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Abstract—Modern industrial progress is very much dependent chips. However, this high failure rate is now considerably
on the ruggedly constructed induction motors. Almost every reduced after the availability of microcontroller and FPGA
sophisticated process of industry is based on induction motors. based control systems. Since, capacitors are used in a lot
Mostly these motors are controlled by means of varying the
frequency. Inverter fed induction motors are thus a vital part of power electronics applications including the inverters and
of such industrial systems. For such reasons it is important to Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS), Fuchs [3] work showed
understand the fault behavior of different components of drive that the probability of capacitor failure is 60 %. Lahyani also
system. This research work is a continuation of our fault analysis studied the capacitor failure symmetrically in fault analysis
of an inverter fed induction motor drive. We represent here the and concluded that more than half of the faults in SMPS
effect of capacitor short circuit on free wheeling diodes that
are connected in anti parallel direction to the power switches are related to capacitor failure [2]. It is pertinent to mention
of inverter. This research investigates the after shocks of one that the Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of the capacitor
of the faults that may occur on DC link of an inverter fed increases with the passage of time. In ordinary circuits it
induction motor. DC link capacitors are well designed and even may not be a problem but when the capacitor is used in a
the probability of capacitor failure is high, it is always a rare case switching circuit the ESR can combine with the switching
if they puncture, however this analysis will add to the reliability
of the induction machine under variable operating condition. frequency and causes self heating and indirectly leads towards
Index Terms—DC Link Capacitor, Free-Wheeling Diodes, Back the failure of capacitor. Many researchers have mentioned a
EMF. DC link short circuit while formulating the possible faults in an
inverter operation [4]–[8]. However, they did not investigated
I. I NTRODUCTION the said problem very deeply. Some researchers declared that
the said problem may not be a serious issue since almost every
Reliability analysis of induction motor is an important issue
commercially available electric drive is well equipped with the
in the research community and fault analysis of induction
protection schemes [4], [8]. A. Ebrahim,et.al. [5] discussed
machine is an area that is directly related to the reliability of
the voltage drop in DC link but did not considered a very
electric drive system. In industry induction motors are usually
low voltage for sustained period. B.Biswas et.al [6] presented
fed via an inverter to produce the mechanical characteristics of
a fault analysis and deduced results in term of the current
user own choice. Industrial plants that utilize the inverter fed
harmonics. But it aims to focus on semiconductor based faults
induction motors need a very accurate fault tolerant system
and did not cater for the effect of DC link voltage drop on
for smooth operation of industrial work. In literature, a lot
current harmonics. Peuget et.al. [7], [9] classified the DC link
of work has been done on the fault analysis, monitoring and
capacitor failure under the umbrella of DC bus faults but they
diagnosis of inverter fed induction motor [1]- [2]. These faults
stated that they are interested in semiconductor components
includes the following
failure. As a conclusion most of the work done in this regard is
• Transistor failure related to fault analysis at semiconductor based components.
• Gate drive pulse failure Keeping in view the need of analysis for the said problem
• Inverter leg open this paper analyzes the effect of capacitor short circuit on
• DC link capacitor faults DC-AC inverter. In this paper, an inverter feeding a three
Some researchers [2], [3] have studied the probability of phase induction motor is considered. The effect of DC link
different faults in inverter fed induction motor drives. Ac- capacitor short circuit is studied thoroughly and its effect on
cording to them, in the past the failure probability for semi- free wheeling diode in particular is considered. The results can
conductor components was high due to the non availability be incorporated in the designing of a fault tolerant system and
of sophisticated and reliable Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) the optimal protection system design.
II. P ROBLEM D ESCRIPTION
For a three phase inverter feeding an inductive load it is an
essential practice to counter the stress on power transistor. Free
wheeling diodes are connected in antiparallel direction that
provides a path for current to flow in the same direction during
the time motor inductance changes its polarity. In normal
condition the current drawn by the motor is controlled by the
state of switches and the generation of back e.m.f. In any
case if the back e.m.f exceeds the applied voltage then the
motor starts behaving like a generator. If the terminal voltages
becomes zero while the motor is running then the back e.m.f
becomes greater than the applied voltage. There may be serval
reasons for terminal voltages to be zero e.g
• Inverter output terminal open circuit
• Shut down of input supply
• DC Link capacitor short circuit
For analysis in transient state the three phase induction motor Vds
= (6)
Vqr
stationary reference frame (As -B s and C s ) is converted into Vdr
two phase stationary reference frame (ds -q s ) which is then " iqs
#
Rs + SLs ωe Ls SLm ωe Lm )
transformed into the rotating two phase frame of reference −ωe Ls Rs + SLs −ωe Lm SLm
ids
iqr
(de -q e ). Here the superscripts ’s’ refers to stationary reference −(ωe − ωr )Lm SLm −(ωe − ωr )Lr Rr + SLr
idr
frame and ’e’ for rotating reference frame. Axis transformation where, S is a Laplace operator and as in our case for a squirrel
from the three phase stationary axis As -B s -C s to q s -ds is cage induction motor the two values i.e. Vqr and Vdr will be
given below [11]: zero [10], [11].
h V s i
qs 2
h cosΘ cos(Θ − 120◦ ) cos(Θ + 120◦ ) i h Vas i From eq. 6 above, the speed ωr is related to the torque and
Vdss = sinΘ sin(Θ − 120◦ ) sin(Θ + 120◦ ) Vbs (1)
Voss 3 0.5 0.5 0.5 Vcs cannot be considered as a fixed entity. The torque is given as
[11]
where, Voss is a zero sequence component that may be dωm 2 dωr
present. Solving eq.(1) gives Te = TL + J = TL + J (7)
dt p dt
Fig. 2. AC-DC-AC Inverter.
where,
Fig. 3. Equivalent circuit of a motor as a load
• TL represents the load torque
• ωm the mechanical speed
• and J is the rotor inertia A contains the current equal to the sum of phase B and phase
After keeping in mind the interaction of air flux gap and the C as given in eq.(11).
rotor m.m.f. relating the d-q components of variables the value Ia = Ib + Ic (11)
of torque derived can be expressed as following [11].
Since the current is going from phase A that is connected to
3 p the positive side of DC bus therefore according to KVL the
Te = ψm Ir (8)
2 2 equation for phase A is given in eq.(12)
In terms of de -qe components, the eq.(8) can be expressed as Vao = Vz + Eba (12)
3 p where
Te = (ψdm Iqr − ψqm Idr ) (9)
2 2 • Vao = Phase A voltage with respect to ground
The developed torque in terms of inductance and the current • Vz = Voltage drop across the line impedance
values with d-q phases can be rewritten as • Eba = Back E.M.F of motor for phase A
V. S IMULATION S ETUP
The simulation setup for the said problem is shown in fig.
4. The simulation is performed in MATLAB/ SIMULINK.
Switch S1 is used to simulate the failure of capacitor. Since
the failure of capacitor is mostly due to main insulation
breakdown, it is actually an internal short circuit [14]. To
carry out the failure of capacitor, switch S1 is turned ON at
time t=1.5sec. The motor model used has the following rated
parameters
• Power = 5hp
• Rated voltage = 460 V Fig. 5. Motor electrical parameters before fault
• Rated frequency = 60 Hz
• Rated speed =1750 RPM