)
5.進出口作業須受有關之國際慣例:如信用狀統一慣例、國貿條規或國際協定(如世界貿易組織)
等之約束。
5.Import and export operations must be subject to relevant international practices:
such as the unified practice of letters of credit, international trade regulations or
international agreements (such as the World Trade Organization), etc.
6. 國際貿易在貨款收支時,涉及不同國家貨幣之兌換問題。
6. In international trade, the exchange of currencies of different countries is
involved in the receipt and payment of goods.
7. 買賣標的物為有形之貨物時,該貨物於跨越國界時須分別辦理貨物進 出口通關手續,如下頁
圖。
7. When the subject matter of the sale is tangible goods, the goods must go through
the customs clearance procedures for the import and export of goods separately when
crossing the national border, as shown in the figure below.
支付貨款
Payment
銀行 銀行
 Bank. bank
賣方 協商約定 買方
Seller negotiated agreement buyer
海關 海關
Customs customs
交付標的物
Deliver the subject matter
第二節 國際貿易之特性-風險大
Section 2 Characteristics of International Trade – High Risk
·信用風險(Credit Risk)
·運輸風險(Transportation Risk)
·價格風險(Price Risk)
·匯兌風險(Exchange Risk)
·政治風險(Political Risk)
從事國際貿易應注意事項(常識自己看)
Matters needing attention when engaging in international trade (common sense, see for
yourself)
1.深入瞭解貿易對手國之民情風俗,儘量使用雙方皆能通曉之語文溝通。 若對方無法接受第三種
語文 則須有熟諳對方語文者配合,並保持密切合作。
1. In-depth understanding of the customs and customs of the trade counterparty,
and try to communicate in a language that both parties can understand. If the other
party cannot accept the third language, they must cooperate with someone who is
proficient in the other party’s language and maintain close cooperation.
2.注意國際政治與經貿情勢之變化,明瞭本國及對手國之有關法律規定,隨時注意相關法令規章之
變 動情形,並作機動性調整。
2. Pay attention to changes in international political and economic and trade
situations, understand the relevant laws and regulations of the country and its
opponents, pay attention to changes in relevant laws and regulations at any time, and
make flexible adjustments.
3.注重資訊蒐集,洞悉市場供需與發展趨勢,隨時靈活應變,保持彈性。 並做好徵信調查,掌握競
爭 者與貿易對手之有關情報資料。
3. Pay attention to information collection, gain insight into market supply and
demand and development trends, and be flexible at any time to maintain flexibility.
And do a good job of credit investigation, and master the relevant intelligence data
of competitors and trade rivals.
4.一切約定均須以書面載明,並經雙方當事人確認,以免口說無憑,查無證據。
4. All agreements must be stated in writing and confirmed by both parties, so as
to avoid unsubstantiated statements and no evidence.
 5.雙方當事人約定,適用某種國際協定或慣例時,業者應熟知其有關之內容,並遵守其規定。

5. Both parties agree that when a certain international agreement or custom is

applied, the business operator should be familiar with its relevant content and abide
by its regulations.

6. 善用現代資訊科技與世界接軌,掌握產業界及市場最新發展趨勢,找尋最理想之貨源,並打開行
銷通路,建立國際知名度。
6. Make good use of modern information technology to connect with the world,
grasp the latest development trends of the industry and the market, find the most
ideal source of goods, and open up marketing channels to establish international
reputation.

7.順應網際貿易電子時代之來臨,善加整合與應用企業內、外資源,採行最佳營運方式。

7. In line with the advent of the electronic age of Internet trade, integrate and
apply the internal and external resources of the enterprise well, and adopt the best
operation mode.
8.自創品牌及商標,切忌仿冒。 珍惜商譽,準時交貨。
8.Create your own brands and trademarks, and avoid counterfeiting. Cherish goodwill
and deliver on time.
第三節 國際貿易之種類
Section 3 Types of International Trade
一、依貿易標的物之形態分
1. According to the form of the trade object
•貨物貿易(Merchandise Trade)
•服務貿易(Services Trade)
二、依貿易標的物之動向分
2.According to the trend of trade objects
·出口貿易(Export Trade)
·進口貿易(Import Trade)
•過境貿易(Transit Trade)
·轉口貿易 ( Intermediary Trade )
三，依貿易進行途徑分
3, according to the way of trade
•直接貿易(Direct Trade)
•間接貿易(Indirect Trade)
•三角貿易 ( Triangular Trade)
四、依貿易進行方式分
 4, according to the way of trade
•正規貿易(Regular Trade)
•寄售貿易(Consignment Trade)
•相對貿易(Counter Trade)
五、依產銷模式分
5, according to the production and sales model
•原廠委託製造(OEM)Original Equipment Manufacturing
•原廠委託設計(ODM)Original Design Manufacturing
• 自創品牌行銷(OBM)Own Brand Marketing
一、依貿易標的物之形態分
1. According to the form of the trade object
(一)貨物貿易(Merchandise Trade; Goods Trade)
指具有實體物存在之貨物交換活動,貨物進出國境時,必須經過通關手續, 為傳統之貿易形式。
Refers to the exchange of goods with physical existence. When goods enter and exit
the country, they must go through customs clearance procedures, which is a
traditional form of trade.
(二)服務貿易(Services Trade;Trade in Commercial)指不具有實體物存在之 服務交換活動,一
般海關無法監管,為新興之貿易形式。
(2) Trade in Services (Services Trade; Trade in Commercial) refers to the exchange
of services without physical existence, which cannot be supervised by the general
customs, and is an emerging form of trade.
什麼是服務貿易,聽過太陽花學運嗎?
What is trade in services, have you heard of the Sunflower Student Movement?
(a)有形貿易:是指一般商品交易,例如:原料、半製品、製成品 、機器設備與商品等買賣。 傳統
之國際貿易大多數為有型貿易。
(a) Tangible trade: refers to general commodity transactions, such as: raw
materials, semi-finished products, finished products, machinery and equipment and
commodities. Most of the traditional international trade is structured trade.
(b)無形貿易:是指交易之標的並無實體物之存在,例如:國際間 運輸、保險、金融、電信等勞務之
交易,運輸、售後服務、商標專利等智慧財產及勞務的買賣。
(b) Intangible trade: refers to the fact that the subject of the transaction has no
physical existence, such as: international transportation, insurance, finance,
telecommunications and other labor transactions, transportation, after-sales service,
trademarks, patents and other intellectual property and labor transactions.
世界貿易組織(WTO)烏拉圭回合談成的條約---服務貿易總協定(General Agreement on Trade in
Services; GATS)將國際服務貿易歸類成下列四種型態:
The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), a treaty negotiated in the Uruguay
Round of the World Trade Organization (WTO), classifies international trade in
services into the following four types:
 1. 跨境提供服務(cross-border supply):指服務提供者自一國境內透過資訊網路、郵電等向他
國 境內消費者提供服務。 例如,電信服務、諮詢服務、衛星影視服務等。

1.Cross-border supply: refers to the provision of services by service providers to

consumers in other countries through information networks, post and
telecommunications, etc. from within one country. For example, telecommunication
services, consulting services, satellite video services, etc.

2. 境外消費(consumption abroad):指在一國境內之服務提供者對進入其境內之他國消費者提
供服務。 例如,留學(學校可因提供留學服務為國家賺取外匯)、旅遊(國人雖然無法將國內
美景運送到國外,但可吸引外國人前來台灣消費,國人可因提供運輸、住宿、餐飲等 服務,為
國家賺取外匯收入)等。
2. Consumption abroad: refers to the provision of services by a service provider
within one country to consumers of other countries entering its territory. For
example, studying abroad (schools can earn foreign exchange for the country by
providing study abroad services), tourism (though Chinese people cannot transport
domestic beauty to foreign countries, they can attract foreigners to come to Taiwan
for consumption, and Chinese people can provide transportation, accommodation,
catering, etc. services, earning foreign exchange income for the country), etc.
3.商業據點呈現(commercial presence):指一國之服務提供者到他國境內以設立商業據 點方式提
供服務。 例如,到國外設律師事務所、金融業分支機構等(諾丁漢大學寧波校區。
3. Commercial presence: refers to the provision of services by a service provider of
one country to the territory of another country by establishing a commercial
presence. For example, to set up law firms and financial branches abroad (University
of Nottingham Ningbo Campus.
4.自然人流動(movement of natural persons):指一國之自然人(個人)到他國境內提供 服務。
例如,教師、看護人員或外勞等。
4.Movement of natural persons: refers to the natural persons (individuals) of one
country to provide services in other countries. For example, teachers, caregivers or
foreign workers.