Handout Appendicular Skeletal System

Handout: The Appendicular Skeletal System
Anatomy and Physiology I - Instructor: Fred Wendler
Elaine N. Marieb and Katia Hoehn; HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, Ninth Edition; Pearson Education, Inc.; Boston, 2013.
• Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

o Clavicles and scapulae
▪ Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton
▪ Provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs
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• Clavicles (collarbones)
o Cone-shaped sternal end articulates with sternum medially
o Flattened acromial end articulates laterally with scapula
o Act as braces to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally
• Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

o On dorsal surface of rib cage, between ribs 2 and 7
o Flat and triangular, with three borders
o Several large fossae named according to location
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• The Upper Limb

o 30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb
▪ Arm - humerus
▪ Forearm - radius and ulna
▪ Hand
• 8 carpal bones in the wrist
• 5 metacarpal bones in the palm
• 14 phalanges in the fingers
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• Humerus
o Largest, longest bone of upper limb
o Articulates superiorly with glenoid cavity of scapula
o Articulates inferiorly with radius and ulna
• Bones of the Forearm

o Ulna
▪ Medial bone in forearm
▪ Forms major portion of elbow joint with humerus
o The Ulna articulating with the humerus causes flexion and extension at the elbow
o Radius
▪ Lateral bone in forearm
▪ The Radial Head articulates proximally with the humerus and the ulna
▪ Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna along their entire length
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• Hand: Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges

o Carpus (wrist)
▪ eight bones in two rows
• proximal row – lateral to medial
o Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform
• distal row – lateral to medial
o Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
▪ Only scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum form wrist joint
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• Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges

o Metacarpus (palm)
▪ Five metacarpal bones (#1 to #5 from thumb to little finger) form the palm
o Phalanges (bones of the fingers)
▪ Fingers numbered 1-5 starting at thumb (pollex)
▪ Digit #1 (pollex) has 2 bones – no middle phalanx
▪ Digits #2-5 have 3 bones – distal, middle, and proximal phalanx
• Pelvic (hip) Girdle

o Two hip bones (coxal bones or os coxae) and sacrum
▪ Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments
▪ Transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs
▪ Support pelvic organs
o Less mobility but more stable than shoulder joint
o Three fused bones form coxal bone
▪ ilium
▪ ischium
▪ pubis
o Bony pelvis formed by
▪ coxal bones
▪ sacrum
▪ coccyx
• Hip Bone
o Three regions
▪ Ilium
• Superior region of coxal bone
• Auricular surface articulates with sacrum (sacroiliac joint)
▪ Ischium
• Posteroinferior part of hip bone
▪ Pubis
• Anterior portion of hip bone
• Pubis bones join at pubic symphysis joint
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• The Lower Limb

o Carries entire weight of erect body
o Subjected to exceptional forces if jump or run
o Three segments of lower limb
▪ thigh
▪ leg
▪ foot
• Bones of the Thigh

o femur
▪ largest and strongest bone in the body
▪ Length ~1/4 of person’s height
▪ Articulates proximally with acetabulum of hip and distally with tibia and patella
o patella
▪ Sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon
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• Bones of the Leg

o tibia
▪ Medial leg bone
▪ Receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot
o fibula
▪ Not weight bearing; no articulation with femur
▪ Several muscles originate from fibula
▪ Articulates proximally and distally with tibia
o Tibia and fibula connected by interosseous membrane
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• Foot
o Made up of: Tarsal bones, Metatarsals, Phalanges
o Tarsal bones
▪ seven tarsal bones form posterior half of foot
▪ Body weight carried primarily by talus and calcaneus
▪ Other tarsal bones
• Cuboid
• Navicular
• Medial cuneiform
• Intermediate cuneiform
• Lateral cuneiform
o Metatarsals
▪ five metatarsal bones (#1 to #5 from hallux to little toe)
▪ Enlarged head of metatarsal 1 forms “ball of the foot”
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o Phalanges
▪ 14 bones of toes
▪ Digit #1 (hallux) has 2 bones – no middle phalanx
▪ Digits #2-5 have 3 bones – distal, middle, and proximal phalanx
• Arches of the Foot

o Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, and tendons
o Allow foot to bear weight
o Three arches
▪ lateral longitudinal
▪ medial longitudinal
▪ transverse
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Handout: The Appendicular Skeletal System

Anatomy and Physiology I - Instructor: Fred Wendler

• Pectoral Girdle (Shoulder Girdle)

• Scapulae (Shoulder Blades)

• The Upper Limb

• Bones of the Forearm

• Hand: Carpus, Metacarpus, and Phalanges

• Hand: Metacarpus and Phalanges

• Pelvic (hip) Girdle

• The Lower Limb

• Bones of the Thigh

• Bones of the Leg

• Arches of the Foot

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