2016 Biennial International Conference on Power and Energy Systems:Towards Sustainable Energy (PESTSE)
Integration of Solar PV/BatteryHybrid System Using
Dual Input DC-DC Converter
Sivaprasad A, Kumaravel S, Ashok S.
Department of Electrical Engineering,
National illstitute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, illdia - 673 601
sivanuday@gmail.com, kumaravel_s@nitc.ac.in, ashoks@nitc.ac.in
Abstract-The relevance of the green energy sources like solar
photovoltaic, fuel cell, wind, ultra capacitor, etc., is increasing in a
fast manner and they are widely used in the variety of applications
like hybrid electric vehicle, micro grid and aerospace industries
etc. Combination of more than one source is an effective way to
provide reliable power for these applications. So the concept of
hybrid energy system attains a vital role in the field of modern
power generation. Different hybrid combinations like solar
PV/wind, solar PV/battery, wind/fuel cell, ultra-capacitoribattery,
fuel cell/solar PV etc., are used for power generation. But for the
effective integration of these hybrid sources, a proper power
electronic interfacing circuit is mandatory. This paper discuss
about a converter for the integration of sol ar-PV/batte ry hybrid
system for DC micro grid application. The modeling of Solar PV
systems has been carried to study the different characteristics of
the source with respect to insolation, cell temperature, etc. For the
integration of solar-PVibattery hybrid system, a dual input DC-
DC converter is used. The computer simulation ofthe dual inJXIt
converter topology with an MPPT algorithm for extracting
maximum power from a Solar PV source has been carried out in
the MATlAB/Simulink platform and the results are presented.
Keywords-Solar-PV,Hybrid energy system, Dual input DC-DC
converler, Battery storage, MPPT algorithm, Distributed generation
I. INTRODUCTION
Enhancing the power generation capacity is the only way to
satisfY the global electrical energy demand since it is steadily
rising. Increasing prices of fossil fuels and awareness of global
warming have boosted the importance of green energy sources
in the modern day power generation. The sources like Solar PV
(SPV), wind, fuel cell, ultra capacitor, battery etc., are widely
used for the cost effective and ecofriendly power generation
which can be located at or near loads. This type of power
generation can be named as distributed generation. Compared to
conventional bulk power generation, distributed generation has
several advantages like efficient power generating capability,
lossless transmission, environmental friendly and sustainable
power generation, etc. The SPY systemis a best solution forthe
distributed power generation. The SPY system produces DC
power when photon strikes on the Spy without causing any
environmental pollution [1-3]. According to different
applications, solar PY system can be operated in standalone and
hybrid modes.
Hybrid energy combination is essential for the efficient
performance of distributed generation system Recently, many
applications uses hybrid combination of different sources for
obtaining the reliable power fonn these sources. A combination
978-1-4673-6658-8/16/$3l.00 ©20 16 IEEE
ofSPV and battery source is considered in this paper. Individual
DC-DC power electronic converters are used for the integration
of SPY and battery source. However, this type of integration is
more complex, high cost, and less reliable. Hence, an efficient
power electronic converter is mandatory for this energy source
integration to attain a required power level. Thus the concept of
Multi Input DC-DC Converter (M ICs) is developed to overcorre
the demerits in the conventional ways of integration. Less part
counts, compactness, cost effectiveness is the major merits of
the MICs. Different sources can be integrated using MICs to
supply the load individually or simultaneously [5-9]. There are
many MICs are reported in the literatures which include the
major classifications like isolated and non-isolated MICs. Here's
a non-isolated dual input DC-DC converter is presented for the
integration of Spy and battery sources.
In order to understand the characteristics of Spy, modeling
of Spy system is carried out. A circuit based approach of Spy
for modeling is taken into consideration. The nonlinear V-I
characteristic nature of SPY results to use MPPT algorithm for
maximum power tracking. The algorithms like P&O,
incremental conductance, MPPT using fuzzy logic, etc., are
some ofthe popular MPPT algorithms reported in the literature.
[4], [10].
ill this paper, modeling of SPY system, design and
simulation of a dual input non-isolated DC-DC converter
topology for the integration of solar PY (SPY) Ibattery hybrid
system with MPPT algorithm are presented. This paper is
organized into four sections. Section II deals with the principles
of SPY generation and mathematical modeling of SPY cell.
Section III covers the analysis of the dual input DC-DC
converter and implementation of MPPT algorithm Section IV
deals with the simulation results of the DC-DC converter with
MPPT algorithm and finally conclusion is presented in the
section Y.
II. MODELlNGOF SOLARPVSYSTEM
A. Solar Cell: Mathematical Modeling
Single diode model ofthe solarcell which is given in Figure
1, is considered in the modeling. The solar cell is inactive under
dark conditions, but produce output current which is
proportional to the amount of sunlight striking on the cell. In
general, the effect of the parameters like temperature
dependence of the photocurrent fr, saturation current of the
diode 10, the series res istance R., and diode quality factor are
neglected in the modeling of SPY. But to get accurate and
precise solar cell characteristics, the above mentioned effects
precise modeling. The USP-75W module has 36 series connected
are taken into consideration in this work. polycrystalline silicon cells. The specifications of module are
l. The parameters are meas ured under Standaro
given in Table 1.
~> Test Conditions (STC).
0
+
Rs TABLE 1. SPECIFICATION OF USL SOLARPVMODULE

G~
~ D+t'tID" ,t'et nISII
D

RSH
RSH
vV
Parameter
of USP-75 SPY Module
Characteristic ofUSP-75
Value
Maximum Power (Pm) 75W
Pm(Vm)
Voltage@ Pm(Vm) 17.IV
Fig. 1. Simplified equivalent circuit of solar cell. Current @ Pm(/m)
Pm(lm) 4.39A
From the equivalent circuit, the relationship between the load Short circuit current (/sc)
(15c') 4.90A
and output voltage
current /I and vo ltage V is given by Open-circuit voltage (Vue)
(Voe) 21.50V

/1=
= /1.
q(Y+lR,)
q(v+lR,)
10 [ e nk7 -I
Ir -- /0
1 (I)
Cell temperature in STC (TI,norm)
(hnorm)
Solar insolation(G
insolation( Gf/OIm)
llorm )
25 deg C
1000 W/sq.m

system is carried out under different

Simulation of the SPY systemis
radiation
rad iation levels from
trom 200 WW1m2
1m2 to 1000 WW1m2,
1m2. The simulation
Here IL represents the photocurrent and 10 represents the
of the diode, while Rs and Rsh are the shunt
saturation current ofthe results for both I-V and P-V characteristics of the SPY are
and series resistance of the solar cell respectively. Here, the
and shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.The developed model is
carried out by
modelingis carried by considering the temperature corres ponding I-V
simulated for different temperatures and corresponding I -V and
photo current IL and the saturation current of
dependence ofthe photo P-V characteristics are shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5.
the diode 10. Simulation results shows, howthe variations in solar irradiation
and temperature affects the P-V and I-V characteristics of a
/1. = /1. (71)+ K 0 (T - 71 )
(2)
ce II significantly,
solar cell sign ifican tIy .
6.~-------.--------.---------.-------~--------~

( )~
(3)
1L 0'1)= 1SC II'nom G(nom) 1000 W/m2
______________________~_

~4~--t-----t--
~4 ~

1~
~

~
0'2 L Sf (II)
=~c.o"'~; ;:'m'
e3 ~----------------------~-=~~---------

1::
K 0 = 1 SC 1 (4) ~
(T2 - T1 U2F===================~~~~~~~~ I 400 W/m2

Q[l, (T1»j
nk _l
°0 10 15 20 25

10 = 10 (I )[ LJ
I 71
Yn e T T1 (5)
Voltage(V)

Fig. 2. 1- V characteristics ofSPV under different radiation levels.

ofSPVunder

80

1000 W/m22
IOOOW/m
1 0 (7 I ) = / ~(.:,..T
..,....----=-1 sc (TIlL)_-,-
) (6) MJ.. .
60r-------t-----~~~,-~~--~--4_-----
60 .1 .............
10 (I I) = qq V
V oe(7
oc(TI)I) [i'
~
e -""""""'--1
nk7 - 1 ''E'
E~i$" 40
o
0..
~

20
The open circuit voltage of the solar cell can be given as

1!-]
o·o
V oc = ( ~) In [
(7) 10
10
Voltage(V)
15 20 25

Fig. 3. p- V characteristics of SPV under different radiation levels.

P- V
nkT = VT 6,-------~------~------,-------_.------~

Where, VIVr is thermal voltage and T is absolute cell

~4 ~------------------__-=J--
Where,
Electron charge and k is Boltzmann
temperature,q is Electron Boltzmann constant.
~4
~, ~~
~
Di
!3------------------------4_~~~~~-----
~ -)

B. Simulation Results of solar P

PVV system ~
u2---------t--------t--------+--~\~
u2 \ ~~;\~\J\I~~---
simulation of Spy
A computer simulation SPY system
system based on the 40C 40C
mathematical equations explained above is developed in the
mathematical
MA TLAB/Simulink platform.
MATLAB/Simulink platform InIn this case solar radiation and %~------~------1~0------~15~--~LU
00 20li----~25
10 15 20 25
atmospheric temperature are included as the input variables. Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)
Parameters of 75W, USPSPV
Parameters USPSPV module
modu Ie are considered
cons idered for
Fig. 4. 1-
J- V characteristics ofSPV
of SP V under different temperature levels.
 80 80

60 60

~ ~
l40
13 40
~
0
0 ~
Cl..;

20 20

00 °0 10 15 20 25
10 15 20 25 Voltage(V)
Voltage(V)
Fig. 9. P- V characteristics ofSPV for various diode quality factors.
Fig. 5. p- V characteristics ofSP V under different temperature levels.

The effect of variations in series resistance Rs in the solar cell III. DUAL INpUT DC-DC CONVERTER
characteristics is given in Figure 6 and Figure7. In this paper a dual input buck-boost type DC-DC converter
6,-------~------~------,-------_r------_, is considered for the integration of both the Spy and battel)'
sources. The circuit diagram ofthe dual input DC-DC converter
is shown in Figure 10.
~4 r---------------------__~~-­
""§3
g
SWI D

U2 mom
TSW2
L R Vo
00 10 15 25
Voltage(V) +
Fig. 6. J- V characteristics ofSPV for various model series resistances.

80~------~----~~----~------~------~
Fig. 10. Circuit of dual input DC-DC converter.
mohm
60r---------------------~~~~~~4H~~ Mode I: 8Wl is ON and 8m is OFF
32 mohm
~ In this mode, the switch SWI is ON and switch SW2 is OFF. The
~40r---------------~~----_r----~_ft------~ source VI charges the inductor as shown in Figure 11.
::
0'::
20r-----__~------------~------~H_----~ SWI

SW2
5 10 15 20 25
Voltage(V) L R Yo
Fig. 7. P- V characteristics ofSPV for v arious model series resistances.

From Figure7, it is clear that as Rs increases, the P-V curve

+
- - _ _I
moves to the left and the output power decreases. In addition to
the above mentioned parameters, one more parameter called
diode quality factor is taken into consideration. The effect of Fig. II. Converter operation with switch SW1 closed and Sw2 open.
variation of a diode quality factor is shown in Figure 8 and Mode 2: 8Wl OFF and 8m ON
Figure9. As the value of diode quality factor increases, the knee
of the curve becomes soft. In this mode, the switch SW2 is ON and switch SWI is OFF. The
source V2 delivers energy to the inductor as shown in Figure 12.
6.

SWI

~4 =====~======~~~~~f+8--­ SW2
~ .5
1b
g 1
L R Yo
U2--------+---------------------~~-------- _ Y2
I +
1- ____I
%~.------~------~10~------I~S------~~----~25

Voltage(V)
Fig. 12. Converter operation with switch SW2 closed and Sw] open.
Fig. 8. J- V characteristics ofSPV for various diode quality factors.
 Mode 3: SI and S2 OFF
Start

In this mode both the switches are OFF. The energy stored
in the inductor delivered to charge the capacitor and supply the
load as shown in Figure 13.

SWI

SW2
P(k) - V(k)*I(k)

R Vo

I + No Yes
~-- P(k) P(k-l)

Fig. 13. Converter operation with switch SWI and Sw2 are opened. No No
> V(k·!

A. Analysis of the Dual Input DC-DC Converter

The analys is of dual input DC-DC converter in buck-boost 0=0 +~8 I I 0=0 +~8
mode of operation has been conducted for the continuous
conduction mode of the inductor under steady state k= k+l
condition.The voltage-second balance on inductor can be given
as: (TO to Start

(8)
Fig. 15. Flowchart ofMPPT algorithm (Perturb& Observe Method).
Dividing eqn. (8) by T:
Here the voltage and current ofSPV is continuously monitored
~DI +V2 (D z -D!)-~J(I-Dz)=O (9)
to calculate the power at each instant and based on these
When VI>V2; Output voltage of converter topology is: calculations maximum power point is detected by adjusting
duty cycle '0', which controls the voltage. With the proper
adjustment of duty cycle '0', the difference between power
(10) input ofthe converter and power output ofthe converter can be
When V2>VI; Output voltage of converter topology is: maintained very small.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

(11)
B.MPPT Control Algorithm
The concept of MPPT is developed to derive the maximu m
available power trom Spy system. In this paper P&O algorith m
is used for maximum power tracking of Spy [10].The block
diagram representation of the overall system with the MPPT
technique is shown in Figure 14.
The simulation of the dual input DC-DC converter is carried
out with ideal characteristics of various components presents in
the converter topology in the MATLAB/Simulink environment
and the simulation results are given in Figures 15and 16. Various
parameters used in the simulation of the DC-DC converter
topology is given in Table 2. The source two, i.e., battery is
considered as a stiff source. In this paper, only the discharging
operation of battery is considered, since the converter allows
unidirectional power flow. Here, the output waveforms of the

E
converter are shown in Figure 16. The inductor charges
SOURCE 2
effectively by source I & 2 and delivers output powerto the load
as shown in the output waveforms ofthe converter.
DUAL INPUT DC- LOAD
DC CONVERTER TABLE TI: PARAMETERS USED IN THE SIMULATION OF THE CONVERTER
SOLARPV
PANEL(SOUR.. \
CE I) I • Parameter Specifications
'9< "-<
Voltage of Source 1 (VI) 120V
Voltage of Source 2 (V2) 120V
MPPT CONTROL
ALGORITHM
Switching frequency (f) 10 kHz
Capacitor (C) 1000 /IF
Fig. 14. Dual input DC-DC converterwithPV systemandMPPT control.
Inductor (L) IOmH
The flow chart representation of Perturb& Observe MPPT Output Voltage (Vo) 260 V
algorithm is given in Figure 15.
 300~.--------~------~------~--------~------~

~ 400 l"'. . . . ·-l,\.

500r-------~------~--------~------~------~

200-------------- Output Voltage - Inductor Voltge - - I::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

~ 10: n nn nnn I is
-g 300
~
,
\~"''''.._ _.~.~~..~m ii ••

' .... __ ~_'NN._ _ _~

II

UUUUUU
o

~:;::J
p.,
'5200
%
o 100~------~------------------------+--------
-3004
4002 4004 4.006 4.008 4.01
Time(s) 2 3 4 5
Time(s)
(a)
(c)
Fig. 17. Simulated W<lveforms ofthe DC-DC converter for different solar
1.9 irradiation(a) output voltage (b) output Current (c) output PO\\er .

~185 V. CONCLUSION
'i:iOJ A dual input DC-DC converter for the integration of hybrid
~
8 1.8 SPVlBattery source is discussed in this paper. The mathematical
~
model of a solar cell is developed and simulation is carried out
8fr 1.75 ----------------------------------------- in MATLAB/Simulink platform in order to understand the
different characteristics of the SPY system. ill addition to that,
the design and analysis ofthe dual- input DC-DC converter for
4002 4004 4006 4.008 401 the integration of SPY and battery has been carried out. The
Time(s)
P&O method has been used as an MPPT algorithm for tracking
(b)
Fig. 16. Output W<lveformoftheDC-DC converter (a) output voItag: maximum power from the SPY system. The DC-DC converter
and voltage across the inductor(b) output current. presented in this paper has the advantage of low component
counts and simplifIed structure. The simulation results of the
Simulation has been carriedout for the step variation ofthe solar
converter show the effectiveness ofthe MPPT algorithm under
radiation and its effect on the output power is observed as
rapidly varying solar irradiance conditions with good accuracy.
shown in Figure 17. Here a step decrease in solar radiation from
1000 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 at 1 second and a step rise ofthesame REFERENCES
from 600 W 1m2 to 700 W 1m2 at 2.5 second is considered for
[I] M. G Villalva, J R Gazoli, E. Ruppert F, "Comprehensive approach to
the simulation study and the output waveforms confIrm that the modeling and simulation ofphotovoItaic arrays", IEEE Transactions
converter track maximum power from the SPY and deliver on PO\\er Electronics, voL 25, no. 5, pp. 1198-1208,2009.
effectively the power from both SPY and battery. [2] L.A C Lopez, Leinhardt, " A simplified non linear pO\\er source for
simulating PV panles", PO\\er Electronic Specialist 2003.PESC' 03, TEE
300 34"h Annual Conference on, Volume 4, pp. 1729-1734, 15-19June 2003.

,r
[3] M. G Villalva, 1. R Gazoli, E. Ruppert F, "Modeling and circuit-b=d

;> 200
r\. r simulation of photovoItaic arrays", Brazilian .TournaI of Pow:r
'd) I Output ofPY panel Electronics, voL 14, no. I, pp. 35--45, 2009.
- Output of DC-DC Converter
.& [4] T. Esram and P. L. Chapman," Comparison of photovoltaic array
maximum pO\\er point tracking techniques," IEEE Trans. Energy
'0 100
> Convers., voL 22, no. 2, pp. 439-449, .Tun. 2007.
~
[5] Kumar L, Jain S.; " A novel multiple input DC-DC converter for electric
8" 0 vehicular applications,". 2012 IEEE Transportation electrification
conference and Expo (lTEC), . pp. 1-6,18-20 June 2012.
[6] Lidozzi, A; Solero, L.; , "Po\\er balance control of multiple-input DC-
-100
o 2 3 4 5 DC pO\\er converter for hybrid vehicles," Industrial Electronics, 2004
Time(s) IEEE International Symposium on, voI2,no.,pp. 1467 - 1472, 4- 7 May
(a) 2004.
[7] Kumaravel, S.; Ashok, S., "Design and analysis of multiple input pow:r
2 conditioner for solar PVlwindhybridenergy system," in TENCON2011
- 2011 IEEE Region 10 Conference, voL, no., pp.883-887, 21-24 Nov.
~\. 2011.
~ 1.5 \.. - Output ofPV Panel [8] Sbiyas, P.R; Kumaravel, S.; Ashok, S., "Fuzzy controlled dual inpu:
<: DC/DC converter for solar-PV/windhybrid energy system," in Electrical,
~:l - Output of DC-DC Converter
I Electronics and Computer Science (SCEECS), 2012 IEEE Students
U Conference on, voL, no., pp.I-5, 1-2 March 2012.
~ 0.5 [9] Sivaprasad, A; Joseph, 1.; Kumaravel, S.; Ashok, S., "Design and
5
o 0
analysis of a dual input DC-DC converter for hybrid electric vehicle," in
Signal Processing, Informatics, Communication and Energy Systems
(SPICES), 2015 IEEE International Conference on, voL, no.,pp.I-5, 19-
21 Feb. 2015.
2 3 4 5
Time(s) [10] Nedumgatt, 1.1.; Jayakrishnan, K.B.; Umashankar, S.; Vijayakumar, D;
(b) Kothari, D.P., "Perturb and observe MPPT algorithm for solar PV
systems-modeling and simulation," in India Conference (INDICON),
20 II Annual IEEE, voL, no., pp.I-6, 16-18 Dec. 20 II.