PHYSICS

Calculation of Work
 Work is the transfer of energy that results from applying a force over a distance. It is measured in
Joules (J).
The formula for calculating work is:
W=Fxd
W = work
F = force applied
d = distance over which the force is applied

 The dot product of force and displacement vectors gives the work done. This means that the force
must be in the same direction as the displacement for work to be done.
 If the force is perpendicular to the displacement, no work is done (cosine of 90 degrees is zero).
 If the force is parallel to the displacement, the work done is equal to the product of the force and the
displacement.
 If the force is at an angle to the displacement, then the work done is less than the product of the force
and the displacement, since only the component of the force in the direction of the displacement is
doing work.
 The work-energy principle states that the work done on an object is equal to the change in its kinetic
energy. This principle is often used to solve problems involving work and energy.

Physical Work or Not:

 Work is defined as the transfer of energy that results from applying a force over a distance.
 Some situations involve applying a force, but no work is done because there is no displacement.
 For example, if you push against a wall, no work is done on the wall because the wall doesn't move.
 Similarly, if you hold a heavy weight above your head, you are applying a force against gravity, but no
work is done because there is no displacement.
 In both situations, the force is being applied, but no work is being done because there is no
displacement of the object being acted upon.
 On the other hand, if you lift a weight off the ground and move it to a higher position, you are doing
work against gravity, since the weight is being displaced over a distance in the direction of the applied
force.
 For work to be done, there must be a displacement of the object being acted upon in the direction of
the applied force.
 It's important to be able to recognize situations where a force is being applied, but no work is being
done, as well as situations where work is being done.

Examples of work:
 Lifting a weight off the ground and moving it
to a higher position.
 Pushing a box across a table.
 Carrying a backpack up a flight of stairs.
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 Using a hammer to drive a nail into a piece of wood.

Newton's Laws of Motion

 Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia): An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in
motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.
 This means that an object will continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed, or remain at rest,
unless there is an external force acting on it.
 Newton's Second Law of Motion: The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass. The formula for this is: F = ma, where F is the net
force, m is the mass, and a is the acceleration.
 This means that the greater the force applied to an object, the greater the acceleration of the object
will be, and the greater the mass of the object, the less its acceleration will be for a given force.
 Newton's Third Law of Motion: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
 This means that whenever one object exerts a force on another object, the second object exerts an
equal and opposite force on the first object.
 Newton's laws of motion are fundamental principles of physics and are used to describe how objects
move and interact with each other.
 These laws apply to all objects, regardless of their size or speed.
 Newton's laws of motion are important for understanding the behavior of objects in motion and are
used to solve problems involving forces and motion.

Distance, Displacement, Velocity, Speed

 Distance is the total length of the path covered by an object during its motion and is a scalar quantity.
 Displacement is the change in position of an object and is a vector quantity that takes into account
both the distance and the direction traveled.
 Velocity is the rate of change of displacement and is a vector quantity that takes into account both the
speed and direction of motion.
 Speed is the rate of change of distance and is a scalar quantity that only takes into account the
magnitude of motion.
 To calculate distance, simply add up all the lengths of the path traveled by the object.
 To calculate displacement, subtract the initial position of the object from the final position of the
object, considering the direction traveled.
 To calculate velocity, divide the displacement by the time it took to travel that distance, considering
the direction traveled.
 To calculate speed, divide the distance traveled by the time it took to travel that distance, ignoring the
direction of motion.
 It's important to keep track of the direction of motion when calculating displacement and velocity, as
these are vector quantities that depend on both magnitude and direction.

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