CELLULAR RESPIRATION

GLYCOLYSIS
anaerobic
enzymes in the cytoplasm
two phosphates added to glucose to form hexose
biphosphate through phosphorylation
Split into triose phosphate through lysis
oxidation, two atoms of hydrogen removed rom each, which
creats 2 NADH
Creates 2 three carbon structures
Two phosphates removed, formed 4 ATP to form pyruvate

1 glucose=2 pyruvate
2 ATP USED 4 ATP MADE
2 NADH

KREBS CYCLE
occurs when oxygen is available for the pyruvate
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN PYRUVATE IS TURNED
INTO ETHANOL AND CO2 OR LACTATE/LACTIC ACID
but if there is oxygen…
releases co2 and h20
occurs in mitochondria matrix
←- the link reaction:
removes h and co2 from pyruvate, makes NADH
acetyl coa accepts decarboxylation of pyruvate

ACTUAL CITRIC ACID (KREBS)

CYCLE:
So basically the acetyl coa acetyl part combines with the oxoaloacetate (c4) to make citrate (c6)
and then blah blah another form isocitric, alpha ketoglutaric acid (5 carbon) then changed again
to succinyl coA (c4) then succinate, then fumurate, then malate, then back to oxoaloacetate,
then again!
loss of co2 is decarboxylation
loss of hydrogen is oxidation
this is substrate level phosphorylation

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
inner membrane of mitochondria.
ATP synthase, chemiosmosis
electron carriers are oxidized. Energy relased as the electrosn pass along the chain, used to
pump protons across the membrnes to form a gradient. The relase of energy when ATP
synthase pushes it (the part that rotates) back across the membrane creates ATP out of ADP.
electorns gien to oxygen at the end of the chain, forms water with the hydrogen ions
happens in the matrix
PHOTOSYNTHESIS NOOOOOO
that light aborption shit
light-dependent reaction
travels from photosystem II to photosystem I
creates one ATP through non-cyclic photophosphorylation. electrons from photolysis of water
increase in concentration inside the thylakoid. want to escape, power the atp synthase.
cytochrome complex pumps in the protons.
IN PHOTOSYSTEM ONE THE ELECTRON THAT CAME FROM PHOTOSYSTEM II
REPLACES THE ELECTRON PHOTOSYSTEM ONE LOST. BECOMES IN EXCITED STATE
SO IT CAN GIVE ANOTHER ELECTRON TO THE STROMA TO BE RECEIVED BY NADP
excited electron in photosystem II is replaced by the photolysis of water. light gies
positive charge to special chlorophyll molecule and water is split in the thylakoid,
photolysis, h20 and oxygen. oxygen is a waste product.
LIGHT INDEPENDENT
the calvin cycle yaaayyyyy
happens in the stroma
5-carbon sugar ribulose biphospahte RuBP.
use glycerate 3-phosphate
rubisco catalyzes carbon fixation reaction where co2 combines with ribulose bisphosphate to
form two molecules of glyccerate 3phosphate. (unstable form before, doesn’t last long)
2 NADH and 2 ATP are used in the reduction reaction to form triose phosphate, link two
together and you get glucose phosphate!
SO YOU NEED TWO ROUNDS OF THE CALVIN CYCLE TO GET 1 MOLECULES OF
GLUCOSE! ONLY ONE MOLECULE OF GLYCERATE 3-PHOSPHATE CAN BE USED, THE
OTHERS USED TO REGENERATE RuBP. ATP used to convert back into
ribulosebisphosphate.