Faculty of Engineering and Technology

School of Engineering

6305ELE
Power Electronics, Drives and Systems
Set 1 Lecture 4: Fourier analysis (of periodic non-sinusoidal wfms)

Dr Obrad Dordevic
O.Dordevic@ljmu.ac.uk
Room 518A, Byrom Street
4. FOURIER ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 FOURIER ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC WAVFORMS
4.2.1 Example even & odd signal
4.2.2 Example 𝛽
4.2.3 Example combination
4.3 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

2
4.1 Introduction
The waveforms in power electronics are switching waveforms
Far from ideal DC or AC waveforms
Therefore, the analysis of circuits supplied from PECs is more
tedious than when supplied from ideal DC or AC sources
Important are average, rms (as we discussed), but also harmonics
(spectral analysis) – which is obtained through Fourier analysis

3
4. FOURIER ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 FOURIER ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC WAVFORMS
4.2.1 Example even & odd signal
4.2.2 Example 𝛽
4.2.3 Example combination
4.3 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

4
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
The idea of the Fourier series
is to represent a non-sinusoidal
(any) periodic wave-form with
a sum of the constant DC
term (average value) and a
series of sinusoidal functions of
different frequencies.

5
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
To reconstruct any periodic signal as a sum of sinusoidal
waveforms

6
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
• For converters with DC output, DC component of spectrum
matters, and the others are the unwanted components.
• For those with AC output, it is the fundamental (𝑘 = 1) that
matters. Higher frequency components are the unwanted
components.

7
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
Periodic signal 𝑣 𝑡 , can be represented as:
∞
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 + ∑ 𝐴𝑘 ⋅ cos 𝑘𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵𝑘 ⋅ sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡
𝑘=1
𝑇
1
𝑉0 is the average value of signal: 𝑉0 = ∫0 𝑣 𝑡 d𝑡
𝑇
2 𝑇
𝐴𝑘 coefficient (cos related term): 𝐴𝑘 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
2 𝑇
𝐵𝑘 coefficient (sin related term): 𝐵𝑘 = 𝑇 ∫0 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡

Term ×2 is related to asymmetrical representation of the spectrum.

8
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
Alternative expression:
∞
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 + ∑ 𝑉𝑘 sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑘
𝑘=1
𝐴𝑘
where 𝑉𝑘 = 𝐴2𝑘 + 𝐵2𝑘 (peak value) and 𝜑𝑘 = atan 𝐵 (phase)
𝑘

Proof:
𝑉 sin 𝜃 + 𝜑 = 𝑉 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑 + 𝑉 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑, here 𝜃 = 𝑘𝜔𝑡
It can be expressed as: 𝐴 ⋅ cos 𝜃 + 𝐵 ⋅ sin 𝜃 if: 𝐴 = 𝑉 sin 𝜑 and 𝐵 = 𝑉 cos 𝜑
𝐴𝑘
Dividing 𝐴/𝐵 one gets: 𝜑𝑘 = atan
𝐵𝑘 1
Finding 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 one gets: 𝐴2 + 𝐵2 = 𝑉 2 ⋅ sin2 𝜑 + cos2 𝜑 = 𝑉 2 ⋅ 1 ⇒ 𝑉 = 𝐴2 + 𝐵2

9
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
If RMS values of harmonics are used (instead of peak) the
alternative expression becomes:
∞
𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉0 + ∑ 2 𝑉𝑘 ⋅ sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑𝑘
𝑘=1
𝐴2𝑘+𝐵2𝑘
𝑉𝑘
where 𝑉𝑘 = = (RMS value) and 𝜑𝑘 = atan 𝐴
𝐵
𝑘 (phase)
2 2 𝑘

10
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
The RMS value of the signal from the spectral point of view can
be expressed as:
𝑉 = 𝑉 02 + 𝑉 12 + 𝑉 22 + 𝑉 32 + ⋯ + 𝑉 𝑘2 + ⋯ + 𝑉 𝑛2

where 𝑉𝑘 = 𝑉 are the RMS values of the harmonics.

2
Remember, from the time domain point of view RMS is:
Root s
Z T Squared
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1
V = · v 2 (t) dt
T 0

Mean

11
Equations summary
P1
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v(t) = V0 + k=1 (Ak cos k!t + Bk sin k!t)

R
1 T 1
R 2⇡
V0 = T 0 v(t) dt = 2⇡ 0 v(✓) d✓
R
2 T 1
R 2⇡
Ak = T 0 v(t) cos k!t dt = 2 2⇡ 0 v(✓) cos k✓ d✓
R
2 T 1
R 2⇡
Bk = T 0 v(t) sin k!t dt = 2 2⇡ 0 v(✓) sin k✓ d✓

Alternatively,
p P1
v(t) = V0 + 2 k=1 Vk sin (k!t + 'k )
p 2 2 ⇣ ⌘
Ak +Bk 1 Ak
where Vk = p
2
and ' k = tan Bk

Totalprms value of the waveform is:

V = V02 + V12 + V22 + V32 + . . . + Vk2 + . . . + Vn2
12
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
Specific important types of periodic waveforms
The number of harmonics can be anything from 1 to infinity
The first harmonic is called fundamental
"0 is the average value of the waveform
Whether or not both even and odd harmonics will exist depends
on the type of waveform
The frequently of interest is: pure AC, symmetrical in two half
periods, which additionally can be of odd or even symmetry

13
4.2 Fourier analysis of periodic waveforms
Even and odd function case
Pure AC, symmetrical in two half-periods,
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v(t)

even function (cosine-like function)

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 −𝑡 0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )

𝑣 𝑡 = ∑∞
𝑘=0
𝐴2𝑘+1 cos(2𝑘 + 1)𝜔𝑡
Pure AC, symmetrical in two half-periods,
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v(t)

odd function (sinus-like function)

𝑣 𝑡 = −𝑣 −𝑡 0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )

∞
𝑣 𝑡 = ∑𝑘=0 𝐵2𝑘+1 sin(2𝑘 + 1)𝜔𝑡
⇒ If symm. in two halves, only 1, 3, 5, harm (2𝑘 + 1) are present.
14
4. FOURIER ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 FOURIER ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC WAVFORMS
4.2.1 Example even & odd signal
4.2.2 Example 𝛽
4.2.3 Example combination
4.3 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

15
4.2.1 Example even & odd signal

Find Fourier series of the following signals (inverter 𝑣𝑜 , rectifier 𝑖𝑖

with high 𝐿 have this shape)

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v(t) v(t)

0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )

(a) (b)

16
 Waveform is cosine-like
Solution case (a) Even function, 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 −𝑡
Equations:
𝑇
2
𝐴𝑘 = ! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
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v(t)
𝑇
#
𝑇
2
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 𝐵𝑘 = ! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
𝑇
#

For 𝒌 = 𝟏 cos(1✓)
Equations for 𝒌 = 𝟏:
𝑇
2 ✅
𝐴1 = ! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 1𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 ≠ 0
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 𝑇
0

sin(1✓)
𝑇
2
𝐵1 =
𝑇
! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 1𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0 ❌
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )
0

17
 Solution case (a)

<latexit sha1_base64="ZB66Eph13FU6Om3ZDahiZNR/Nwg=">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</latexit>

v(t)

0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )

For 𝒌 = 𝟐 cos(2✓)
Equations for 𝒌 = 𝟐:
𝑇
𝐴2 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 2𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0 ❌
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 𝑇
0

sin(2✓)
𝑇
𝐵2 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 2𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0
𝑇 ❌
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 0

18
 Solution case (a)

<latexit sha1_base64="tZKv90kqyIE7Y7g9ubmmoaSQO2E=">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</latexit>

v(t)

0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )

For 𝒌 = 𝟑 cos(3✓)
Equations for 𝒌 = 𝟑:
𝑇
𝐴3 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 3𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 ≠ 0 ✅
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 𝑇
0

sin(3✓)
𝑇
𝐵3 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 3𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0
𝑇 ❌
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 0

19
Solution case (a)

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v(t)

Therefore, for even function,

cosine-like case only 𝐴𝑘 terms
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )
will exist and only the 1st, 3rd,
5th, etc. harmonic will exist.
cos(1✓)

0 90 180 270 360 450 ( )

✅

cos(3✓)

0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) ✅

20
 ∞
𝑣𝑡 = 2 ∑𝑘=0 𝑉2𝑘+1 cos 2𝑘 + 1 𝜔𝑡 𝑉2𝑘+1 = 𝐴2𝑘+1 / 2
𝜋
2 2𝜋 1
𝐴2𝑘+1 = ∫ 𝑣 𝜃 cos 2𝑘 + 1 𝜃 d𝜃 = 4 𝜋 ∫0
2
𝑣 𝜃 cos 2𝑘 + 1 𝜃 d𝜃 =
2𝜋 0
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
4 4 sin 2𝑘+1 𝜃 4 sin 2𝑘+1
𝐴2𝑘+1 = ∫0
2
𝑉𝐷𝐶 cos 2𝑘 + 1 𝜃 d𝜃 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 0
2
= 𝑉𝐷𝐶 2
𝜋 𝜋 2𝑘+1 𝜋 2𝑘+1

Thus:
4𝑉𝐷𝐶 −4𝑉𝐷𝐶 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 −4𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝐴1 = 𝐴3 = 𝐴5 = 𝐴7 = …
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
4𝑉𝐷𝐶 cos 3𝜔𝑡 cos 5𝜔𝑡 cos 7𝜔𝑡 cos 9𝜔𝑡 cos 2𝑘+1 𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 − + − + − ⋯+ ⋯
𝜋 3 5 7 9 2𝑘+1
Rms values of individual harmonic components can be given as
1 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 1
𝑉2𝑘+1 = ⋅ ⋅
2 𝜋 2𝑘+1

21
 Waveform is sine-like
Solution case (b) Odd function, 𝑣 𝑡 = −𝑣 −𝑡
Equations:
𝑇
2
𝐴𝑘 = " 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
<latexit sha1_base64="uCWwwhlQR8nCkBqJUWikezjfIF8=">AAAIcXiczVVbb9s2FFa6efW0W7M+FXs5aBLAXmVdHNvJNhhoURTYXlb3kqSApAUURduEKVEQ6cSepj+3f7F/sNdtzwNGSkIuToAV2MPCB/Ho47l/R2KUMSqk6/62de+DD1sf3W9/bH7y6Weff/Fg+8tjwZc5JkeYM56/i5AgjKbkSFLJyLssJyiJGDmJFs/1+ckZyQXl6Vu5zkiYoFlKpxQjqaDT7Za/B4O+B5PJW3gZx7AYe6YZRGRG0wLTHC+ppIufS3/KUzkORIIYC00TYA96PXjz6ujZ6xdw8uz4hYIaK4F5RkrwxZxO5bjouBa43dKClcCIkbFXmSvtOEfnfk9Igpich9DpeXbfcrvab2dkgTKClMfEjwjj52Gx2/kp0Al1d8vvbnfgWtpF7cC1PHvYOGBkKkMods868tJ4ylWX8ByClROsGIqAplC4jkrWc75Rz77jHapt3+kfqG3g7I/UNnQGQ7esI0MnWKnKbK8OqF561cu1nGvXdeI69JXEI7YkFsg5xQsLRMJ53QTXPlRlKJ+/6CKeNFL/AhtcYEN7aHndymdA0rjp+wU3z1+++eHH9+Cmt/+/kLO/QU6Aueh4gZwTie4QS9kyz9gNnioFvTLGpR/zBNF0DLrAb0HTAgIlykyMh25YBS10dSo5Z/B1sOqW3crBJnUau/y03o+80d0gT9D0DpKH1yj979Tp2v6VOlP9NPXrlV+mgk4f7Li2Wy24KXiNsGM0a3K6vfV3EHO8TEgqMUNC+J6bybBAuaSYqa87WAqSIbxAM+IrMUUJEWFRXQMl7CkkBtV20H9rqNCrFgVKhFgnkdJMkJyLzTMN3nbmL+X0MCxomi0lSXEdaLpkIDnoOwVimhMs2VoJCOeqfAx4jnKEpbp5zGth6tbsaUiLjEY5ytdFFdrcRNVY45uomKOMCJWFjh8RQOqu02JMpuoSrKYDKp0xYYxmglyr5fXkjDOpJN23S7aUN924BlHlYw2rwIXMacbVRDgJFyDkmhEH5Tk/F+VtStmlVsq1N82aGdS5VYwUfJYTkpZFPovKQt+O9uhADZ5bVgPjbY7HTeG4b3sj233V33lqNaPTNr4yHhsdwzMOjKfG98bEODJw69fW760/Wn/e/6v9qA3tx7Xqva3G5qFxbbWf/APUwYEr</latexit>

v(t)
𝑇
0
𝑇
2
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 𝐵𝑘 = " 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
𝑇
0

For 𝒌 = 𝟏 cos(1✓)
Equations for 𝒌 = 𝟏:
𝑇
𝐴1 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 1𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0 ❌
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 𝑇
0

sin(1✓)
𝑇
𝐵1 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 1𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 ≠ 0
𝑇 ✅
0 90 180 270 360 450 ( ) 0

22
 Solution case (b)

For 𝒌 = 𝟐 Equations for 𝒌 = 𝟐:

𝑇
2
𝐴% = ! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 2𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0 ❌
𝑇
$

𝑇
2
𝐵% =
𝑇
! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 2𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0 ❌
$

23
 Solution case (b)

For 𝒌 = 𝟑 Equations for 𝒌 = 𝟑:

𝑇
2
𝐴3 = ! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ cos 3𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 = 0 ❌
𝑇
0

𝑇
2
𝐵3 =
𝑇
! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 3𝜔𝑡 d𝑡 ≠ 0 ✅
0

24
Solution case (b)

Therefore, for odd function,

sine-like case only 𝐵𝑘 terms
will exist and only the 1st, 3rd,
5th, etc. harmonic will exist.

25
 ∞
𝑣𝑡 = 2 ∑𝑘=0 𝑉2𝑘+1 sin 2𝑘 + 1 𝜔𝑡 𝑉2𝑘+1 = 𝐵2𝑘+1 / 2
𝜋
2 2𝜋 1
𝐵2𝑘+1 = ∫ 𝑣 𝜃 sin 2𝑘 + 1 𝜃 d𝜃 = 4 𝜋 ∫0
2
𝑣 𝜃 sin 2𝑘 + 1 𝜃 d𝜃 =
2𝜋 0
𝜋 𝜋
4 4 − cos 2𝑘+1 𝜃 4 1
𝐵2𝑘+1 = ∫0
2
𝑉𝐷𝐶 sin 2𝑘 + 1 𝜃 d𝜃 = 𝑉𝐷𝐶 0
2
= 𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝜋 𝜋 2𝑘+1 𝜋 2𝑘+1

Thus:
4𝑉𝐷𝐶 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 4𝑉𝐷𝐶
𝐵1 = 𝐵3 = 𝐵5 = 𝐵7 = …
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
4𝑉𝐷𝐶 sin 3𝜔𝑡 sin 5𝜔𝑡 sin 7𝜔𝑡 sin 9𝜔𝑡 sin 2𝑘+1 𝜔𝑡
𝑣𝑡 = sin 𝜔𝑡 + + + + + ⋯+ ⋯
𝜋 3 5 7 9 2𝑘+1
Rms values of individual harmonic remain to be given with
1 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 1
𝑉2𝑘+1 = ⋅ ⋅
2 𝜋 2𝑘+1

26
4. FOURIER ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 FOURIER ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC WAVFORMS
4.2.1 Example even & odd signal
4.2.2 Example 𝜷
4.2.3 Example combination
4.3 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

27
4.2.2 Example !

Consider the voltage shown in figure below and determine its

Fourier series if the duration of the non-zero voltage in both half-
cycles is determined with angle 𝛽. Next, consider the special case
when 𝛽 = 120°.
<latexit sha1_base64="VJ07yZ+cbHZBoyBt0aDRYzBl0Q4=">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</latexit>

v(t)
VDC

270 180 90 0 90 180 270 ( )

28
 Equations:
Solution 𝑇
𝐴𝑘 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
𝑇
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v(t)
VDC
0
𝑇
𝐵𝑘 = 2 ∫ 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
( ) 𝑇
270 180 90 0 90 180 270
0

Waveform is cosine-like ⇒ only cos coefs 𝐴2𝑘+1 will exist

Even function, 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 −𝑡
Pure AC ⇒ 𝑉0 = 0
Symmetrical in two half-periods ⇒ only 1, 3, 5, … harm exist

29
 1
p X p
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v(t) = 2 V2k+1 cos[(2k + 1)!t] V2k+1 = A2k+1 / 2

k=0
Z 2⇡ Z
2 1 2
A2k+1 = v(✓) cos[(2k + 1)✓]d✓ = 4 v(✓) cos[(2k + 1)✓]d✓ =
2⇡ 0 ⇡ 0
Z 2 
4 4 sin(2k + 1)✓ 2 4 sin(2k + 1) 2
A2k+1 = VDC cos[(2k + 1)✓]d✓ = VDC = VDC
⇡ 0 ⇡ 2k + 1 0 ⇡ 2k + 1

Thus:
4VDC 4VDC 3 4VDC 5 4VDC 7
A1 = sin A3 = sin A5 = sin A7 = sin ...
⇡ ✓2 3⇡ 2 5⇡ 2 7⇡ 2 ◆
4VDC cos 3!t 3 cos 5!t 5 cos 7!t 7
v(t) = cos !t sin + sin + sin sin + ...
⇡ 2 3 2 5 2 7 2

In the special case when = 120 , /2 = 60 , Fourier series becomes:

30
In the special case when 𝛽 = 120°, 𝛽/2 = 60°, Fourier series becomes:
4𝑉𝐷𝐶 3 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 3
𝐴1 = 𝐴3 = 0 𝐴5 =
𝜋 2 5𝜋 2
4𝑉𝐷𝐶 3 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 − 3
𝐴7 = 7𝜋 2
𝐴9 = 0 𝐴11 = 11𝜋 2
…

3 4𝑉𝐷𝐶 cos 5𝜔𝑡 cos 7𝜔𝑡 cos 11𝜔𝑡

𝑣𝑡 = cos 𝜔𝑡 − + − + ⋯− ⋯+ ⋯
2 𝜋 5 7 11

This wfm. will be met later (3𝜙 VSI line-to-line voltage, and input
AC current of a 3𝜙 bridge rectifier supplying a highly inductive load)
Note that this specific voltage (or current) does not contain any
harmonics divisible by 3.

31
4. FOURIER ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 FOURIER ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC WAVFORMS
4.2.1 Example even & odd signal
4.2.2 Example 𝛽
4.2.3 Example combination
4.3 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

32
4.2.2 Example combination

Consider the voltage waveform shown in figure below and

determine its Fourier series. Assuming that the required rms
value of the fundamental harmonic is 240 V, find the necessary
DC supply voltage.
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v(t)
2
V
3 DC 1
V
3 DC

0 60 120 180 240 300 360 420 ( )

33
 Equations:
Solution 2
𝑇

𝐴𝑘 = ! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
𝑇
$
𝑇
2
𝐵𝑘 = ! 𝑣 𝑡 ⋅ sin 𝑘𝜔𝑡 d𝑡
𝑇
$

Can move axis to get cosine-like

⇒ only cos coefs 𝐴2𝑘+1 will exist
Even function, 𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑣 −𝑡
Pure AC ⇒ 𝑉0 = 0
Symmetrical in two half-periods ⇒
only 1, 3, 5, … harm exist
Superposition (phase-to-neutral
voltage of six-step modulated 3𝜙 VSI)

34
4. FOURIER ANALYSIS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 FOURIER ANALYSIS OF PERIODIC WAVFORMS
4.2.1 Example even & odd signal
4.2.2 Example 𝛽
4.2.3 Example combination
4.3 TUTORIAL QUESTIONS

35
4.3 Tutorial questions
Tutorial questions are similar to those previously covered
Students are advised to practice those questions on their own

36