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Understanding
Modal Analysis
THE MOTION OF STRUCTURES and systems can be vis- tive or normalized amplitudes of the motion of
ualized in many forms, such as the motion of cars each point in a system for each mode of vibra-
and trucks on one of our nation's busy highways. tion. This relationship is known as a mode
Motion can also be thought of as relative motion shape since it describes the shape of the char-
between various points in a structure or system, acteristic deformation pattern exhibited by each
such as the relative deflections which occur be- mode of vibration. Therefore, the amplitude of
tween the various points on a beam which is sup- the oscillatory motion of each mode of vibration
porting an applied load. Modal analysis can be at any point in a system can be described as the
used as a means for visualizing, and thereby product of an amplitude function multiplied by a
increasing our understanding of, the motions mode shape coefficient, where the mode shape co-
which occur when a structure or system vibrates. efficient represents the relative amplitude of
The words "modal analysis" have several the motion at the specific point in the particu-
different meanings, all of which originate from lar mode of vibration.
the principle that the motions of a structure or The amplitude functions which describe the
system can be described as a sum of motions, each amplitude of the oscillatory motion of each mode
of which has a characteristic deformation pat- are similar to a frequency response function of
tern. The motion of each of these characteris- a single mass-spring-damper system. Therefore,
tic deformation patterns is known as a mode of the first step in describing the motions of a
vibration, or simply, a mode. structure or system is to determine the response
The amplitude of the oscillatory motion of of a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper
each mode of vibration is determined by the mass, system.
stiffness and damping properties of the structure
or system and the time varying forces which SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS
induce the motion. However, since each mode of
vibration exhibits a characteristic deformation The classical single degree of freedom
pattern, a relationship exists between the rela- mass-spring-damper system is shown in Figure 1:
This article reviews the fundamentals of system to modal properties of multi degree of
vibration theory and discusses how the concepts freedom systems to frequency response and mode
used in describing the motion of single mass- superposition methods. Although these tech-
spring-damper system can be extended to describe niques are not new, the intent is to present
the motion of structures and systems via modal the fundamentals of modal analysis for those
analysis. The material presented progresses not already well acquainted with the theory
from a discussion of a single mass-spring-damper and techniques involved.
269j
0096-736X/79/8703-2695$02.50
Copyright © 1979 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
Figure 3
ì F (t) Figure 1
x = Ae sin(co^t + 3 ) (2)
/
x
~f Ax
A T~
I Asinß '
V'A7W / /
' I Asinß *
/
wvvvw .
mmmm
/
Figure 2
Or:
Critical damping is the value of damping which oo
provides the highest possible rate of decay with F (t) v =oA +n=l
E- (A. sin u.ti+ B. cos ut) (7)
v x i i
no oscillatory motion, as shown in Figure 3.
mx + ex + kx
o
= F sin cot (8) X
~T0~ =
The steady state solution of Eqn. (8) is given
by: The term
AO
Ķ, called the magni
represents the ratio of the maximum deflection
X = X sin(o)t - 0) (9)
at any frequency to the static deflection under
the same applied forces.
where X, the amplitude of the oscillation, and
Plotting Eqn. (15) as a family of curves
0, the phase angle between the force and the
as shown in Figure 6 gives a graphical repre-
displacement, are determined by substituting
sentation of the response of a single mass-
Eqn. (9) into Eqn. (8), or:
spring-damper system to a sinusoidal driving
2 force .
-moo X sin(o)t - 0) + cu)X cos(o)t-0)
+ kX sin(mt-0) = Fq sin cat (10)
The sine and cosine functions represent
sinusoidal functions which are shifted by 90°,
or cos (cot - 0) = sin (oat - 0 4- 90°). Therefore, Xix M
the amplitude X and the phase angle 0 can be
obtained from Eqn. (10) by constructing the force s / i r - "4=0-15
polygon, shown in Figure 5: co 2 - I x-i I
§ / I H
c
O) 1 -
I ļ x'
Figure 5 0 12 3
Frequ
where the amplitude of the oscillatory motion X
is obtained from the relationship between the Figure 6
length of the sides of a right triangle
(a2 + ß2 = c2). Therefore, As shown in Figure 6, in the region where
the frequency of the driving force is close to
:: , F° the natural frequency, i.e., u)/con-l, the ampli-
y/(k-moj2) , 2 + (cca) 2 (11) tude of the motion is substantially greater than
would be obtained by static application of the
And driving force. The maximum magnification factor
occurs when the frequency of the driving force
û _ . -, ck> is :
û o _ tan . 1 -, T" o /i o'
k - mo>¿ o /i (12) o'
co = (A) Jl - (16)
n
„ x=
= i-
„ x= XQ 2Ç (17)
shifted by the angle 6. However, Eqn. (9) can Since the beam shown in Figure 8 is being
be rewritten as:
modeled using three coordinate variables Xļ,
X2> and X3, the system has three degrees of
X = H (go) Fq sin Got (18) freedom, and thus the response of the system
is limited to three modes of vibration* (one
mode for each degree of freedom) . The charac-
where the amplitude function H(oo) is a vector teristic deformation pattern for each of these
with magnitude X/F and phase angle 0. The modes is shown in Figure 9, where the amplitudes
amplitude function H(go) is known as the frequency shown for each mode shape are normalized with
response function, or transfer function. Sche-
respect to the point of maximum amplitude in
matically, Eqn. (18) can be represented as: the mode.
FREQUENCY w SYSTEM
SINUSOIDAL
INPUT FORCE
Figure 7 X- N
/ * ^ ^ m *
This procedure of using a frequency response * ^ ^ m *
function to determine the steady state response
/ '
of a system to a sinusoidal input is known as / '
Figure 12
equation involves more than one unknown variable. Substituting Eqn. (25) into Eqn. (21) and
In general, the differential equations which premultiplying by the transpose of the
describe the motion of a system will be coupled matrix of the normalized mode shape coefficients,
and must be solved simultaneously unless they gives the decoupled differential equations 'in
can be decoupled. To decouple these equations, terms of the coordinates (t) .
a coordinate transformation employing a set of
generalized coordinates can be used. But since
[<f>]T[m][<t>]{¡i(t)} + [<t>]T[c][<ļ>]{f|(t)}
each mode of vibration is independent of all
other modes, the specific set of coordinates
T T (26)
+ [<f>] [k][<t>]{ri(t)} = [$] (Q(t) }
which will decouple the equations of motion is
a set of independent coordinates { r) ( t) } , where
each coordinate represents input amplitude from But since the matrix triple products decouple
one of the modes of vibration. Since each mode the differential equations of motion, Eqn. (26)
now has the form:
of vibration is characterized by a characteris-
tic deformation pattern, the amplitude of the
oscillatory motion in each mode of vibration at
each point in the structure or system is given
Ml 0 0 (^(Oļ) Cļ 0 0
, by the product of the amplitude function for 0 m2 0 <n(t)2' + 0 C2 o <ń(t
each mode, n(t), and the mode shape coefficient
at the specific point, <(>.., where (p.. is the 0 0 M3 (^(Od 0 0 c3
normalized displacement oí the i ^ system loca-
tion in the jth mode of vibration.
But since the overall motion of any point
on a structure or system is composed of the sum
K3 0 oļ Lít)^
of the motions of that point in each mode of
+ o k2 o <n(t)2ļ - |n2>
o o K3J (>13)
vibration, the relation between the coordinates
used to describe the motion of the system Xļ ,
x2> • • ,xn anc* t^ie coordinates which decouple
the differential equations of motion is:
where the diagonal matrices are given by:
!xi} x2/!xi}
x3' x3' = pnx2/
*21 *31 *12=*22*32
*31 *21 *22 *23
*32 *33 'n(t)2/
'n^3' (24) right side of Eqn. 31 can be written as:
Nr, in terms of the mode shape coefficients and and disappears with time, and a steady state
the values of force distribution function P(X¿). component. The solution for the transient com-
n ponent is given by Eqn. (2), subject to the
Nr = F (t) E 6 P(x.) = rrF(t) (33) appropriate initial conditions. The solution
i=l for the steady state component is dependent on
the driving force F(t). If the driving force
F(t) is sinusoidal, then Eqn. (34) becomes:*
where n is the number of degrees of freedom and
hence the number of modes of vibration of the
Figure 13.
Xr =/[1 - (u)
////////////////
//////////////// (t> F' and
efficients, the frequency response function, the of the beam. Therefore, the normalized force
participation factor, and the magnitude of the distribution function, P(Xi), is:
driving force. The phenomena described by Eqn.
(41) can be illustrated as follows:
0.706 1 -0.720"
[<(.]= 1 0 1 (42)
!x±' x3)
x2>= x3)0.706
[0.706 0.7-1
06 1 -1-0.720
1 0 -0 -0.7IH(Ü>)3) (45)IH(Ü>)3) 0
20 . 1 72Õ1 < /H(cj)
where the first column represents the normalized
shape of the characteristic deformation pattern Or:
associated with the first mode of vibration as
shown in Figure 9. Similarly, for the second X = [0.706H(co)1-0.720H(o))3] F0 sincot
and third columns. Each column in Eqn. (42)
represents the normalized shape of one of the x2 = [H(u>)ļ + H(u>) ] F0 sincot (46)
systems modes.
These mode shape coefficients are deter- x3 = [0. 706H(oo)ļ-0.720H(oo)3] F0 sincot
mined from the solution of the differential
equations which describe the motion of the
system, Eqn. (21). The solution can be obtained The magnitude and phase of each of the
through the use of any of the solution techniques frequency response functions, H(co)r, is deter-
for eigenvalue or characteristic value problems. mined by the modal mass, modal damping and modal
For the system shown in Figure 12, these tech- stiffness properties of the system in accordance
niques can be carried out by hand. However, for with the definition established for the single
more complicated systems, the solution is best mass-spring-damper system.
handled by computerized methods since the volume To illustrate the contribution of each mode
of calculations required can become exceedingly of vibration to the overall system response,
large. Figure 15 shows the magnitude of the steady state
For the system shown in Figure 12, the response for coordinate Xļ as a function of th
driving force, F(t), is applied at the center frequency (co) of the sinusoidal driving force.
Or:
2 2 2'
M2 ~ m 12 + m 22
, o o (49) X]L = [0.50 H^co) - H2(w) + 0.52 H3(w)] t sin
= m(r + 0 + 1 )
x2 = [0.706 ^ (to) -0.720 H3(co)] F sin cot
x3 = [0.50 H^co) + H2(oo) + 0.52 H3(co)] F sin
Similarly, Eqn. (30) can be expanded to
(52)
determine the most effective location(s) for
alteration of the modal stiffness for each mode
of vibration. A plot of the magnitude of the steady state
The effect which the participation factor response at xļ as a function or the frequency (oa)
has upoiļ the response of a system can be illus- of the driving force is shown in Figure 18, where
trated by considering the response of the system the dotted lines and solid lines are the same as
shown in Figure 17. shown in Figure 15 .
CÜ1 CO 2 CO 3 SUMMARY