Subject Verb (Object)

1) THE PRESENT SIMPLE (Geniş Zaman)

The present simple tense describes an action which goes on every day or all the time.

I
You swim / don’t swim go study
We dance wash cry
They sleep teach try
Do you swim?
Rules Add -s to form the 3rd If the verb ends in o, s, If the verb ends in y
person singular of most sh, ch, x, or z, we add preceded by a
verbs. -es. consonant, change y to i
and add –es.
He swims / doesn’t swim goes studies
She dances washes cries
It sleeps teaches tries
Does he swim?

We use the simple present tense,

a) to show a habit : He comes to school early.
b) to show general facts: Water freezes at 0° C.

The present simple is used with the following time expressions:

 always, usually, etc.,

 every day/week/month/year, etc.,
 on Mondays/Tuesdays, etc.,
 in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, etc.
 once/twice/three times/four times a year / a month

Adverbs of Frequency
 The present simple is often used with adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often, sometimes,
seldom, rarely, never, etc.) to show how often something happens. The adverbs of frequency
answer the question ‘How often ... ?’

e.g. How often do you usually go to bed early?

-I always / usually go to bed early

always usually Often (sık sometimes rarely / never

sık) seldom /hardly
ever
100 % 75 % 50% 25 % 10% 0%

 Adverbs of frequency come before the main verb (listen, watch, etc.), but after the verb to be and
auxiliary or modal verbs such as do, can, must, etc. the adverbs rarely, seldom and never have
negative meaning and are never used with the word not.
e.g. Emily never watches horror films.
You must always behave yourself at school.
He is always late for school.

1
 Does Roger often call you during the week?
I don’t always have breakfast.

Adverbs of frequency always go before the auxiliary verb in short answers.

e.g. Do you buy expensive clothes? No, I never do.

TO BE

I am / am not / Am I late?
We/You/They are / are not-aren’t /Are you at work?
He/she/It is/is not – isn’t/ Is it cold today?

He is (be) at school on Mondays.

We are tired in the evenings.
I am not at school today.
It isn’t cold in summer.
We aren’t very busy on Fridays.

Are you at home every weekend?

Is your hometown beautiful?
Am I late?

2) PRESENT CONTINUOUS (Şimdiki Zaman)

Am/is/are + Ving
go
I am going to work now. / I am not going to work now. / Am I going to work now?
You are going to work now. / You aren’t going to work now. / Are you going to work
now?
He
She is going to work now. / She isn’t going to work now. / Is she going to work?
It
We
You are going to work now. / You aren’t going to work now. /Are you going to work?
They

 Am/is/are + Ving
 Am not/is not/are not +Ving
 Am/Is/Are …. +Ving?

I am (‘m) / You are (‘re) / He is (‘s) working.

Are you / Is he working? Yes, I am. / No he isn’t.
I am (‘m) not / He is not (isn’t) / They are not (aren’t) working.

a) We use the present continuous tense when we talk about something which is happening at the
moment of speaking:
- Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.
- “Where is Margaret?” “She is having a bath.”
- Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more.
- (at a party) Hello, Ann.Are you enjoying the party?

Time & Other Expressions:

2
 Now /at the moment / at present / currently (şu aralar) /Nowadays / These days /Today
 Look ! Listen ! Can you hear?
Look! It is raining.
Listen! The child is crying.
Can you hear? Someone is playing the piano.
Now, I am working in the office.
At the moment, we are drinking tea.

Be – am /is/are

I am at home now.
It is sunny today.

b) Temporary Actions (Geçici Eylemler)

He usually drives to work, but this week he is going to work by bus.

Tim lives alone. This month, he is staying with his sister.

Today, we are waiting (wait) in the office. I usually work (work) from home on Mondays.
She does (do) sport every weekend. Now, she is running (run).

3
Complete the sentences by using the words in parantheses. Use the Simple Present or Present
Progressive.
1. Shhh. The baby (sleep) ……………………. The baby (sleep) …………………… for ten
hours every night.
2. Right now I’m in class. I (sit) ……………………. at my desk. I usually (sit)
…………………… at the same desk in class every day.
3. Ali (speak) …………………… Arabic. Arabic is his native language, but right now he
(speak) ……………………English.
4. Our teacher (stand, not) ……………………up right now. She (sit) ……………………on the
corner of the desk.
5. It’s 6:00 p.m. Mary is at home. She (eat) ……………………dinner. She always (eat)
……………………dinner with her family around six o’clock.
6. It ………………………(rain, not) right now. The sun (shine) ……………………and the sky
(be) …………………… blue.
7. (rain, it) …………………… in Southern California?

Example:
They/work/at the weekend? Are they working at the weekend?
Do they work at the weekend?
She / live/in London?
Does she live in London? / Is she living in London?

8. Look out of the window. (Rain, it) ……………………? Should I take my umbrella?
9. It is 7:30 a.m. and the Wilsons are in the kitchen. Mrs. Wilson (sit) ……………………at the
breakfast table. She (read) ……………………the morning paper. She (read)
…………………… the newspaper every morning. Mr. Wilson (pour) ……………………a
cup of coffe. He (drink) …………………… two cups of coffee every morning before he
goes to work. There is a cartoon on TV, but the children (watch, not) …………………… it.
They (play) ……………………with their toys instead. They usually (watch)
…………………… cartoons in the morning, but this morning they (pay, not)
……………………any attention to the TV.
10. Alice (take, not) ……………………the bus to school every day. She usually (walk)
……………. instead. (Take, you) …………………… the bus to get the school every day, or
(walk, you) ……………………?

A. Read the conversation between two students. Then look at the answers below and write the
correct answer in each space.
Lisa: Who is Michelle talking to?
Amy: I can’t see Michelle.
Lisa: You 1. ………..… looking in the right place. She is over there.
Amy: Oh, that’s Adrian. He’s new here.
Lisa: Really? Where 2. ………..… he live? 3. ………..… you know?
Amy: No, I 4. ………..… know anything else about him.
Lisa: What 5. ………..… they talking about, I wonder?
Amy: Well, he 6. ………..… look very interested. He’s got a very bored expression on his
face. And he 7. ………..… saying anything.

a) are b) do c) does d) is
a) aren’t b) does c) don’t d) isn’t
a) are b) do c) does d) is
a) Are b) Do c) Does d) Is
a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) don’t d) ’m not
a) are b) do c) does d) is
a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) don’t d) isn’t
a) aren’t b) doesn’t c) don’t d) isn’t

4
 B. Complete the text with the present simple or the present progressive of the verbs in
brackets.
In this picture, my brother and I are at the Local Youth
Club with some friends. I ……………. (play) table tennis
with my friend Sally. My brother ……………. (sit) on
the floor and he ……………. (read) a book. We usually
……………. (go) to the Youth Club at the weekends
because during the week we ……………. (have) a lot of
homework to do. We ……………. (meet) our friends
there and ……………. (play) table tennis or board
games. I also ……………. (read) books and magazines,
but my brother ……………. (prefer) surfing on the
Internet.
At the end of every school year, the Youth Club ……………. (organise) a camping trip for its
members. Each time we ……………. (spend) a week at a different place and we ……………. (visit)
all the interesting sights. Isn’t it great?

Answer the questions

e.g. What do you do on Saturday? I go out with my friends on Saturday.

e.g. What are you doing now? I am working now.

1. What does Jim eat for breakfast? (toast)

2. Where do you go in summer? (to Antalya)

3. Where are you going now? (to the office)

4. What does she write ? (an email)

5. What is she writing? (an email)

6. What are they eating? (pizza)

7. What do they eat for dinner? (hamburger)

8. How does she go to school? (by bus)

9. How is she going to school now? (by car)

10. Who does she meet on Mondays? (her boss)

11. Who are they talking to ? (The customers)

12. How often do you watch films? (every week)

13. What are you watching now? (a video)

14. When is she coming? (today)

15. What time does she come? (at 7)

16. Where do they work? (in Paris)

5
 3) THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. Use the simple past tense to talk about a finished action or state in the past. It can be something that
happened once or many times. We often say when it happened.
e.g. He died in 1980. (=once)
My father always took met o school when I was young. (=many times).
We lived in a very small house in those days. (=state)
2. Time markers usually come at the beginning or at the end of a sentence.
e.g.Yesterday morning I studied.
I studied yesterday morning.
Some common past time markers
Yesterday Ago Last
yesterday morning two days ago last night
yesterday afternoon a week ago last Monday
yesterday evening a month ago last week
a year ago last summer

3. Today, this morning, this afternoon, this evening and tonight can be past time markers if they mean
“before now”.
e.g. I went to the bank today. (It is 9:00 p.m. I went to the bank at 9:00 a.m.)
This morning I listened to the news. (It is now afternoon.)

4. In the past tense, the verb form is the same for all persons.
Forms of the simple past: regular verbs
STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They worked yesterday. / We went out last night.
NEGATIVE I-You-She-He-It-We-They did not (didn’t) work yesterday. / We didn’t go out last
night.
QUESTION Did I-you-she-he-it-we-they work yesterday? / Did we go out last night?
SHORT Yes, I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.
ANSWER No, I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn’t.

5. There are three endings for the regular simple past tense: -d, -ed, and –ied.
RULES EXAMPLE
1. For all persons we form the simple past help helped
tense by adding –d or –ed to regular verbs. live lived
want wanted
2. If the verb ends in y preceded by a study studied
consonant, change y to i and add –ed. carry carried
bury buried
3. y preceded by a vowel does not change. play played
stay stayed

6. Many common verbs are irregular in past simple, for example come-came, do-did, eat-ate, get-got…
There is a list of the irregular verbs on p.155 in your course book.
7. The past tense of be is was or were.
Forms of the simple past: Be
STATEMENT I- She-He-It was in class yesterday.
We-You-They were in class yesterday.
NEGATIVE I- She-He-It was not (wasn’t) in class yesterday.
We-You-They were not (weren’t) in class yesterday.
QUESTION Was I-she-he-it in class yesterday.
Were we-you-they in class yesterday.
SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was. Yes, we-you-they were.

6
ANSWER No, I-she-he-it wasn’t. No, we-you-they weren’t.

Denise is talking to her friend on the phone. Complete the conversation. Use the past tense form of
each verb in parentheses.
ELENORE: Hello.
DENISE: Hello, Elenore? I called (call) you this morning. You were not (be,not) at home.
ELENORE: I was (be) at the bank. I ………… (be) there for two hours this morning. First, there
…………(be) a long line. Then the teller ………… (make) a mistake. When I
………… (show) her the mistake, she ………… (get) angry. Then the bank’s
computer ………… (work, not).
DENISE: How terrible! What ………… you ………… (do)?
ELENORE: I ………… (complain) to the manager.
DENISE: ………… she ………… (help)?
ELENORE: No, she ………… (laugh) and ………… (say), “Put your money under your
mattress!”
DENISE: What ………… you ………… (do) then?
ELENORE: I ………… (take) all my money out of my account and ………… (put) it in another
bank.
DENISE: Good for you!

TIME EXPRESSIONS IN PAST SIMPLE

1) Last year/week/Monday….
2) Yesterday
3) 3 months ago
4) in 2019/in the 19th century
5) When /After/Before/As soon as/Once/Until…
When I was a child, I liked doing sport more. /I liked sport more when I was a child.
He called me as soon as he left the office.

4) THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (was/were + Ving)

1. We form the past continuous tense by adding –ing to the main verb after the appropriate past form of
the verb to be. We use the past continuous tense to emphasize the continuity of an action in the past.
e.g. She was talking on the phone for an hour.

Forms of the past continuous

STATEMENT I- She-He-It was working.
We-You-They were working.
NEGATIVE I- She-He-It was not (wasn’t) working.
We-You-They were not (weren’t) working.
QUESTION Was I-she-he-it working?
Were we-you-they working?
SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was. Yes, we-you-they were.
ANSWER No, I-she-he-it wasn’t. No, we-you-they weren’t.

I went to the post office yesterday.

I was having breakfast at 9 am yesterday when he called me.

At this time last year, I was working in a different company.

7
When we left home, it was raining.

2. We use the past continuous tense to indicate that an action was going on at a definite time in the past.
e.g. What were you doing at 10.30 last night?

3. We use the past continuous tense to express a past action which was going on when another event took
place. You can use when before the simple past event or while before the past continuous event. When
means “at the time that” while means “during the time that”.
e.g. When the telephone rang, I was sleeping.
As/While I was studying, the telephone rang.

4. We use the past continuous tense to indicate that two actions were going on at the same time.
e.g. I was sleeping while/as he was reading.

Complete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Use the simple past or the past continuous.
1. At 6:00 p.m., Bob sat down at the table and began to eat. At 6:05, Bob was eating (eat) dinner.
2. While Bob ………….… (eat) dinner, Ann ………….… (come) through the door.
3. In other words, when Ann ………….… (come) through the door, Bob ………….… (eat) dinner.
4. Bob went to bed at 10:30. At 11:00 Bob ………….… (sleep).
5. While Bob ………….… (sleep), the phone ………….… (ring).
6. In other words, when the phone ………….… (ring), Bob ………….… (sleep).
7. Bob left his house at 8:00 a.m. and ………….… (begin) to walk to class.
8. While he ………….… (walk) to class, he ………….… (see) Mrs.Smith.
9. When Bob ………….… (see) Mrs.Smith, she ………….… (stand) on her front porch. She
………….… (hold) a broom.
10. Mrs. Smith ………….… (wave) at Bob when she ………….… (see) him.

QUESTIONS WITH AND WITHOUT AUXILIARIES

Who asked you? Who did you ask?: question words as subject or object.

Questions with an auxiliary Questions without an auxiliary

Question Auxiliary Subject Infinitive Subject Verb
What newspaper do you read? Who drove the car?
Which skirt did she buy? What happened ater the film?
Who did you visit? Which bus goes to the airport?
How many did you see? How many came to the concert?
people people
How much oil did you buy? How much oil got into the river?

 Who, What, Which, How many, and How much are sometimes the subject.
e.g. (Alison asked you.) Who asked you? (NOT Who did ask you?)
- Alison.
 Who, What, Which, How many, and How much are sometimes the object.
e.g. (You asked Steve.) Who did you ask?
- Steve

NOTE: Questions beginning with When?, Why?, Where?, How long? etc. always need an auxiliary.

Write the questions.

1. Who …………………... you? Simon came to see me.

Who came to see you?

8
2. Who …………………... last night? Julie met Barbara.
Who did Julie meet last night ?
3. What …………………... you …………………... reading? I like reading novels.
……………………………………………………………
4. Who …………………...? Joe made the cake.
……………………………………………………………
5. How much ……………………? Fifty pounds went missing.
……………………………………………………………
6. What …………………...? A cigarette started the fire.
……………………………………………………………
7. How much ……………………? Doctors earn a lot of money.
……………………………………………………………
8. Who ……………… you? Caroline told me.
……………………………………………………………
9. Which ………………………..? The red flowers look lovely.
……………………………………………………………
10. Which ………………………..? They can keep those photos.
……………………………………………………………
11. How many …………………..? Julie has four children.
……………………………………………………………
12. How many …………………..? Ten people sent cards.
……………………………………………………………

FUTURE GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS

We use be going to

 for actions that we intend to do in the future. Time expressions

e.g. He is going to work in the summer. tomorrow, tonight
I’m going to buy a new mobile phone next week. next month/year/week/Tuesday , etc.
this weekend/ month/ week, etc.
The present continuous can have a very similar meaning to in an hour/year/five years, etc.
be going to.A future meaning is indicated either by future soon
time words or by the situaton.
e.g. I’m going to meet my friend on Saturday evening.
I’m meeting my friend on Saturday evening.

We can use be going to with the verbs go, come, meet, see, leave and arrive but present continuous is
more usual.

 for predictions based on evidence.

e.g.The sky is black. It is going to snow.
It’s 8.30. You are going to miss the train.
I crashed the company car. My boss isn’t going to be happy.

NOTE: We do not use the present continuous for predictions.

Complete the sentences using the present continuous or going to. Sometimes either structure is
possible.

9
EXAMPLE: I’ m seeing /’m going to see (see) Sarah this afternoon.
1. It …………………………….. (snow) later tonight.
2. She ……………………………..(meet) them tomorrow morning.
3. What …………………………….. (you/do) this afternoon?
4. Be careful! You …………………………….. (break) that glass.
5. He …………………………….. (not/ come) next Saturday.
6. Look out! You …………………………….. (hurt) yourself with that knife.

Choose A or B

1. Look! That tree is going to fall down.

A) Plans / intentions
B) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment
2. Next year, I’m going to study French
A) Plans/ intentions
B) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment
3. I’m going to start a new life in Barcelona.
A) Plans/intentions
B) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment.
4. Those cars are going too fast. They’re going to crash.
A) Plans/intentions
B) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment.
5. My boyfriend is going to start a new business.
A) Plans/intentions
B) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment
6. Be careful! You are going to fall.
A) Plans/intentions
B) Prediction based on what we can see at the moment

WILL / WON’T +V1

I am at home now.
I was at home yesterday.
I will be at home tomorrow.

 We use “will” for prediction when we have no evidence.

When you are predicting what you think will happen in the future, you should choose “will”, if you aren’t
too sure, but if you are nearly certain about something, it’s best to use “be going to”.
e.g. One day people will travel to Mars.
There will be a world war in five years’ time.
The bag isn’t very strong. It’s going to break.
I feel terrible. I’m going to be sick.

We often use “will” with the verb “think”.

e.g. I think I’ll go to the gym tomorrow.
I don’t think I’ll have a holiday next year. NOT I think he won’t…

COMPARE

It will rain tomorrow.(It is my feeling. I cannot be sure.)

It is going to rain tomorrow. (There is a big cloud in the sky.)

Sometimes, there is not much difference between will and going to with the verb be.
e.g. I think the weather will OR is going to be nice tomorrow.

10
Here are some more examples;
People won’t go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
Who do you think will get the job?
The prices of the petrol will probably rise next month.
I think Laura will do well in her exams.
I don’t think the inflation will fall next year.

Choose be going to or will

1. I don’t think Real Madrid ………………………win the league next year.
2. Stop playing the ball. You …………………….. (break) the window.
3. You can’t see where you are going. There’s a hole in front of you. You …………….(fall)
4. I think the inflation…………………..(fall) next year.
5. Tom …………………..probably…………..(arrive) at about 8 o’clock.
6. I think Ann ……………..(like) the present.

WILL (promises, offers and decisions)

We use “will”
 for spontaneous decisions that we make at the moment of speaking
e.g. I like these two T-shirts. I’ll buy them both.
A: The phone is ringing. B: Ok! I will go and answer it.
I’ll have the steak, please.
 for promises
e.g. I won’t say that again, I promise.
I will pay you back.
I will keep your secret.
 for offers
e.g. I’ll come and help you with your homework if you like.
Give him your suitcase. He’ll carry it for you.
Come over after work. I’ll make a meal for you.
Don’t worry about the bus. Dave’ll give you a lift.

SHALL is also used in questions with the first person ‘’I and we’’. It expresses an offer or a suggestion.

e.g. A: Shall I carry your bag for you? B: That’s very kind. Thank you.
A: Shall we go out for a meal tonight? B: Mmm, I’d love to.
A: What shall we do tonight? B: Let’s watch a movie.

Underline the correct verb form

1- I must hurry because I’m going/ I will go to the doctor’s.

2- A: There’s a good film on at the cinema tonight. Are you interested?
B: Yes, I am.
A: Great! I’ll see/ I’m seeing you outside the cinema at 7.30
3- Do you think it’s raining/ it will rain this afternoon?
4- Why are you putting on your coat?
Because I’ll / I’m going to take the dog for a walk.
5- Did you phone Peter about tonight?
No, I forgot. I’ll do/ I’m going to do it now.
6- A: I can’t carry this suitcase.
B: Shall I/ Will I help you?
7- We’re having a part./ We have a party next Saturday.
8- A: I have got a headache.

11
 B: Have you? Wait a minute. I’ll get/ I’m going to get you an aspirin.
9- I think I will go shopping/ I’m going shopping tomorrow.
10- A: It’s Jane’s birthday.
B: Is it? I’m going to buy/ I will buy her some flowers then.
11- A: Excuse me, but I can’t reach those books on the top shelf.
B: Move over. I will get/am going to get them down for you.
12- A: Here’s 20 YTL.
B: Thank you. I promise I will/ am going to pay you back next week.
13- A: You bought a lot of groceries yesterday.
B: Yes. I am going to/will cook dinner for my friends.
14- A: Now, kids, I want you to be very good this afternoon because I’m not feeling well.
B: It’s OK, Mrs. Swanson. We promise we will be/are going to be good.

12