See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/316364775

Short Circuit Current and Voltage Stability Analysis of a Realistic Generation

System Using Fault Current Limiter and SVC

Article · April 2017

CITATIONS READS

0 650

4 authors:

Ezz Badry Salah Kamel

Aswan University
2 PUBLICATIONS   0 CITATIONS   
156 PUBLICATIONS   315 CITATIONS   
SEE PROFILE
SEE PROFILE

Loai Nasrat Ziad M. Ali

Aswan University Aswan University(Egypt) , and Prince Sattam University(KSA)
42 PUBLICATIONS   19 CITATIONS    40 PUBLICATIONS   18 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Green Building , Renewable Energy and Microgrid View project

IEEE Aswan International Workshop on Computational Methods in Power Systems (CMPS 2018) View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Ziad M. Ali on 22 April 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

International Journal on Power Engineering and Energy (IJPEE)
ISSN Print (2314 – 7318) and Online (2314 – 730X)
Short Circuit Current and Voltage Stability
Analysis of a Realistic Generation System Using
Fault Current Limiter and SVC
1
Ezz Badry, 1Salah Kamel, 1Loai S.Nasrat, 1,2Ziad M. Ali
1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, 81542 Aswan, Egypt
2
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdualziz University, 54 Wadi eldawaser11991,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Ezzeldin.badry@khalda-eg.com, skamel@aswu.edu.eg, loaisaad@yahoo.com, dr.ziad.elhalwany@aswu.edu.eg
Abstract_ Due to the frequently increasing in loads, the
generated power must be upgraded to match this increasing,
consequently a new short-circuit level will be developed
based on the value of the generation system upgraded, this
raising on short-circuit current level could be extremely
harmful on the protective equipment. To overcome the
problem of the new S.C. level a new approach can be
achieved by using the fault current limiter (FCL) which
consider the most economical and practical solution. This
paper investigates a realistic power plant system @ Khalda
Petroleum Company (KPC), which located at Egypt western
desert. The main target is to add a new 7 MW Generator to
an existing 14 MW power plant drawn by three Generators
therefor a short-circuit study will be calculated after and
before adding the new Generator. An adequate FCL will be
selected to maintain the short-circuit within the previous
levels, on the other hand the S.V.C. will be used to
maintain the voltage level likewise the existing by carrying
out the Load Flow analysis after adding the FCL, all
operations will be executed using ETAP 12.6 software.
Keywords— Fault current limiter, Short Circuit, Load
Flow, SVC, ETAP 12.6.
I. INTRODUCTION
Catastrophically damage for all components of the
power system will be occurs due to frequently increasing of
loads which demanding increasing in system generation in
the power plant so an increasing in the short circuit level
may exceed the equipment breaking capacity.
By using larger stepper transformer, the level of the voltage
will be increase and so adequate the S.C. level and this will
grantee the safety conditions for the equipment of the
system, or by readjusting the existing protection scope to be
matches with the new S.C. level. Actually, both solutions
will be expensive to carry out because of the high equipment
fees, so an economical and a practical solution is needed to
Reference Number: JO-P-095
Vol. (8) – No. (2)
April 2017
solve this problem without any change in the existing
protection relay scope in the power system.
This work illustrates in details a realistic example of
power plant consists of three generators and needed to add a
new generator as per loading increases therefor Fault
Current Limiter are being uses to maintain short circuit
level, SVC will also be used as the voltage drops on the 3.3
KV switchgear Bus Bar due to using of the FCL .
II. Fault Current Limiter (FCL).
FCL is a nonlinear devices works on decreasing the
amount of the fault current cause it has a high impedance
that can be added to the electric circuit when fault take
place. Some of FLC has low impedance at the normal
operation change to high impedance device extremely fast
once the faults happened, and before a circuit breaker take
action to trip a few milliseconds later. The common
condition that for different current limiters is the operation
should be at the distribution voltage level [1], and the FLC
could be classified into two main types as following:
A. Passive Limiters:
It is permanently connected in series with the circuit of the
power system so no need to turn on or using an external
signal to control its operation, the series inductors and
superconducting fault current limiters are considered
passive devices[2-4], Reactors are counted as the most
common passive limiter and flexible to be connected
anywhere in the distribution circuit. They are a linear
inductive reactance; arithmetically the impedance will be
added to the system to reduce of the fault currents, a voltage
regulation carried out to maintain the distribution system
voltage within the limits, due to voltage drop, which exists
due to the current flow through the reactors, are in the same
quadrature with the load voltage. The case under study with
this type of FCL will be investigated in this work.
743
International Journal on Power Engineering and Energy (IJPEE) Vol. (8) – No. (2)
ISSN Print (2314 – 7318) and Online (2314 – 730X) April 2017

B. Solid State Limiters(SSL) feeders from the 4 generators to the two main bus bars
feeding the 11 KV switchgear, when the coupler will
During the fault case and after a few milliseconds of its maintain always closed the operation of adding new
action the solid state devices inserted by electronic switches generator of 10 MW will be implemented as per the
to increase the system impedance and to limit fault currents. following steps:
[5]. SSL is categorized into two main types: The resonance
based devices and the impedance switched bypass limiters. A- Calculate the short circuit values on the main four
The operation of resonance-based devices is based on that buses and at the far end, six buses are depicted in table
during the fault the voltage sags will be happened and will (1), from the table (1). The Max. Values of S.C. are
have a direct effect on the fault current values [6, 7]. 7.749 KA at BUS 1 & 2. these values should be
The impedance switched bypass limiters connected in series adequate to the breaking capacity of the protective
with the main distribution line, a pair of GTO are shunted devices such as the CB, CT and PT.
with it to operate during the voltage alternate half cycles to
create a new path of low impedance. The GTO switches are Table (1) Short-Circuit Summary
closed due to the fault and a large impedance will be
appeared and so limiting the current, but there are some 3 PHASE LINE TO
disadvantages due to switching power loss and its reliability FAULTS GROUND FAULT
cause the switching times effects are under search and study Bus No. Voltage (KA) (KA)
to enhance [8-9]. (KV)
1 11.000 7.749 3.331
III. SHORT CIRCUIT STUDY. 2 11.000 7.749 3.331
A short circuit study is modeled to get the values of the Max. 21 3.300 7.167 1.303
and Min., a new generator or Fault Current limiter is added
31 3.300 7.167 1.303
and so the study will be updated and repeat the adding
process until optimize the best efficient limiter which will 33 3.300 7.167 1.303
contribute on limiting the fault current to the same values 36 3.300 7.167 1.303
before adding the new generator. 38 3.300 7.686 0.813
All S.C. calculations were carried by using ETAP 12.6 40 3.300 7.686 0.813
based on IEC 60909 [10-13], the associated standards 42 3.300 7.686 0.813
classify short circuit currents according to their magnitudes 48 3.300 7.686 0.813
(maximum and minimum) and classify the fault distances
from the generator (far and near). Maximum short circuit
B- Calculate the short circuit values for the previous
currents determine equipment ratings, while minimum
buses after adding the new 7 MW generator which
currents dictate protective device settings. Near-to-generator
will certainly as a result on increasing the Max.
and far-from-generator classifications determine which of
Fault current as shown in table (2).
the AC components decrease in the calculation.
Table (2) Short-Circuit Summary

IV. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR OPERATION 3 PHASE LINE TO

FAULTS GROUND
To provide the fast acting reactive power the static VAR Bus Voltage FAULT
compensator (SVC) is installed on high voltage transmission (KA)
No. (KV) (KA)
networks [14-15], SVCs are parts of the Flexible AC 1 11.000 8.312 3.373
transmission system [16-17] device family, regulating
voltage, power factor, harmonics and stabilizing the system, 2 11.000 8.312 3.373
and here in our case study the SVC has to be used after 21 3.300 7.272 1.304
adding the adequate fault current limiter to regulate the far 31 3.300 7.272 1.304
end bus voltage which influence in stabilizing the system. 33 3.300 7.272 1.304
36 3.300 7.272 1.304
V. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
38 3.300 7.793 0.813
The power plant single line diagram is shown in Fig.3 40 3.300 7.793 0.813
consists of three existing generator, two 2MVA power
42 3.300 7.793 0.813
transformers 11 KV/.4KV, two 2.5MVA power transformer
11KV/3.3KV, 14 medium voltage CBs mounted with its 48 3.300 7.793 0.813
related protective devices, 4 CBs represent as incoming

Reference Number: JO-P-095 744

International Journal on Power Engineering and Energy (IJPEE) Vol. (8) – No. (2)
ISSN Print (2314 – 7318) and Online (2314 – 730X) April 2017

C- Adding the fault current reactor in series with both

Generators 3&4 as in Fig. 1 Then calculate the new
short circuit values as shown in table (3). The results
show that the sufficient values of the Max. Fault
current which dropped from8.312 KA to 7.43 KA
resulting on adding new fault current limiter reactors.

Table (3) Short-Circuit Summary

3 PHASE LINE TO
FAULTS GROUND
Bus No. Voltage (KA) FAULT
(KV) (KA)
1 11.000 7.403 3.230
2 11.000 7.403 3.230
21 3.300 7.106 1.299
31 3.300 7.106 1.299
33 3.300 7.106 1.299
36 3.300 7.106 1.299
38 3.300 7.624 0.812
40 3.300 7.624 0.812
42 3.300 7.624 0.812
48 3.300 76.24 0.812

D- Preform the load flow analysis to check the

voltage stability for all the mentioned buses and Fig. (1) SLD after adding the FCL
found all buses listed on table (4) in under voltage
case which resulting of inserting series reactor on Table (4) LF Marginal Alerts results
the circuit, this problem had been overcome by
using Static Var Compensator at the far end bus#48 Bus No. Condition Rating % operating
As shown in Fig. (1) (KV)
37 Under voltage 3.300 97.4
Fig. (2) Shows the amount of current change before and 38 Under voltage 3.300 97.7
after adding the new generator and after adding the fault 39 Under voltage 3.300 97.4
current limiter. 40 Under voltage 3.300 97.7
41 Under voltage 3.300 97.6
42 Under voltage 3.300 97.7
47 Under voltage 3.300 97.7
48 Under voltage 3.300 97.7
53 Under voltage 0.400 97.9
55 Under voltage 0.400 97.7

Reference Number: JO-P-095 745

International Journal on Power Engineering and Energy (IJPEE) Vol. (8) – No. (2)
ISSN Print (2314 – 7318) and Online (2314 – 730X) April 2017
VI. CONCLUSION
Upgrading generation station is one of the most required
operations now days, due to the rapidly increased in loads,
some of this stations were not prepared for upgrading and
leading to risky rises in the fault current level, all
equipment, which are dealing directly with the system
current, must withstand this rises in S.C. level.
To overcome this problem there are two direction one of
them is rise the voltage level of the system and the other is
increase the impedance of the faulty circuit, in this paper
after adding new 10 MW generator to an existing system of
15 MW we trying to maintain the new fault current level to
the same as was before adding the new generator thus we
don’t have to replace any of the system equipment, this
minimizing of the fault current had been achieved by adding
Fig. (2) Fault current values in the three cases

Fig (3) Single line diagram

Reference Number: JO-P-095 746

International Journal on Power Engineering and Energy (IJPEE)
ISSN Print (2314 – 7318) and Online (2314 – 730X)
two of passive FLC (reactors / Z= 4 ohm) in series with the
two Generator 3&4,results show that the adding of FLC is
able to control the fault current by increasing the impedance
of the system without adding or interrupting the circuit. The
fault current limiter is proved to be and effective technique
to limit the current in the faulty network without any
physical change in the structure of the network.
VII. REFERENCES
[1] P. G. S. et al., “The utility requirements of a fault current
limiter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 7, no. 3, pp.
1124–1311, Apr.1992.
[2] J. F. Amon, P. C. Fernandez, E. H. Rose, A. D’Ajuz and A.
Castanheira, “Brazilian Successful Experience in the Usage of
Current Limiting Reactors for Short-Circuit Limitation,”
International Conference on Power Systems Transients (IPST’05),
Montreal, 19-23 June 2005, pp. 215- 220
[3] W. Paul and M. Chen, “Superconducting control for surge
currents,” IEEE Spectrum, pp. 49–54, May 1998.
[4] B. W. Lee, J. Sim, K. B. Park and I. S. Oh, “Practical
Application Issues of Superconducting Fault Current Limiters for
Electric Power Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Applied
Superconductivity, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 620-623.
[5] D. Fedasyuk, P. Serdyuk, Y. Semchyshyn and Lviv Polytechnic
National University, “Resistive Superconducting Fault Current
Limiter Simulation and Design,” 15th International Conference,
Poznan, 19-21 June 2008, pp. 349-353.
[6] Principles of Fault Current Limitation by a Resonant LC
Circuit, vol. 139. IEE, Jan. 1992.
[7] C. S. Chang and P. C. Loh, “Designs synthesis of resonant
fault current limiter for voltage sag mitigation and current
Reference Number: JO-P-095
View publication stats
Vol. (8) – No. (2)
April 2017
limitation,” in Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, vol. 4.
IEEE Power Engineering Society, Jan. 2000, pp. 2482–2487.
[8] R. K. S. et al., “Solid state distribution current limiter and
circuit breaker: Application requirements and control strategies,”
IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1155–
1164, July 1993.
[9] P. K. C. Meyer and R. W. DeDoncker, “Design of a novel low
loss fault current limiter for medium-voltage systems,” in Applied
Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, vol. 3. IEEE
APEC, 2004, pp. 1825–1831
[10] IEC 60909-0 Short-Circuit Currents in Three-phase a.c.
systems - Part 0: Calculation of Currents (including 2002
corrigendum 1) for systems up to 500kV.
[11] IEC 60909-1 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems
- Part 1: Factors for the calculation of short-circuit currents
according to IEC-60909-0
[12] IEC 60909-2 Electrical equipment - Data for short-circuit
current calculations in accordance with IEC 909 (1988)
[13] IEC 60909-4 Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems
Part 4: Examples for the calculation of short-circuit currents
[14] De Kock, Jan; Strauss, Cobus (2004). Practical Power
Distribution for Industry. Elsevier. pp. 74–75. ISBN 978-0-7506-
6396-0.
[15] Deb, Anjan K. Power Line Ampacity System. CRC Press.
pp. 169–171. ISBN 978-0-8493-1306-6.
[16] Song, Y.H., Johns, A.T. Flexible ac transmission systems.
IEE. ISBN 0-85296-771-3
[17] Hingorani, N.G. & Gyugyi, L. Understanding FACTS -
Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems.
IEEE. ISBN 0-7803-3455-8.
747