DISSERTATION REPORT

ON

Study of effect of employment during and after COVID-19 pandemic in India

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of BA-Applied Economics degree

Submitted by
Aditya Saxena
BA- Applied Economics
Batch – (2020 – 2022)
Roll No.: 201244001

Under The Guidance Of

Dr. Sucheta Sardar

SCHOOL OF BUSINESS STUDIES

SHARDA UNIVERSITY, GREATER NOIDA-201306
APRIL,2022
 Preface
Purpose of this is article is to examine the employment and unemployment status in India
during and after COVID-19. This analysis is based on secondary data from books, journals,
newspapers, and authentic internet sources, as well as surveys conducted by the Ministry of
Labor I and Employment and the National Statistical Office before the COVID-19 pandemic
and follow-up surveys on the pandemic's effects, both conducted by Center for I Monitoring
Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd. and Statista I Inc. Unemployment is a severe issue that most
countries throughout I the world are dealing with. Unemployment is similar to a giraffe in
that it is simpler I to see than to describe. During the COVID-19 pandemic, one of the
highest levels of unemployment has been recorded since the Great I Depression (1930) and
World War II (1945). At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic I lockdown has had a
disastrous effect on India's unemployment rate, with most private enterprises firing their
personnel. The informal sector workers have been the hardest hit by the lockdown, with the
bulk of them losing their employment when construction activity ceased. It is vital to invest
in future generations by constructing a stronger and more sustainable labor market. The
COVID-19 I pandemic in I India has certainly had a negative impact I on employment rates
in the country.

Keywords- pandemic, the great depression, unemployment, informal sector

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In pursuing and completion of my BA Applied Economics. I undertook the task of

completing my Dissertation on “Techno Stress impact and management in Construction
Industry in New Normal”. I would like to thank and convey my gratitude to the top
management who allowed me to conduct my Dissertation and gave me their whole-hearted
support.

I am fortunate in having sought and secured valuable guidance, continuous encouragement,

and strong support at every stage of my guide Dr. Sucheta Sardar and my mentor Dr. Rajiv
Kumar Tyagi. I am deeply grateful to them.

Finally, I also acknowledge with deep gratitude, the immense support I received from my
family members who have always encouraged me and have been a source of inspiration and
help in continuing my effort.

Last but not the least my special thanks go to all those who have given all the
secretarial support – despite all other commitments.

Place: Gr. Noida

Signature of the candidate:

Date:
Name:

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter Particulars Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 About the company
1.2 Industry profile
2 COMPANY PROFILE
2.1 Origin of the organization
2.2 Vision, Mission and Values of the organization
2.3 Present status of the organization
3 STUDY OF THE SELECTED RESEARCH
PROBLEM
3.1 Background Study
3.2 Review of literature
3.3 Research objective and Scope
3.4 Hypotheses
3.5 Research methodology
3.6 Research design
3.7 Sampling techniques
3.8 Data collection (primary & secondary)
4 DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION
4.1 Data Collection
4.2 Analysis & interpretation of the data collected
5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion & Conclusion
APPENDICES
Questionnaire
Plagiarism Report
BIBLOGRAPHY
Introduction-
COVID 19,or novel coronavirus, is a hazard to humanity on Earth. The World Health
Organization has proclaimed an endemic and issued a worldwide emergency. Till
May 14, 2022. As of this writing, more than 500 million human beings had been
inflamed with this lethal virus, more than 6 million have died, and nearly 470 million
are recovered.
Due to the outbreak of Covid 19, India's government enforced a countrywide
lockdown beginning March 25, 2020. For approximately two months, this went on.
During this time, all non-essential services and small enterprises were shuttered
nationwide, including retail outlets, educational institutions, and houses of
worship .These steps, taken combined, resulted in a slowdown in economic
development and increased unemployment in 2020.
In India, someone who works approximately 8 hours every day for 273 days each
year is regarded to be employed on a regular person-year basis. Thus, in order to be
called employed, a person must labor for at least 2184 hours every year. An
unemployed individual is someone who does not find work during this time period.
According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), the spread of the novel
coronavirus has impacted over 25 million jobs worldwide. Four out of every five
people, or around 81 percent of the world's 3.3 billion people, have been affected by a
partial or entire employment shutdown.
India has also discovered that the disease can drive more than 400 million temporary
workers into poverty. As a result, the employment rate, of the total population over
the age of 15 has dropped significantly. The rate came down from 38.2% to 27.2%
from March to April 2020, which is even lower then 2019-20 fiscal year.
The lockdown has had a significant impact on the Indian economy, which has been
worsened by global concerns. According to the International Monetary Fund, India's
GDP growth rate in 2020 will be 1.9 percent, the slowest since the 1991 economic
crisis.

(i) Situation of employment during pandemic

The India's biggest important problem now is unemployment, which planners have
been very concerned about and have emphasized in each plan to eliminate
unemployment by raising the growth rate.
When some enterprises resumed operations following weeks of corona virus
pandemic shutdown, India's unemployment rate fell to 11% in June 2020, down from
a highest figure of 23.5 percent in the preceding two months. The unemployment
figure in urban areas fell at 12.0% from 25.8%, while it fell at 10.5 percent from 22.5
percent in rural.
Table-1; unemployment rate from Aug-19 to jul-20

Monthly Unemployment Rate (%)

Indian Urban Rural
iJul-20 7.43 9.15 6.66
iJun-20 10.99 12.02 10.52
iMay-20 23.48 25.79 22.48
iApr-20 23.52 24.95 22.89
IMar-20 8.75 9.41 8.44
iFeb-20 7.76 8.65 7.34
iJan-20 7.22 9.7 6.06
iDec-19 7.6 9.02 6.93
iNov-19 7.23 8.88 6.45
iOct-19 8.1 8.27 8.02
iSep-19 7.14 9.58 5.99
iAug-19 8.19 9.71 7.48
Source: Centre for Monitoring I Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.
 Figure 1: Unemployment rate from Aug-19 to Jul-20

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20

15

10

0
Jul-20 Jun-20 May-20 Apr-20 Mar-20 Feb-20 Jan-20 Dec-19 Nov-19 Oct-19 Sep-19 Aug-19

Source: Centre for Monitoring Indian I Economy Pvt. Ltd.

According to the CMIE (Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy) report, India's
unemployment rate has risen to 29% since the country went into lockdown in March 2020.
Many industries have been forced to close due to the lockdown imposed to manage the
corona virus spread, resulting in increased unemployment throughout the country.

In 2019, the Indian economy began to decline, resulting in a gradual increase in

unemployment. In the previous months, the unemployment rate was between 7-8%, as shown
in the table above.(table 1).

Table 2: Unemployment Rate of Indian states & UT, between lockdown

months

States Mar-20 Apr-20 May-20 Jun-20 Jul-20

Andhra Pradesh 5.8 20.5 17.5 2.1 8.3
Assam 4.8 11.1 9.6 0.6 3.2
Bihar 15.4 46.6 46.2 19.5 12.2
Chhattisgarh 7.5 3.4 11.3 14.4 9
Delhi 17 16.7 44.9 18.2 20.3
Goa 5.2 13.3 21.2 10.1 17.1
Gujarat 6.7 18.7 13.6 2.8 1.9
Haryana 25.1 43.2 35.7 33.6 24.5
 Himachal Pradesh 18.8 2.2 28.2 2.1 18.6
Jammu & Kashmir 15.5 NA 5.2 17.9 11.2
Jharkhand 8.2 47.1 59.2 21 8.8
Karnataka 3.5 29.8 20.4 9.2 3.6
Kerala 9 17 26.5 20.1 6.8
Madhya Pradesh 2.2 12.4 27.5 8.2 3.6
Maharashtra 5.8 20.9 16.5 9.7 4.4
Meghalaya 1.6 10 5.9 1.1 2.1
Odisha 13.1 23.8 9.6 4.2 1.9
Pondicherry 1.2 75.8 58.2 4.2 21.1
Punjab 10.3 2.9 33.6 16.8 10.4
Rajasthan 11.9 17.7 14.1 13.7 15.2
Sikkim 23.6 2.3 24.5 4.7 4.5
Tamil Nadu 6.4 49.8 33 13.5 8.1
Telangana 5.8 6.2 34.8 15.5 9.1
Tripura 29.9 41.2 15.3 21.3 16.4
Uttar Pradesh 10.1 21.5 20.8 9.6 5.5
Uttarakhand 19.9 6.5 8 8.7 12.4
West Bengal 6.9 17.4 17.4 6.5 6.8
India 8.8 23.5 23.5 11 7.4
Source: Centre for Monitoring I Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.

Figure 2: Unemployment Rate of Indian states & UT, between lockdown months.

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70

60

50

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30

20

10

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Mar-20 Apr-20 May-20 Jun-20 Jul-20

Source: Centre for Monitoring Indian I Economy Pvt. Ltd.

Due to the coronavirus lockdown, India's jobless rate increased to 23.5% in April. The urban
unemployment figure is 24.95 percent, while the rural rate is 22.89 percent. The
unemployment rate was between 23.48% and 23.52% in the last week of April and the first
two weeks of May.
In urban India, the unemployment rate is equally startling. During the 1st and 2nd weeks of
the lockout, the jobless rate in urban India rose to 30 and 31 percent, respectively. Over the
next two weeks, however, it plummeted to between 23 and 25 percent. While the
unemployment rate in urban India has decreased significantly, it remains high.

(ii) Current situation of India

According to CMIE forecasts, employment within India has increased from 28.2 million in
April 2020 to 39 million in April 2021, a significant rise over the previous year (Table 4)
The employment situation in September 2021 exhibited a stunning all-around improvement,
according to survey data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy. 85 crore new
employment opportunities were created in the month. The unemployment rate decreased
from 8.3% in to 6.9% in Sept 2021 from previous months.(Table 3)
Table 3: unemployment rate from Jan-21to Sept-21

Monthly Unemployment rate(in %)

Indian Urban Rural
iJan-21 6.52 8.09 5.81
iFed-21 6.89 6.99 6.85
iMar-21 6.5 7.27 6.15
iApr-21 7.97 9.78 7.13
iMay-21 11.84 14.72 10.55
iJun-21 9.17 10.08 8.75
iJul-21 6.96 8.32 6.34
iAug-21 8.32 9.78 7.64
iSep-21 6..86 8.64 6.04
Source: Centre for Monitoring Indian I Economy Pvt. Ltd.

Table 4: Estimated Employed from Jan-21 to Sept-21

 Month Est. Employed (in cr)
Indian Urban Rural
iJan-21 40.07 12.31 27.75
iFed-21 39.82 12.37 27.45
iMar-21 39.81 12.27 27.54
iApr-21 39.07 12.21 26.86
iMay-21 37.57 11.24 26.32
iJun-21 38.34 12.04 26.32
iJul-21 39.97 12.37 27.6
iAug-21 39.77 12.35 27.74
iSep-21 40.61 12.55 28.05
Source: Centre for Monitoring I Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.

In the first quarter of 2021, from January to April, there is a recovery, with total employment
at 38 crores in 2020 and 39.9 crores in 2021 after the lockdown (Table 1 and 4). Female
employment rate has increased during the year 2021 time of Covid-19 within months of May
to August, compared to the year 2020.

Literature Review-
(Dev, 2020) In this analysis, we explain the Indian economy just before to the Covid-19 crisis,
assess the crisis' potential impact on various sectors of the economy, examine the policies
announced so far by the ruling party and the Reserve Bank of India to reduce the economic
decline, and make recommendations regarding for specific industries. This disaster has
occurred at a time when India's annual growth is slowing and unemployment is growing as
an outcome of the country's prior poor financial performance. The nation's well before
economic shakiness may have exacerbated the crisis's impact.   This is especially relevant
given that the financial industry has already been underperforming, and macro - economic
regulation to cope with the same crisis has been severely limited.
(Bluedron, 2021) As per a study of sector - based employment data, the Covid-19 economic
downturn is associated to losses in female industrial worker shares, notably in industries that
account for a greater share of female overall employment. In countries in which we do seem
to have sector - based employment by gender orientation, the majority of other countries
have experienced depression were largely caused by low in female labor proportions across
industries. We show that there is always a lot of variety between countries, with female
employment rates falling faster than male employment rates in almost two of them. The
effects of Covid-19 on males and females are frequently near the end, spanning roughly a
quarter or two on the median.
(Jaipuria, 2021)  In this study, we examine the impact of COVID-19 in terms of FEE loss and
gain in four scenarios, including with and without lockdown. We also make three
contributions, all of which are innovations. For starters, a novel technique is used to explain
the mutual interaction between the COVID-19 epidemic and the tourism industry. Second,
an important result is achieved by using the foreign visitors and currency exchange (monthly
data) as just an entry to the ANN model to estimate foreign visitor arrivals and FEE. Finally,
a solution has been suggested for the tourism industry's many players to support in the
recovery of the sector from its current state, which is highly unusual

Joshi, & Bhaskar ,. (2020) As countries isolate themselves from the rest of the world in
order to protect themselves from the epidemic, COVID 19, the writers begin to reveal the
effects of lockdown resulting from COVID19 on India's hospitality and tourism sectors. It
also shows the impact on the staff that work in these firms, as well as the corrective steps that
have been taken. The purpose of the essay is that it provides information into the various HR
policies used by organizations in difficult situations to aid and enable their personnel. The
article makes several recommendations that could be implemented to help the hospitality and
tourism industries recover their financial footing and create more jobs

Ghosh, Nundy, et al (2020) COVID-19 illness is wreaking havoc on India, which also has
the country's second population. India had identified 1 lakh (0.1 million) infected patients
from COVID-19 until May 18th, and the number of cases had risen to 8 lakhs by July 11th.
In India, social separation and lockdown laws were implemented, but they had a terrible
influence on the GDP, human life, and the environment. There was a positive impact on the
environment where there was a negative influence on the economy and people. This essay
examines how India dealt with these three factors both during the COVID-19 event, and also
how it might do so in the future.
Desai, Deshmukh, et al (2021). In the areas near Delhi, this research examines whether the
effects of the closure on employment varies by gender. Between March 2019 and May 2020,
an estimated monthly workforce survey allows for comparisons before and after the
lockdown. According to estimates randomized logistic regression analysis, the estimated
likelihood of employment for men went from 0.88 to 0.57, whereas this went from 0.34 to
0.22 in women. One factor for women's employment protection may be their proclivity for
self-employment. However, while just wage employers are looking, the study clearly shows
that women faced more mass layoffs than males, with women's expected chance of
employment decreasing by 72 percent vs to 40 percentage I men. The findings emphasize the
gendered effects of macroeconomic calamities and guide policy concerns as lockdowns and
relaxations continue.

Gupta, Malani, et al (2021) The COVID-19 outbreak produced in tremendous economic

loss in India. We evaluate the timeframe, range, and methodology of the effects of this
disruption on earnings and spending until December 2020 using CMIE's Consumers
Pyramids household I study. First, we estimate huge and varied income declines with
uncertain inequality implications. While regular workers' salaries plummeted by 35%,
everyday laborer’s incomes fell by 75%.At the very same hand, we see that those from the
upper income bracket have seen their income fall the most. Second, we find that people are
working more to mitigate income shocks by changing jobs. Third, we discover that
consumption declined less than income, implying that customers were able to separate the
different components of the COVID surprise, just as they could with previous COVID
shocks. Finally, food and fuel consumption decreased less than purchasing of substantial
goods such as apparel and equipment.

Research methodology -
Research nature
The paper is explanatory in character, and it is centered on the study the effect on
employment during and after Covid-19 pandemic in India as it relates to employment.

Nature of data
This analysis drew on secondary data from surveys performed before and during the Covid19
outbreak by the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy Private Limited, the RBI , the

Department of Labor and Employment, and the Office for National Statistics.

Analysis-
In this research study, we present the difference in unemployment rates after and during
the Covid 19 closure period over the prime months of March 2020 to June 2021, using
line graphs and figure.
Figure 1 shows one example. It is clear that in April 2020, India will have the record high
jobless rate in its history, at 23.52 percent, because the government of India had imposed a
lockdown in response to the Covid-19 pandemic.
Figure 3: comparison of unemployment rate of India from 2020 to 2021
25

20

15

10

0
march april may june

2020 2021

Source: Centre for Monitoring I Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.

India's total workforce in April 2020, which was 28.22 crores, the lowest in the country's
history. Following the announcement of the closure a year later, from May to June 2021,
employment grew to 20 lakhs.(figure 2)

Figure 4 compares the employment rate to the 2020 year and indicates that the number of
jobs has risen, meaning that the jobless rate has decreased .
 Figure 4: comparison of no. of people employed in India from 2020 to 2021

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40

35

30

25

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15

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march april may june

2020 2021

Source: Centre for Monitoring I Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.

Figure 5: comparison of employment rate India from 2020 to 2021

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40

35

30

25

20

15

10

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march april may june

2020 2021

Source: Centre for Monitoring I Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.

As per data, India had the worst jobless rate of 23.52 percent during the Covid 19 lockdown,
but after the lockdown was removed, the jobless rate dropped to the regular rate of 9.21
percent.(figure 1,3,and 5)
Limitation-
There are drawbacks throughout this research article, such as the fact that we only use overall
employment and unemployment trends in India. So, we may generalize this outcome to all
sectors, such like agricultural production, which was unaffected by the lockdown, but
tourism was severely impacted by the lockdown and even after it was removed. Furthermore,
due to a lack of reliable resources, all data is obtained from a single source.

Conclusion-
India was hit by the Covid-19 situation in the first half of 2020. The number of cases and
deaths has steadily increased since the first cases were recorded in April, and most countries
suffered blockages and financial constraints in May, delaying the spread of the virus. Even
the strictest restrictions were imposed in the coming months

Pandemics and closures in India and around the world have affected the lives and jobs of
countless people. while all parts of the economy and the working age population have been
harmed, individuals already at a disadvantage in the labor market are at greater risk due to
variables such as their status as migrant laborers, lower wages worker, and worse educational
accomplishment, among others. However, in order to ensure long-term economic growth, the
government and individuals must take steps to enhance efficiency and living circumstances.

To summaries, India is a vast country that is making great progress. It is critical to use all
available resources in this procedure. Unemployment is a major challenge in each and every
economy. This has adverse effects for the unemployed, since they become jobless  and have
low prospects for finding new work, while those who are employed feel less successful in
order to hold their jobs in upcoming.
Bibliography-
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PANDEMIC ON UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA. Re-Imagining the New Normal-The
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and Employment in the COVID-19 Recession: Evidence on “She-cessions”. IMF
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11. Website of Center for Monitoring Indian Economy Pvt. Ltd.

12. Website of the Ministry of labour and Employment
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