DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER & SOFTWARE

ENGINEERING
COLLEGE OF E&ME, NUST, RAWALPINDI

EC-431 Digital Communication

Lab Number 05

Name Abdullah Khan Warraich

De 41 -CE – B
Reg No 266049
 Effects of Quantization with variable
precision levels
Simulate a DTCV sampled composite signal of 𝑓𝑑1=125 samples/sec and
𝑓𝑑2=150 samples/sec with length of the signal be 250 samples. Take the
desired number of significant digits from user as an input. Then choose the
method of Quantization (round-off, floor & ceil) and apply to the signal
generated above. Compute the quantization error signals and SQNR.

Code:
% Parameters fd1 = 125; % Sampling frequency of the first signal fd2 = 150; % Sampling
frequency of the second signal N = 250; % Length of the signal digits = input('Enter number of
significant digits: '); % Number of significant digits method = input('Enter quantization method
(round-off/floor/ceil): ', 's'); % Quantization method

% Generate the two component

signals

t = (0:N-1); x1 =
sin(2*pi*fd1*t/fd1)
; x2 =
sin(2*pi*fd2*t/fd2)
;

% Add the two signals to get the composite

signal x = x1 + x2;

% Quantize the signal

switch method

case 'round-off'

xq =
round(x*10^digits)/10^digits; case
'floor'

xq = floor(x*10^digits)/10^digits;
case 'ceil'

xq = ceil(x*10^digits)/10^digits;
otherwise
 error('Invalid quantization
method!'); end

% Compute the quantization error

signal e = xq - x;

% Compute the SQNR

SQNR = 10*log10(var(x)/var(e));

% Plot the original and quantized

signals

figure;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(t, x);
title('Original
Signal');
xlabel('Time
(samples)');
ylabel('Amplitude')
; subplot(2,1,2);
plot(t, xq);
title('Quantized
Signal');
xlabel('Time
(samples)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% Plot the quantization error signal

figure; plot(t, e);

title('Quantization Error
Signal'); xlabel('Time
(samples)');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% Display the SQNR

disp(['SQNR = ', num2str(SQNR), '

dB']);
Output
 Simple sinusoid quantized to various bits per
sample
Generate a 100 Hz sinusoid sampled at 10000 samples/sec and quantized
at 1_bit/sample. Now increase the bit depth for various numbers of bits
per sample (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) and attach plots.

Code:

f = 100;

fs = 10000;

t = (0:fs-1) / fs;

% Define number of bits per sample

n_bits = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8];

% Initialize figure
figure;
for i = 1:length(n_bits)

x = sin(2 * pi * f * t);

n = n_bits(i);

x_quantized = round((2^n - 1) * (x + 1) / 2) / (2^n - 1) * 2 - 1;

% Plot quantized signal

subplot(length(n_bits), 1, i);
plot(t, x_quantized);
ylim([-1.1 1.1]);

title(sprintf('%d-bit quantized signal',

n)); xlabel('Time (s)'); end

Output:
Audio signal quantization to various bits per
sample
Use your recorded voice in last session and quantize it at 1 bit /sample.
Change bit depth to 2,3,4 and then listen and take notes of your
observations. Decide no. of bits for audio until quality stops improving.
Code:
% Load audio file

[x, Fs] =
audioread('PinkPanther30.wav');

% Set number of bits for quantization

num_bits = [1, 2, 3, 4];

% Plot original audio signal

figure;

plot(x); title('Original
Audio Signal');
xlabel('Sample
Number');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% Play back original audio

sound(x, Fs);

% Pause to allow audio playback to complete

pause(length(x)/Fs);

% Simulate quantization at different bit

depths for i = 1:length(num_bits) %
Compute quantization step size

q = 2^(num_bits(i)-1);

% Quantize audio signal

x_quantized = round(x*q)/q;
 % Plot quantized audio signal

figure;
plot(x_quantized);

title(sprintf('Quantized Audio Signal (%d Bits)', num_bits(i)));

xlabel('Sample Number');

ylabel('Amplitude');

% Play back quantized audio

sound(x_quantized, Fs);

% Pause to allow audio playback to

complete pause(length(x_quantized)/Fs);
end

Output: