i) Hexokinase catalyses the metabolism of glucose to glucose – 6 – phosphate in glycolysis, illustrated

in the diagram below showing both the Haworth projections (above) and fischer projections (below)
for glucose and glucose-6-phosphate. In order to phosphorylate glucose, a phosphate donor is
required in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which would be released as ADP. As
transferases catalyse the movement of a carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus-containing functional
group from a donor to an acceptor, hexokinase is a transferase.

(hexokinase)

(hexokinase)

ii) Phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) carboxykinase catalyses the metabolism of oxaloacetate to PEP, using
ATP and releasing ADP and CO2 in addition to PEP. Oxaloacetate has a carbon chain of 4 atoms while
PEP has a carbon chain of 3. PEP carboxykinase severs the C4 atom and constructs a double bond
between C2 and C3. As lyases can form double bonds between carbon atoms and other carbon
atoms, sulphur atoms or nitrogen atoms by the release of stable metabolites like CO2 or saturate
double bonds by the addition of stable molecules, PEP carboxykinase is a lyase.
iii) Succinate dehydrogenase complex II (SDC2) catalyses the metabolism of succinate and FAD to
fumarate and FADH2. As shown below, the enzyme constructs a double bond between C2 and C3
while removing a hydrogen atom each from the carbons. The FAD being converted to FADH2 and the
movement of the hydrogens suggests an oxidoreductive reaction. The enzyme class is therefore an
oxidoreductase and in this case, SDC2 reduces the succinate, causing it to lose hydrogens which FAD
absorbs, creating a double bond in the process.

SDC2