Subject: - Basic Mathematics (22103)

Subject: - Basic Mathematics
(22103)
Prepared By: Prof. V.R.Patil (Department of Science and Humanity) Page 1 of 5

Chapter Marks with
Name of Chapter
No. Option
1 Logarithm 02
2 Determinants 06
3 Matrices 14
4 Partial Fractions 08
5 Trigonometric ratios of Compound, Allied, Multiple and Sub-

14
Multiple angles
6 Factorization and De-factorization Formulae 08
7 Inverse Trigonometric Ratios 08
8 Straight Line 12
9 Mensuration 10
10 Measures of Dispersion 20
Total Marks: - 102

Q.1 Attempt any FIVE 5*2=10
a) Logarithm
b) Determinants
Trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Allied, Multiple and Sub-

c)
Multiple angles.
d) Mensuration
e) Mensuration
f) Measures of Dispersion
g) Measures of Dispersion
Q.2 Attempt any THREE 3*4=12

a) Matrices
b) Partial Fractions
c) Determinants
d) Measures of Dispersion

a)
Multiple angles

b)
Multiple angles
c) Factorization and De-factorization Formulae
d) Inverse Trigonometric Ratios
a) Matrices
b) Partial Fractions
c) Factorization and De-factorization Formulae

d)
Multiple angles
e) Inverse Trigonometric Ratios
Q.5 Attempt any TWO 2*6=12
a) i) Straight Line

ii) Straight Line
b) i) Straight Line
ii) Straight Line
c) i) Mensuration
ii) Mensuration
Q.6 Attempt any TWO 2*6=12
a) Measures of Dispersion
b) i) Measures of Dispersion
ii) Measures of Dispersion
c) Matrices

Maratha Vidya Prasarak Samaj’s
Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj Polytechnic, Nashik
Udoji Maratha Boarding Campus, Near KBTCOE, Horizon, Wagh Guruji School, Gangapur Road, Nashik-13.
Affiliated to MSBTE Mumbai, Approved by AICTE New Delhi, DTE Mumbai & Govt. of Maharashtra, Mumbai.
MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE AND HUMANITY
ACADEMIC YEAR-2022-23 ODD SEM
Unit-I
Algebra
Chapter 1
Logarithms
Definition
The logarithm is the inverse function to exponentiation.
That means the logarithm of a given number x is the exponent to which another
fixed number, the base b, must be raised, to produce that number x.
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 if and only if 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦 and y> 0, 𝑎 > 0 and a≠ 1
For example, log2 64 = 6, as 26 = 64.
Basic Properties of Logarithm

i) log 𝑏 1 = 0 ; log 2 1 = 0
Logarithm of 1 to any base is always zero.
ii) log 𝑚 𝑚 = 1; log 𝑛 𝑛 = 1
Logarithm to the base itself is one.
Types of Logarithm
i) Common Logarithm: -Logarithm of the base 10 is called the Common
Logarithm.
ii) Natural Logarithm: - Logarithm of the base e is called the Natural
Logarithm.
Laws of Logarithm
Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 1


i) Product: - The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the

numbers being multiplied.
ii) Quotient: - The logarithm of the ratio of two numbers is the difference of the
logarithms.
iii) Power: - The logarithm of the pth power of a number is p times the logarithm
of the number itself.
The following table lists these laws with examples. Each of the laws can be
derived after substitution of the logarithm definitions .
Formula Example
i) Product log 𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 log 3 243 = log 3 9 + log 3 27

+ log 𝑏 𝑦
ii) Quotient log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 64

𝑏
𝑦 𝑏 log 3 = log 3 64 − log 3 4
4
− log 𝑏 𝑦
iii) Power log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑝 log 𝑏 𝑥 log 2 64 = log 2 26 = 6 log 2 2

=6
Ex.1
Convert exponential form to logarithmic form
i) 𝟖𝟎 = 𝟏
Ans: Given, 80 = 1 [𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦]
Logarithmic form is 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑎 = 8, 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 1
0 = log 8 1
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟏 = 𝟎


ii) 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒
Ans: Given, 43 = 64 [𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦]
Logarithmic form is 𝑥 = log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑎 = 4, 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 64
3= log 4 64
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟔𝟒 = 𝟑
Ex.2 Convert logarithmic form to exponential form

i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝟔𝟐𝟓 = 𝟒
Ans: Given, log 5 625 = 4 [log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 ]
Exponential form is 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦
𝑎 = 5, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 625
𝟓𝟒 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓
ii) 𝟏 −𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖𝟏 =
𝟑 𝟒
Ans: 1 1
Given, log 81 = − [log 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 ]
3 4
Exponential form is 𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑦
1 1
𝑎 = 81, 𝑥 = − , 𝑦 =
4 3
𝟏 𝟏
𝟖𝟏−𝟒 =
𝟑
Ex.3 Find the values of the following.

i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏
Ans: Let 𝑥 = log 9 6561 [x = log 𝑎 𝑦 ]


Exponential form is 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑥
𝑎 = 9, 𝑥 = 𝑥, 𝑦 = 6561
6561 = (9)𝑥
(9)4 = (9)𝑥
x=4
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 𝟔𝟓𝟔𝟏 = 𝟒
Ex.4 Solve the following

i) 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
𝐥𝐨𝐠 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝟑 𝟓 𝟏𝟓
Ans: 2 4 8
log + log − log
3 5 15
2 4 8
= log ( 𝑥 ) − log ………[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]
3 5 15
8 8
= log − log
15 15
=0
ii) 𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟐𝟓 𝟔𝟒
𝐥𝐨𝐠 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠
𝟑𝟐 𝟖𝟏 𝟕𝟐𝟗
Ans: 225 25 64
log − log + log
32 81 729
225
64 𝑚
= log [ 32
25 ] + log 729 ………[log 𝑚 − log 𝑛 = log 𝑛 ]
81
225 81 64
= log [ 𝑥 𝑥 ] ……..[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]
32 25 729
= 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐


Ex.5 Find the value of x

i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟔) = 𝟐
Ans: log 3 (𝑥 + 6) = 2
𝑥 + 6 = 32
𝑥+6=9
𝑥 =9−6
x=3
ii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟒) = 𝟐

Ans: log 3 (𝑥 + 1) − log 3 (𝑥 − 4) = 2
𝑥+1 𝑚
log 3 (
𝑥−4
) = 2 …………[log 𝑚 − log 𝑛 = log 𝑛 ]
𝑥+1
32 = -------------exponential form
𝑥−4
𝑥+1
9=
𝑥−4
9(𝑥 − 4) = 𝑥 + 1
9𝑥 − 36 = 𝑥 + 1
8𝑥 = 37
𝟑𝟕
𝒙=
𝟖
Change of Base Rule

log𝑎 𝑐 log 𝑐
i) log 𝑏 𝑐 = , log 𝑏 𝑐 =
log𝑎 𝑏 log 𝑏
ii) log 𝑎 𝑐 = log 𝑏 𝑐 𝑋 log 𝑎 𝑏


1
iii) log 𝑏 𝑐 =
log𝑐 𝑏
log 𝑏 𝑐 𝑋 log 𝑐 𝑏 = 1
Q.1) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Prove that + + =𝟐
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂𝒃 𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂𝒄 𝒂𝒃𝒄
Ans: 1 1 1
Proof: LHS = + +
log𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑎𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
1
= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑐 ……[ = log 𝑏 𝑐]
log𝑐 𝑏
= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎𝑏𝑋𝑏𝑐𝑋𝑎𝑐)
= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 )
= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2
= 2 log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
=2
= RHS
Q.2) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Prove that + + =𝟑
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟔 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟗 𝟔
Ans: 1 1 1
Proof: LHS = + +
log3 6 log8 6 log9 6
1
= log 6 3 + log 6 8 + log 6 9……..[ = log 𝑏 𝑐]
log𝑐 𝑏
= log 6 (3𝑋8𝑋9) ………[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]
= log 6 (216)
= log 6 63


= 3 log 6 6 …………[log 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑚]
=3 ………………[log 6 6 = 1]
= RHS
Q.3) Prove that
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂 𝑿 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒃 𝑿 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒄 = 𝟏, where a, b, c are all positive numbers.
Ans: LHS = log 𝑏 𝑎 𝑋 log 𝑐 𝑏 𝑋 log 𝑎 𝑐
log 𝑎 log 𝑏 log 𝑐 log 𝑐
= 𝑋 𝑋 ………[log 𝑏 𝑐 = ]
log 𝑏 log 𝑐 log 𝑎 log 𝑏
=1
RHS
Q.4) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Prove that + + =𝟏
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒃𝒄+𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 𝒂𝒄+𝟏 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒄 𝒂𝒃+𝟏
Ans: 1 1 1
Proof: LHS = + +
log𝑎 𝑏𝑐+1 log𝑏 𝑎𝑐+1 log𝑐 𝑎𝑏+1
1 1 1
= + + ……….[log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1]
log𝑎 𝑏𝑐+log𝑎 𝑎 log𝑏 𝑎𝑐+log𝑏 𝑏 log𝑐 𝑎𝑏+log𝑐 𝑐
1 1 1
= + + …………[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]
log𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑏 𝑎𝑏𝑐 log𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐
1
= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑏 + log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑐 ……….[ = log 𝑏 𝑐]
log𝑐 𝑏
= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐

= 1 =RHS
Q.5) 𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Show that 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 ( ) = 𝟎
𝒃𝒄 𝒄𝒂 𝒂𝒃
Ans: 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
LHS = log ( ) + log ( ) + log ( )
𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎 𝑎𝑏
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
= log ( 𝑋
𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑎
𝑋
𝑎𝑏
) ………[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]


= log 1
=0
= RHS
Q.6) 𝟏 𝟏
Evaluate +
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐
Ans: 1 1
+
log 8 2 log 4 2
1
= log 2 8 + log 2 4 ……..[ = log 𝑏 𝑐]
log𝑐 𝑏
= log 2 (8𝑋4) ……….[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]
= log 2 32
= log 2 25
= 5 log 2 2 ………..[log 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑚]
= 5 …………….log 2 2 = 1
Q.7) Show that
𝐥𝐨𝐠(𝟏 + 𝟐 + 𝟑) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟏 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 + 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑
Ans: Proof: LHS = log(1 + 2 + 3)
= log 6
= log(1𝑋2𝑋3)
= log 1 + log 2 + log 3

= RHS


Chapter 2
Determinant
Determinant
An expression expressed in equal number of rows and columns and put between
two vertical lines is called as determinant. Determinants are denoted by D or
∆(delta).
To find the value of the second order determinant
𝑎 𝑏
Let ∆ = | | = ad - bc
𝑐 𝑑
To find the value of the third order determinant
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
Let ∆ = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
∆ = 𝑎11 |𝑎 | − 𝑎12 | | + 𝑎13 | 𝑎32 |
32 𝑎33 𝑎31 𝑎33 𝑎31
Ex.1 Expand the determinant
Q.1) 1 2 3
|−4 3 6|
2 −7 9
Ans: 1 2 3
Let D = |−4 3 6|
2 −7 9
Expanding the determinant
3 6 −4 6 −4 3
D=1 | | − 2| | + 3| |
−7 9 2 9 2 −7
= 1[(3𝑥9) − (−7𝑥6)] − 2[(−4𝑥9) − (2𝑥6)] + 3[(−4𝑥 − 7) − (2𝑥3)]
= [27 + 42] − 2[−36 − 12] + 3[28 − 6]
= 69−2[−48] + 3[22]
= 69+96 + 66
Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil- Department of Science & Humanity 1


= 231
∴ D = 231
Q.2) 2 4 −4
| 3 −2 1|
−2 −4 1
Ans: 2 4 −4
Let D = | 3 −2 1|
−2 −4 1
−2 1 3 1 3 −2
D = 2| | − 4| | − 4| |
−4 1 −2 1 −2 −4
= 2[(−2𝑥1) − (−4𝑥1)] − 4[(3𝑥1) − (−2𝑥1)] − 4[(3𝑥 − 4) − (−2𝑥 − 2)]
= 2[−2 + 4] − 4[3 + 2] − 4[−12 − 4]
= 2(2) − 4(5) − 4(−16)
= 4 − 20 + 64
= 48
∴ D = 48
Q.3) 1 7 −5
|3 −2 1 |
2 4 −6
Ans: 1 7 −5
Let D = |3 −2 1 |
2 4 −6
−2 1 3 1 3 −2
D = 1| | − 7| |− 5| |
4 −6 2 −6 2 4
= 1[(−2𝑥 − 6) − (4𝑥1)] − 7[(3𝑥 − 6) − (2𝑥1)] − 5[(3𝑥4) − (2𝑥 − 2)]
= 1[12 − 4] − 7[−18 − 2] − 5(12 + 4)


= 1(8) − 7(−20) − 5(16)

= 8 + 140 − 80
= 68
∴ D = 68
Ex.2 Find x if
Q.1) 4 3 9
| 3 −2 7| = 0
11 4 𝑥
Ans: 4 3 9
| 3 −2 7| = 0
11 4 𝑥
−2 7 3 7 3 −2
4| | − 3| | + 9| |=0
4 𝑥 11 𝑥 11 4
4[−2𝑥 − 28] − 3[3𝑥 − 77] + 9[12 + 22] = 0
−8𝑥 − 112 − 9𝑥 + 231 + 306 = 0
−17𝑥 + 425 = 0
17𝑥 = 425
425
𝑥= = 25
17
∴ x = 25
Q.2) 2 −𝑥 7
|3 −4 13| = 0
8 −11 33
Ans: 2 −𝑥 7
|3 −4 13| = 0
8 −11 33



−4 13 3 13 3 −4
2| |+𝑥| |+ 7| |=0
−11 33 8 33 8 −11
2(−132 + 143) + 𝑥(99 − 104) + 7(−33 + 32) = 0
2(11) + 𝑥(−5) + 7(−1) = 0
22 − 5𝑥 − 7 = 0
−5𝑥 + 15 = 0
−5𝑥 = −15
−𝟏𝟓
∴𝒙= =𝟑
−𝟓
Q.3) 1 𝑥 𝑥2
1 1
|1 2 4|=| |
2 2
1 3 9
Ans: 1 𝑥 𝑥2
1 1
|1 2 4|=| |
2 2
1 3 9
2 4 1 4 1 2
1| |−𝑥| | + 𝑥2 | |=2−2
3 9 1 9 1 3
(18 − 12) − 𝑥(9 − 4) + 𝑥 2 (3 − 2) = 0
6 − 5𝑥 + 𝑥 2 = 0
𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2) = 0
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒐𝒓 𝒙 = 𝟐
Applications of Determinant


Cramer’s Rule for Three Equations in Three Variables

Ex.3 Solve the equations by Cramer’s Rule
Q.1) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
Ans: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 ………………….1)
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1………………….2)
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 ……………….3)
1 1 1
𝐷 = |1 −1 1 | = 1[2 − 1] − 1[−2 − 1] + 1[1 + 1]
1 1 −2
= 1(1) − 1(−3) + 1(2)
=1+3+2
∴D=6
3 1 1
𝐷𝑥 = |1 −1 1 | = 3[2 − 1] − 1[−2 − 0] + 1[1 − 0]
0 1 −2
= 3(1) − 1(−2) + 1(1)
= 3+2+1
∴ 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟔
1 3 1
𝐷𝑦 = |1 1 1 | = 1[−2 − 0] − 3[−2 − 1] + 1[0 − 1]
1 0 −2
= 1(−2) − 3(−3) + 1(−1)
= −2 + 9 − 1
∴ 𝑫𝒚 = 𝟔
1 1 3
𝐷𝑧 = |1 −1 1| = 1[0 − 1] − 1[0 − 1] + 3[1 + 1]
1 1 0


= 1(−1) − 1(−1) + 3(2)

= −1 + 1 + 6
∴ 𝑫𝒛 = 𝟔
By Cramer’s Rule,
𝐷𝑥 6
𝑥= = =1
𝐷 6
𝐷𝑦 6
𝑦= = =1
𝐷 6
𝐷𝑧 6
𝑧= = =1
𝐷 6
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟏
Q.2) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =2, 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥+𝑧 =3

Ans: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2 …………..1)
0𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1 …………2)
𝑥 + 0𝑦 + 𝑧 = 3 …………3)
1 1 1
𝐷 = |0 1 1| = 1[1 − 0] − 1[0 − 1] + 1[0 − 1]
1 0 1
= 1(1) − 1(−1) + 1(−1)
=1+1−1
∴D=1
2 1 1
𝐷𝑥 = |1 1 1| = 2[1 − 0] − 1[1 − 3] + 1[0 − 3]
3 0 1
= 2(1) − 1(−2) + 1(−3)
=2+2−3
∴ 𝑫𝒙 = 𝟏


1 2 1
𝐷𝑦 = |0 1 1| = 1[1 − 3] − 2[0 − 1] + 1[0 − 1]
1 3 1
= 1(−2) − 2(−1) + 1(−1)
= −2 + 2 − 1
∴ 𝑫𝒚 = −𝟏
1 1 2
𝐷𝑧 = |0 1 1| = 1[3 − 0] − 1[0 − 1] + 2[0 − 1]
1 0 3
= 1(3) − 1(−1) + 2(−1)
=3+1−2
∴ 𝑫𝒛 = 𝟐
By Cramer’s Rule,
𝐷𝑥 1
𝑥= = =1
𝐷 1
𝐷𝑦 −1
𝑦= = = −1
𝐷 1
𝐷𝑧 2
𝑧= = =2
𝐷 1
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = −𝟏, 𝒛 = 𝟐
Q.3) 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 5
Ans: 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1 ……………..1)
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 4 ………….2)
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 5 ………….3)
1 −1 −2
𝐷 = |2 3 4 | = 1[−18 + 8] + 1[−12 − 12] − 2[−4 − 9]
3 −2 −6
= 1(−10) + 1(−24) − 2(−13)


= −10 − 24 + 26
∴ D = -8
1 −1 −2
𝐷𝑥 = |4 3 4 | = 1[−18 + 8] + 1[−24 − 20] − 2[−8 − 15]
5 −2 −6
= 1(−10) + 1(−44) − 2(−23)
= −10 − 44 + 46
∴ 𝑫𝒙 = −𝟖
1 1 −2
𝐷𝑦 = |2 4 4 | = 1[−24 − 20] − 1[−12 − 12] − 2[10 − 12]
3 5 −6
= 1(−44) − 1(−24) − 2(−2)
= −44 + 24 + 4
∴ 𝑫𝒚 = −𝟏𝟔
1 −1 1
𝐷𝑧 = |2 3 4| = 1[15 + 8] + 1[10 − 12] + 1[−4 − 9]
3 −2 5
= 1(23) + 1(−2) + 1(−13)
= 23 − 2 − 13
∴ 𝑫𝒛 = 𝟖
By Cramer’s Rule,
𝐷𝑥 −8
𝑥= = =1
𝐷 −8
𝐷𝑦 −16
𝑦= = =2
𝐷 −8
𝐷𝑧 8
𝑧= = = −1
𝐷 −8
∴ 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟐, 𝒛 = −𝟏


Ex.4 The voltages in an electric circuit are related by following equations:

𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 9
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 3
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 = 1
Find 𝑉1 , 𝑉2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉3 by using Cramer’s Rule
Ans: 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 9 …………………..1)
𝑉1 − 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 = 3 …………………..2)
𝑉1 + 𝑉2 − 𝑉3 = 1 …………………..3)
1 1 1
𝐷 = |1 −1 1 | = 1[1 − 1] − 1[−1 − 1] + 1[1 + 1]
1 1 −1
=0+2+2
∴D=4
9 1 1
𝐷𝑉1= |3 −1 1 | = 9[1 − 1] − 1[−3 − 1] + 1[3 + 1]
1 1 −1
=0+4+4
∴ 𝑫 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟖
1 9 1
𝐷𝑉2 = |1 3 1 | = 1[−3 − 1] − 9[−1 − 1] + 1[1 − 3]
1 1 −1
= −4 + 18 − 2
∴ 𝑫𝑽𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐
1 1 9
𝐷𝑉3 = |1 −1 3| = 1[−1 − 3] − 1[1 − 3] + 9[1 + 1]
1 1 1
= −4 + 2 + 18
∴ 𝑫𝑽𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔


By Cramer’s Rule,
𝐷𝑉1 8
𝑉1 = = =2
𝐷 4
𝐷𝑉 12
𝑉2 = 2 = =3
𝐷 4
𝐷𝑉 16
𝑉3 = 3 = =4
𝐷 4
∴ 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝑽𝟐 = 𝟑, 𝑽𝟑 = 𝟒
III Area of a triangle

Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) be the vertices of a ∆ABC, then
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
1
Area of a triangle ABC = |𝑥2 𝑦2 1|
2
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Ex.5 Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
Q.1) (−𝟑, 𝟏), (𝟏, −𝟑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝟐, 𝟑)
Ans: Let
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐴(−3,1)
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐵(1, −3)
𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = 𝐶(2,3)
1 −3 1 1
𝐴(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) = | 1 −3 1|
2
2 3 1
1
=
2
[−3(−3 − 3) − 1[1 − 2] + 1[3 + 6]]
1
= [18 + 1 + 9]
2
1
= (28)
2
∴ 𝑨(∆𝑨𝑩𝑪) = 𝟏𝟒 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕


Q.2) (𝟑, 𝟏), (−𝟏, 𝟑)𝒂𝒏𝒅 (−𝟑, −𝟐)

Ans: Let
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐴(3,1)
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐵(−1,3)
𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = 𝐶(−3, −2)
1 3 1 1
𝐴(∆𝐴𝐵𝐶) = |−1 3 1|
2
−3 −2 1
1
=
2
[3(3 + 2) − 1[−1 + 3] + 1[2 + 9]]
1
= [15 − 2 + 11]
2
1
= (24)
2
∴ 𝑨(∆𝑨𝑩𝑪) = 𝟏𝟐 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕
IV Collinearity of Points
Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) be the vertices of a ∆ABC, then these
three points are collinear if
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
𝐷 = |𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = 0
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
Ex.6 Show that the points 𝑨(𝟖, 𝟏), 𝑩(𝟑, −𝟒)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪(𝟐, −𝟓) are collinear.
Ans: Let
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐴(8,1)
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐵(3, −4)
𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = 𝐶(2, −5) be three points
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 8 1 1
𝐷 = |𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = |3 −4 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1 2 −5 1


= 8(−4 + 5) − 1(3 − 2) + 1(−15 + 8)

= 8(1) − 1(1) + 1(−7)
= 8-1-7
=0
Since 𝐷 = 0 ,three points are collinear
Ex.7 Show that the points 𝑨(𝟏, 𝟒), 𝑩(𝟑, −𝟐)𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑪(−𝟑, 𝟏𝟔) are collinear.
Ans: Let
𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐴(1,4)
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐵(3, −2)
𝐶(𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) = 𝐶(−3,16) be three points
𝑥1 𝑦1 1 1 4 1
𝐷 = |𝑥2 𝑦2 1| = | 3 −2 1|
𝑥3 𝑦3 1 −3 16 1
= 1(−2 − 16) − 4(3 + 3) + 1(48 − 6)
= 1(−18) − 4(6) + 1(42)
= -18-24+42
=0
Since 𝐷 = 0 ,three points are collinear


Chapter 3
Matrices
Matrices
A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers, symbols, or expressions, arranged in
rows and columns.
Matrices are denoted by A, B, C………………..
The order of a matrix is written as number of rows by number of columns. A
matrix with m rows and n columns has an order m X n. A matrix of order m X n
is written as
It is also written as 𝐴 = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚𝑥𝑛 where i = row index = 1, 2, …………..., m
and j= column index = 1, 2, ………., n

Q.1) 2 5 4 −1 1 7
If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ],𝐶 = [ ], find 5A-3B+2C
0 1 2 0 5 2
Ans: - 2 5 4 −1 1 7
5𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = 5 [ ] − 3[ ] + 2[ ]
0 1 2 0 5 2
10 25 12 −3 2 14
5𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = [ ]−[ ]+[ ]
0 5 6 0 10 4
10 − 12 + 2 25 − (−3) + 14
5𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = [ ]
0 − 6 + 10 5−0+4
0 42
5𝐴 − 3𝐵 + 2𝐶 = [ ]
4 9
Q.2) 2 3 1 3
If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], find 2A + 3B – 4I, where I is the unit matrix of
4 7 4 6
order two


Ans: - 2 3 1 3 1 0
2𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 4𝐼 = 2 [ ] + 3[ ] − 4[ ]
4 7 4 6 0 1
4 6 3 9 4 0
2𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 4𝐼 = [ ]+[ ]−[ ]
8 14 12 18 0 4
4+3−4 6+9−0
2𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 4𝐼 = [ ]
8 + 12 − 0 14 + 18 − 4
3 15
2𝐴 + 3𝐵 − 4𝐼 = [ ]
20 28
Q.3) 3 −1 1 2
If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ], Find X such that 2X+3A-4B=I
2 4 −3 0
Ans: - 2𝑋 + 3𝐴 − 4𝐵 = 𝐼
2𝑋 = 𝐼 − 3𝐴 + 4𝐵
1 0 3 −1 1 2
2𝑋 = [ ] − 3[ ] + 4[ ]
0 1 2 4 −3 0
1 0 9 −3 4 8
2𝑋 = [ ]−[ ]+[ ]
0 1 6 12 −12 0
1−9+4 0 − (−3) + 8
2𝑋 = [ ]
0 − 6 + (−12) 1 − 12 + 0
−4 11
2𝑋 = [ ]
−18 −11
1 −4 11
𝑋= [ ]
2 −18 −11
11
−2
𝑋=[ 2 ]
−11
−9
2
Q.4) 1 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 2
If 𝐴 = [−1 2 0] , 𝐵 = [1 2 0] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = [2 2 1], then find the
4 0 3 1 0 3 1 2 2
matrix D such that 2A-3B-D=C
Ans: - 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 − 𝐷 = 𝐶
𝐷 = 2𝐴 − 3𝐵 − 𝐶


1 3 2 1 0 0 2 1 2
𝐷 = 2 [−1 2 0] − 3 [1 2 0] − [2 2 1]
4 0 3 1 0 3 1 2 2
2 6 4 3 0 0 2 1 2
𝐷 = [−2 4 0] − [3 6 0] − [2 2 1]
8 0 6 3 0 9 1 2 2
2−3−2 6−0−1 4−0−2
𝐷 = [−2 − 3 − 2 4 − 6 − 2 0 − 0 − 1]
8−3−1 0−0−2 6−9−2
−3 5 2
𝐷 = [−7 −4 −1]
4 −2 −5
Q.5) 1 𝑥 0 3 1 2 4 2 2
Find x and y satisfying the equation [ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝑦 2 4 4 3 −2 6 5 2
Ans: - 1 𝑥 0 3 1 2 4 2 2
[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
𝑦 2 4 4 3 −2 6 5 2
1+3 𝑥+1 0+2 4 2 2
[ ]=[ ]
𝑦+4 2+3 4 + (−2) 6 5 2
4 𝑥+1 2 4 2 2
[ ]=[ ]
𝑦+4 5 2 6 5 2
Using equality of matrices
x+1=2 and y+4=6
x=2–1 y=6–4
x=1 y=2
Multiplication of Matrices: -
Matrix multiplication is possible if the number of columns in the first matrix is
equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
Q.6) 2 −1
3 4 −2
If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [3 4 ] , 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝐴𝐵
2 1 0
0 2


Ans: - 2 −1
3 4 −2
𝐴𝐵 = [ ] [3 4 ]
2 1 0
0 2
(3)(2) + (4)(3) + (−2)(0) (3)(−1) + (4)(4) + (−2)(2)
=[ ]
(2)(2) + (1)(3) + (0)(0) (2)(−1) + (1)(4) + (0)(2)
6 + 12 − 0 −3 + 16 − 4
=[ ]
4+3+0 −2 + 4 + 0
18 9
=[ ]
7 2
Q.7) 0 1 −1
If A = [4 −3 4 ] ; prove that A2 = I.
3 −3 4
Ans: - L.H.S = A2
=AXA
0 1 −1 0 1 −1
= [4 −3 4 ] 𝑋 [4 −3 4 ]
3 −3 4 3 −3 4
(0)(0) + (1)(4) + (−1)(3) (0)(1) + (1)(−3) + (−1)(−3) (0)(−1) + (1)(4) + (−1)(4)
= [(4)(0) + (−3)(4) + (4)(3) (4)(1) + (−3)(−3) + (4)(−3) (4)(−1) + (−3)(4) + (4)(4)]
(3)(0) + (−3)(4) + (4)(3) (3)(1) + (−3)(−3) + (4)(−3) (3)(−1) + (−3)(4) + (4)(4)
0+4−3 0−3+3 0+4−4

= [0 − 12 + 12 4 + 9 − 12 −4 − 12 + 16]
0 − 12 + 12 3 + 9 − 12 −3 − 12 + 16
1 0 0
= [ 0 1 0]
0 0 1
=I
= R.H.S
L.H.S = R.H.S
A2 = I
Q.8) 1 −2 3
If A = [ 2 3 −1] ; find A2 − 3A + 9I where I is unit matrix.
−3 1 2


Ans: - A2 = A X A
1 −2 3 1 −2 3
= [2 3 −1] 𝑋 [ 2 3 −1]
−3 1 2 −3 1 2
1 − 4 − 9 −2 − 6 + 3 3 + 2 + 6
= [ 2 + 6 + 3 −4 + 9 − 1 6 − 3 − 2 ]
−3 + 2 − 6 6 + 3 + 2 −9 − 1 + 4
−12 −5 11
= [ 11 4 1 ]………… (1)
−7 11 −6
1 −2 3
3A = 3 [ 2 3 −1]
−3 1 2
3 −6 9
=[ 6 9 −3]………… (2)
−9 3 6
1 0 0
9I = 9 [0 1 0]
0 0 1
9 0 0
= [0 9 0]…………… (3)
0 0 9
𝐴2 − 3𝐴 + 9𝐼
−12 −5 11 3 −6 9 9 0 0
= [ 11 4 1 ]−[ 6 9 −3] + [0 9 0]
−7 11 −6 −9 3 6 0 0 9
−12 − 3 + 9 −5 − (−6) + 0 11 − (9) + 0
= [ 11 − 6 + 0 4−9+9 1 − (−3) + 0]
−7 − (−9) + 0 11 − 3 + 0 −6 − 6 + 9
−6 1 2
=[ 5 4 4]
2 8 −3
Q.9) 2 5 3 −5
If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] , show that AB = BA = I
1 3 −1 2


Ans: - 2 5 3 −5
AB = [ ][ ]
1 3 −1 2
6 − 5 −10 + 10
=[ ]
3−3 −5 + 6
1 0
=[ ] = I ………... (1)
0 1
3 −5 2 5
BA = [ ][ ]
−1 2 1 3
6 − 5 15 − 15
=[ ]
−2 + 2 −5 + 6
1 0
=[ ] = I ………… (2)
0 1
From (1) and (2),
AB = BA = I
Q.10) 3 9
If A = [ ] ; show that A2 is null matrix.
−1 −3
Ans: - 𝐴2 = 𝐴𝑋𝐴
3 9 3 9
=[ ]𝑋[ ]
−1 −3 −1 −3
9 − 9 27 − 27
=[ ]
−3 + 3 −9 + 9
0 0
=[ ]
0 0
= Null Matrix
A2 is null matrix
Q.11) 2 4 4
If A = [4 2 4] , show that A2 − 8A is a scalar matrix.
4 4 2
Ans: - A2 − 8A
= (𝐴𝑋𝐴) − 8𝐴


2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
= {[4 2 4] 𝑋 [4 2 4]} − 8 [4 2 4]
4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2
4 + 16 + 16 8 + 8 + 16 8 + 16 + 8 16 32 32
= [ 8 + 8 + 16 16 + 4 + 16 16 + 8 + 8 ] − [32 16 32]
8 + 16 + 8 16 + 8 + 8 16 + 16 + 4 32 32 16
36 32 32 16 32 32
= [32 36 32] − [32 16 32]
32 32 36 32 32 16
20 0 0
= [ 0 20 0 ]
0 0 20
Since all diagonal elements are same and non-diagonal elements are zero,
A2 − 8A is a scalar matrix.
Q.12) 1 3 2 3 0 2 1 x
Find x, y, z if {[2 0 1] + 2 [1 4 5]} [2] = [y].
3 1 2 2 1 0 3 z
Ans: - 1 3 2 3 0 2 1 x
{[2 0 1] + 2 [1 4 5]} [2] = [y]
3 1 2 2 1 0 3 z
1 3 2 6 0 4 1 x
{[2 0 1] + [2 8 10]} [2] = [y]
3 1 2 4 2 0 3 z
7 3 6 1 𝑥
[4 8 11] [2] = [𝑦]
7 3 2 3 𝑧
7 + 6 + 18 𝑥
[4 + 16 + 33] = [𝑦]
7+6+6 𝑧
31 𝑥
[53] = [𝑦]
19 𝑧
x = 31, y = 53, z = 19


Q.13) 3 1 0 2 𝑥
−1
If {3 [4 0 ] − 2 [−2 3]} [ ] = [𝑦] ; find x, y, z
2 𝑧
3 −3 −5 4
Ans: - 3 1 0 2 𝑥
−1
{3 [4 0 ] − 2 [−2 3]} [ ] = [𝑦]
2 𝑧
3 −3 −5 4
9 3 0 4 𝑥
−1
{[12 0 ] − [ −4 6]} [ ] = [𝑦]
2 𝑧
9 −9 −10 8
9−0 3−4 𝑥
−1
[12 − (−4) 0 − 6 ] [ ] = [𝑦]
2 𝑧
9 − (−10) −9 − 8
9 −1 𝑥
−1
[16 −6 ] [ ] = [𝑦]
2 𝑧
19 −17
−9 − 2 𝑥
[−16 − 12] = [𝑦]
−19 − 34 𝑧
−11 𝑥
[−28] = [𝑦]
−53 𝑧
x = -11, y = -28, z = -53
Transposition of a Matrix: -
If A is a matrix then transpose of matrix A is a matrix obtained by
interchanging rows and columns of matrix A.
It is denoted by 𝐴𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝐴′
Example: -
3 2
3 −1 5
If 𝐴 = [−1 4] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
2 4 6
5 6
Properties of transposition of a matrix: -


i) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
ii) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
iii) If 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼 , then the matrix A is called orthogonal.
Q.14) 1 3 2 −1
If 𝐴 = [ ],𝐵 = [ ] , 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
2 4 3 2
Ans: - 1 3 2 −1
A+B = [ ]+[ ]
2 4 3 2
3 2
=[ ]
5 6
L.H.S = (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇
3 5
=[ ]…….. (1)
2 6
1 3 𝑇 1 2
𝐴=[ ], 𝐴 = [ ]
2 4 3 4
2 −1 2 3
𝐵= [ ], 𝐵𝑇 = [ ]
3 2 −1 2
R.H.S = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
1 2 2 3
=[ ]+[ ]
3 4 −1 2
3 5
=[ ]……… (2)
2 6
From (1) and (2)
L.H.S = R. H.S
(𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
Q.15) 2 −3 3 −1 2
If A = [ ];B = [ ] ; verify that (AB)T = B T AT .
1 5 1 0 1
Ans: - 2 −3 3 −1 2
AB = [ ][ ]
1 5 1 0 1
6 − 3 −2 − 0 4 − 3
=[ ]
3 + 5 −1 + 0 2 + 5


3 −2 1
=[ ]
8 −1 7
L.H.S = 𝐴𝐵𝑇
3 8
= [−2 −1]……… (1)
1 7
2 −3 2 1
A=[ ] , 𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
1 5 −3 5
3 1
3 −1 2
B=[ ] , 𝐵𝑇 = [−1 0]
1 0 1
2 1
R.H.S = B T AT
3 1
2 1
= [−1 0] [ ]
−3 5
2 1
6−3 3+5
= [−2 − 0 −1 + 0]
4−3 2+5
3 8
= [−2 −1]………… (2)
1 7
From (1) and (2)
L.H.S = R.H.S
(AB)T = B T AT
Determinant of a Matrix: -
The determinant of a matrix A, is obtained from the matrix replacing
rectangular brackets by a pair of bar brackets.
It is denoted by |𝐴|
1) Singular Matrix: -
A square matrix A is singular if |𝐴| = 0


2) Non-singular Matrix: -
A square matrix A if non-singular if |𝐴| ≠ 0
Q.16) 7 0 2
If A = [1 2 6] ; find whether matrix is singular or non − singular.
4 5 3
Ans: - 7 0 2
A = [1 2 6]
4 5 3
7 0 2
|𝐴| = |1 2 6|
4 5 3
2 6 1 6 1 2
|𝐴| = 7 | | − 0| | + 2| |
5 3 4 3 4 5
|𝐴| = 7[6 − 30] + 2[5 − 8]
|𝐴| = 7(−24) + 2(−3)
|𝐴| = −168 − 6
|𝐴| = −174
Since |𝐴| ≠ 0 , A is non-singular.
Q.17) 2 1
−2 0 2
If 𝐴 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [3 5], Whether AB is singular or non-singular
3 4 5
0 2
matrix
Ans: - 2 1
−2 0 2
𝐴𝐵 = [ ] [3 5]
3 4 5
0 2
−4 + 0 + 0 −2 + 0 + 4
𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
6 + 12 + 0 3 + 20 + 10
−4 2
𝐴𝐵 = [ ]
18 33
−4 2
|𝐴𝐵| = | |
18 33
|𝐴𝐵| = −132 − 36

|𝐴𝐵| = −168
Since |𝐴𝐵| ≠ 0 , AB is non-singular.
Adjoint of a Matrix: -
Adjoint matrix of a square matrix is the transpose of the matrix formed by the
Co-factors of elements of |𝐴|
Q.18) 2 5 3
Find the adjoint of matrix A = [3 1 2].
1 2 1
Ans: - 2 5 3
A = [3 1 2]
1 2 1
2 5 3 + − +
|𝐴| = |3 1 2| = |− + −|
1 2 1 + − +
Co-factors of each element of |𝐴|,
1 2
𝐶11 = + | | = +(1 − 4) = −3
2 1
3 2
𝐶12 = − | | = −(3 − 2) = −1
1 1
3 1
𝐶13 = + | | = +(6 − 1) = 5
1 2
5 3
𝐶21 = − | | = −(5 − 6) = −(−1) = 1
2 1
2 3
𝐶22 = + | | = +(2 − 3) = −1
1 1
2 5
𝐶23 = − | | = −(4 − 5) = −(−1) = 1
1 2
5 3
𝐶31 = + | | = +(10 − 3) = 7
1 2
2 3
𝐶32 = − | | = −(4 − 9) = −(−5) = 5
3 2


2 5
𝐶33 = + | | = +(2 − 15) = −13
3 1
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
P = Matrix of Co-factor = [𝐶21 𝐶22 𝐶23 ]
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33
−3 −1 5
= [ 1 −1 1 ]
7 5 −13
−3 1 7
Adj. A = 𝑃𝑇 = [−1 −1 5 ]
5 1 −13
Inverse of a matrix by adjoint method: -
If A is a non-singular matrix, then there exists a matrix 𝐴−1 such that
𝐴𝐴−1 = 𝐼 = 𝐴−1 𝐴
The matrix 𝐴−1 is known as inverse of matrix A
1
𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗. 𝐴
|𝐴|
Q.19) Find the inverse of the matrix by using adjoint method.
1 2 −2
A = [−1 3 0 ].
0 −2 1
Ans: - 1 2 −2
A = [−1 3 0]
0 −2 1
1 2 −2
|𝐴| = |−1 3 0|
0 −2 1
−1 0 −1 3
|𝐴| = 1 | 3 0| − 2 | | − 2| |
−2 1 0 1 0 −2
|𝐴| = 1(3 − 0) − 2(−1 − 0) − 2(2 − 0)
|𝐴| = 1(3) − 2(−1) − 2(2)
|𝐴| = 3 + 2 − 4

|𝐴| = 1
Since |𝐴| ≠ 0 , 𝐴−1 exists.
3 0
𝐶11 = + | | = [3 − 0] = 3
−2 1
−1 0
𝐶12 = − | | = −(−1 − 0) = 1
0 1
−1 3
𝐶13 = + | | = +(2 − 0) = 2
0 −2
2 −2
𝐶21 = − | | = −[2 − 4] = −(−2) = 2
−2 1
1 −2
𝐶22 = + | | = +(1 − 0) = 1
0 1
1 2
𝐶23 = − | | = −(−2 − 0) = −(−2) = 2
0 −2
2 −2
𝐶31 = + | | = +[0 − (−6)] = 0 + 6 = 6
3 0
1 −2
𝐶32 = − | | = −(0 − 2) = −(−2) = 2
−1 0
1 2
𝐶33 = + | | = +[3 − (−2)] = 3 + 2 = 5
−1 3
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33
3 1 2
= [ 2 1 2]
6 2 5
3 2 6
𝑇
Adj. A = 𝑃 = [1 1 2]
2 2 5
1
|𝐴|


−1
1 3 2 6
𝐴 = [1 1 2]
1
2 2 5
Solution of simultaneous equations by matrix inversion method: -
In this method, write equations in matrix form as
AX = B ……. (1) where
A = Matrix of Coefficients
X = Matrix of Variables
B = Matrix of Constants
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵 where
1
|𝐴|
Q.20) Using matrix inversion method solve the following equations.
x + y + z = 3; x + 2y + 3z = 4; x + 4y + 9z = 6.
Ans: - Matrix form is AX = B
1 1 1 3 𝑥
Where 𝐴 = [1 2 3] , 𝐵 = [4] , 𝑋 = [𝑦]
1 4 9 6 𝑧
1 1 1
|𝐴| = |1 2 3|
1 4 9
2 3 1 3 1 2
|𝐴| = 1 | | − 1| | + 1| |
4 9 1 9 1 4
|𝐴| = 1(18 − 12) − 1(9 − 3) + 1(4 − 2)
|𝐴| = 1(6) − 1(6) + 1(2)
|𝐴| = 6 − 6 + 2
|𝐴| = 2



2 3
𝐶11 = + | | = [18 − 12] = 6
4 9
1 3
𝐶12 = − | | = −(9 − 3) = −(6) = −6
1 9
1 2
𝐶13 = + | | = +(4 − 2) = 2
1 4
1 1
𝐶21 = − | | = −[9 − 4] = −(5) = −5
4 9
1 1
𝐶22 = + | | = +(9 − 1) = 8
1 9
1 1
𝐶23 = − | | = −(4 − 1) = −(3) = −3
1 4
1 1
𝐶31 = + | | = +[3 − 2] = 1
2 3
1 1
𝐶32 = − | | = −(3 − 1) = −(2) = −2
1 3
1 1
𝐶33 = + | | = +[2 − 1] = 1
1 2
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33
6 −6 2
= [−5 8 −3]
1 −2 1
6 −5 1
𝑇
Adj. A = 𝑃 = [−6 8 −2]
2 −3 1
1
|𝐴|
−1
1 6 −5 1
𝐴 = [−6 8 −2]
2
2 −3 1


𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 1 6 −5 1 3
[𝑦] = [−6 8 −2] [4]
𝑧 2
2 −3 1 6
𝑥 1 18 − 20 + 6
[𝑦] = [−18 + 32 − 12]
𝑧 2
6 − 12 + 6
𝑥 1 4
𝑦
[ ] = [2]
𝑧 2
0
𝑥 2
[𝑦] = [1]
𝑧 0
x = 2, y = 1, z = 0
Q.21) Solve the following equations by by matrix inversion method.
x + y + z = 6; 3x − y + 3z = 10; 5x + 5y − 4z = 3.
Ans: - Matrix form is AX = B
1 1 1 6 𝑥
Where 𝐴 = [3 −1 3 ] , 𝐵 = [10] , 𝑋 = [𝑦]
5 5 −4 3 𝑧
1 1 1
|𝐴| = |3 −1 3 |
5 5 −4
−1 3 3 3 3 −1
|𝐴| = 1 | | − 1| | + 1| |
5 −4 5 −4 5 5
|𝐴| = 1[4 − 15] − 1[−12 − 15] + 1[15 − (−5)]
|𝐴| = 1(−11) − 1(−27) + 1(15 + 5)
|𝐴| = −11 + 27 + 20
|𝐴| = 36



−1 3
𝐶11 = + | | = [4 − 15] = −11
5 −4
3 3
𝐶12 = − | | = −(−12 − 15) = −(−27) = 27
5 −4
3 −1
𝐶13 = + | | = +[15 − (−5)] = 20
5 5
1 1
𝐶21 = − | | = −[−4 − 5] = −(−9) = 9
5 −4
1 1
𝐶22 = + | | = +(−4 − 5) = −9
5 −4
1 1
𝐶23 = − | | = −(5 − 5) = 0
5 5
1 1
𝐶31 = + | | = +[3 − (−1)] = 4
−1 3
1 1
𝐶32 = − | | = −(3 − 3) = 0
3 3
1 1
𝐶33 = + | | = +[−1 − 3] = −4
3 −1
𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶13
𝐶31 𝐶32 𝐶33
−11 27 20
=[ 9 −9 0 ]
4 0 −4
−11 9 4
𝑇
Adj. A = 𝑃 = [ 27 −9 0 ]
20 0 −4
1
|𝐴|
−1
1 −11 9 4
𝐴 = [ 27 −9 0 ]
36
20 0 −4


𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵
𝑥 1 −11 9 4 6
[𝑦 ] = [ 27 −9 0 ] [10]
𝑧 36
20 0 −4 3
𝑥 1 −66 + 90 + 12
[𝑦 ] = [ 162 − 90 + 0 ]
𝑧 36
120 + 0 − 12
𝑥 1 36
𝑦
[ ]= [ 72 ]
𝑧 36
108
𝑥 1
[𝑦] = [2]
𝑧 3
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3


Chapter 4
Partial Fraction
Partial Fraction
The partial fraction is defined as the process of decomposition of a fraction into the simplest
form of the fraction.
Proper Fraction:
When the degree of the polynomial in the numerator is less than the degree of the polynomial
in denominator, the fraction is called proper fraction.
For example:
𝑥
(1) is a proper fraction.
(𝑥+1)(𝑥+2)
Improper Fraction:
When the degree of the polynomial in the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of
the polynomial in denominator, the fraction is called improper fraction.
For example:
𝑥 2 +1
(1) is improper fraction.
𝑥 2 −1
Partial Fraction of Proper Fraction

(I) 𝑷(𝒙)
To find Partial Fraction of with 𝑸(𝒙) contains only linear non repeated factors.
𝑸(𝒙)
Q.1) 𝑥+3
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(𝑥+5)
Ans: - Let 𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)(𝑥+5)
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1 + 𝑥+5 -------- (1)
𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 5) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)………. (2)

Put x – 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (2)
1 + 3 = 𝐴(1 + 1)(1 + 5) + 𝐵(1 − 1)(1 + 5) + 𝐶(1 − 1)(1 + 1)
4 = A (2)(6) + B (0) + C (0)
4 = 12 A
4 1
A = 12 = 3
Put x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1 in equation (2)

−1 + 3 = 𝐴(−1 + 1)(−1 + 5) + 𝐵(−1 − 1)(−1 + 5) + 𝐶(−1 − 1)(−1 + 1)
Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Science & Humanity 1


2 = A (0) + B (-2) (4) + C (0)

2 = -8B
2 −1
B = −8 = 4

−5 + 3 = 𝐴(−5 + 1)(−5 + 5) + 𝐵(−5 − 1)(−5 + 5) + 𝐶(−5 − 1)(−5 + 1)
-2 = A (0) + B (0) + C (-6) (-4)
-2 = 24 C
−2 −1
C = 24 = 12
Put values of A, B and C in equation (1)

1 −1 −1
𝑥+3
= 3 + 4 + 12
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 5
Q.2) 𝑥 2 +1
Resolve into partial fraction 𝑥(𝑥 2 −1)
Ans: - Using 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 + 𝑏)

𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑥 2 − 12 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 2 +1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let 𝑥(𝑥 2−1) = 𝑥(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1) = 𝑥 + 𝑥−1 + 𝑥+1 ……. (1)
𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) ……… (2)

Put x = 0 in equation (2)
02 + 1 = 𝐴(0 − 1)(0 + 1) + 𝐵(0)(0 + 1) + 𝐶(0)(0 − 1)
1 = A (-1) (1) + B (0) + C (0)
1= -A
A = -1
12 + 1 = 𝐴(1 − 1)(1 + 1) + 𝐵(1)(1 + 1) + 𝐶(1)(1 − 1)
2 = A (0) + B (1) (2) + C (0)
2=2B
2
B=2=1
Put x +1 = 0 ⇒ x = -1 in equation (2)

(−1)2 + 1 = 𝐴(−1 − 1)(−1 + 1) + 𝐵(−1)(−1 + 1) + 𝐶(−1)(−1 − 1)


2 = A (0) + B (0) + C (-1) (-2)

2 = 2C
2
C=2=1

𝑥2 + 1 𝑥2 + 1 −1 1 1
= = + +
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑥+1
Q.3) 3𝑥−1
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑥−4)(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
Ans: - Let 3𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

(𝑥−4)(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1)
= 𝑥−4 + 𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1 ------ (1)
3𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1) …… (2)

3(4) − 1 = 𝐴(4 + 1)(4 − 1) + 𝐵(4 − 4)(4 − 1) + 𝐶(4 − 4)(4 + 1)
11 = A (5) (3) + B (0) + C (0)
11= 15 A
11
A=
15

3(−1) − 1 = 𝐴(−1 + 1)(−1 − 1) + 𝐵(−1 − 4)(−1 − 1) + 𝐶(−1 − 4)(−1 + 1)
-4 = A (0) + B (-5) (-2) + C (0)
-4 = 10 B
−4 −2
B = 10 = 5
Put x - 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (2)

3(1) − 1 = 𝐴(1 + 1)(1 − 1) + 𝐵(1 − 4)(1 − 1) + 𝐶(1 − 4)(1 + 1)
2 = A (0) + B (0) + C (-3) (2)
2 = -6C
−2 −1
C= =
6 3

11 −2 −1
3𝑥 − 1
= 15 + 5 + 3
(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 − 4 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 1


Q.4) 𝑥−1
Resolve into partial fraction (3𝑥−5)(𝑥−3)
Ans: - Let 𝑥−1 𝐴 𝐵

(3𝑥−5)(𝑥−3)
= 3𝑥−5 + 𝑥−3 …… (1)
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(3𝑥 − 5) ----- (2)

𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(3𝑥 − 5)
3 − 1 = 𝐴(3 − 3) + 𝐵[3(3) − 5]
2 = A (0) + 4B
2 = 4B
2 1
B=4=2
5
Put 3x - 5 = 0 ⇒ x = 3 in equation (2)
𝑥 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(3𝑥 − 5)
5 5 5
− 1 = 𝐴 ( − 3) + 𝐵 [3 ( ) − 5]
3 3 3
2 −4
= 𝐴 ( ) + 𝐵(0)
3 3
2 −4𝐴
=
3 3
2 = -4A
−2 −1
A= =
4 2
Put values of A and B

−1 1
𝑥−1 2
= + 2
(3𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 − 3) 3𝑥 − 5 𝑥 − 3
Q.5) tan 𝜃
Resolve into partial fraction (tan 𝜃+2)(tan 𝜃+3)
Ans: - Put tan 𝜃 = 𝑥

𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑥+2)(𝑥+3) = 𝑥+2 + 𝑥+3 ……. (1)
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2) ……. (2)

𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)


−3 = 𝐴(−3 + 3) + 𝐵(−3 + 2)
-3 = A (0) + B (-1)
-3 = -B
B=3
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 2)
−2 = 𝐴(−2 + 3) + 𝐵(−2 + 2)
-2 = A (1) + B (0)
A = -2
Put values of A, B and 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 in equation (1)
tan 𝜃 −2 3
= +
(tan 𝜃 + 2)(tan 𝜃 + 3) tan 𝜃 + 2 tan 𝜃 + 3
Q.6) 𝑒 𝑥 +1
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑒 𝑥 +2)(𝑒 𝑥 +3)
Ans: - Put 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡
𝑡+1 𝐴 𝐵
Let (𝑡+2)(𝑡+3) = 𝑡+2 + 𝑡+3 ……. (1)
𝑡 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 2) ….. (2)

Put t + 2 = 0 ⇒ t = -2 in equation (2)
-2 +1 = A (-2+3) + B (-2+2)
-1 = A (1) + B (0)
A = -1
Put t + 3 = 0 ⇒ t = -3 in equation (2)
𝑡 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑡 + 3) + 𝐵(𝑡 + 2)
−3 + 1 = 𝐴(−3 + 3) + 𝐵(−3 + 2)
-2 = A (0) + B (-1)
B=2
Put values of A, B and 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑡 in equation (1)
𝑒𝑥 + 1 −1 2
𝑥 𝑥
= 𝑥 + 𝑥
(𝑒 + 2)(𝑒 + 3) 𝑒 + 2 𝑒 + 3
(II) 𝑷(𝒙)
To find Partial Fraction of with 𝑸(𝒙) contains only linear but repeated factors.
𝑸(𝒙)


Q.7) 3𝑥+2
Resolve into partial fraction. (𝑥+1)(𝑥2−1)
Ans: - 𝑥 2 − 1 = (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Let (𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)2 = (𝑥−1) + (𝑥+1) + (𝑥+1)2 …… (1)
3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1) …… (2)

3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)
3(1) + 2 = 𝐴(1 + 1)2 + 𝐵(1 − 1)(1 + 1) + 𝐶(1 − 1)
5 = A (2)2 + B (0) + C (0)
5=4A
5
A=4

3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)
3(−1) + 2 = 𝐴(−1 + 1)2 + 𝐵(−1 − 1)(−1 + 1) + 𝐶(−1 − 1)
-3 + 2 = A (0) + B (0) + C (-2)
-1 = -2C
−1 1
C = −2 = 2

3𝑥 + 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)
3(0) + 2 = 𝐴(0 + 1)2 + 𝐵(0 − 1)(0 + 1) + 𝐶(0 − 1)
2 = A + B (-1) (1) + C (-1)
2=A–B–C
5 1
Put A = 4 , C = 2 in equation (2)
5 1
−𝐵− =2
4 2
5 1 2
𝐵= − −
4 2 1
−5
𝐵=
4


5 −5 1
3𝑥 + 2 4 4 2
= + +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 + 1)2
Q.8) 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+17
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)2
Ans: - Let 𝑥 2 −2𝑥+17 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

(𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)2
= 𝑥+3 + 𝑥−1 + (𝑥−1)2 ……. (1)
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3) ……. (2)

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3)
(−3)2 − 2(−3) + 17 = 𝐴(−3 − 1)2 + 𝐵(−3 + 3)(−3 − 1) + 𝐶(−3 + 3)
9 + 6 + 17 = A (-4)2 + B (0) + C (0)
32 = 16 A
32
A = 16 = 2

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3)
(1)2 − 2(1) + 17 = 𝐴(1 − 1)2 + 𝐵(1 + 3)(1 − 1) + 𝐶(1 + 3)
1 – 2 + 17 = A (0) + B (0) + C (4)
16 = 4C
16
C= =4
4

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 3)
(0)2 − 2(0) + 17 = 𝐴(0 − 1)2 + 𝐵(0 + 3)(0 − 1) + 𝐶(0 + 3)
17 = A (-1)2 + B (3) (-1) + C (3)
17 = A -3B + 3C
Put A = 2 and C = 4
2 – 3B + 3(4) = 17
2 – 3B + 12 = 17
14 – 17 = 3B
3B = -3
−3
B= = −1
3



𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 17 2 −1 4
= + +
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
III) 𝑷(𝒙)
To find Partial Fraction of with 𝑸(𝒙) contains quadratic factors.
𝑸(𝒙)
Q.9) 𝑥 2 −𝑥+3
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑥−2)(𝑥2 +1)
Ans: - Let 𝑥 2 −𝑥+3 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶

(𝑥−2)(𝑥2 +1)
= 𝑥−2 + 𝑥 2 +1 ……… (1)
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2) …….. (2)

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2)
22 − 2 + 3 = 𝐴(22 + 1) + (2𝐵 + 𝐶)(2 − 2)
5 = 5A
5
A=5=1

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2)
02 − 0 + 3 = 𝐴(02 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 − 2)
3 = A + C (-2)
3 = A - 2C
Put A = 1
3 = 1 – 2C
2 = -2C
−2
C= = −1
2

𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2)
12 − 1 + 3 = 𝐴(12 + 1) + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 − 2)
3 = 2A + [𝐵 + 𝐶](−1)
3 = 2A - B – C
Put A = 1 and C = -1
3 = 2 (1) – B – (-1)


3=2–B+1
3=3–B
B=0
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 3 1 (0)𝑥 − 1 1 1
2
= + 2 = − 2
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 +1 𝑥−2 𝑥 +1
Q.10) 2𝑥+1
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑥−1)(𝑥2 +1)
Ans: 2𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶

Let (𝑥−1)(𝑥2+1) = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥 2 +1 ……… (1)
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) …….. (2)

2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1)
2(1) + 1 = 𝐴(12 + 1) + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 − 1)
3 = 2A + 0
2A = 3
3
A=2

2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1)
2(0) + 1 = 𝐴(02 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 − 1)
1 = A + C (-1)
A–C=1
3
Put A = 2
3
−𝐶 =1
2
3 1
𝐶 = −1=
2 2
Put x = -1 in equation (2)
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1)
2(−1) + 1 = 𝐴((−1)2 + 1) + [𝐵(−1) + 𝐶](−1 − 1)
-2 + 1 = A (2) + [𝐵(−1) + 𝐶](−2)


-1 = 2A + [𝐵(−1) + 𝐶](−2)
-1 = 2A + [−𝐵 + 𝐶] (-2)
-1 = 2A + 2B – 2C
3 1
Put A = 2 and C = 2
3 1
2 ( ) + 2𝐵 − 2 ( ) = −1
2 2
3 + 2B – 1 = -1
2 + 2B = -1
2B = -3
−3
B= 2

3 3 1 3 −3 1
2𝑥 + 1 (− 2) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥+2
2 2 2
= + = +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥2 + 1 𝑥−1 𝑥2 + 1
Q.11) 𝑥 2 +23𝑥
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑥+3)(𝑥2+1)
Ans: - Let 𝑥 2 +23𝑥 = 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥+𝐶 ……. (1)

(𝑥+3)(𝑥2 +1) 𝑥+3 𝑥 2 +1
𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 3) …… (2)

𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 3)
(−3)2 + 23(−3) = 𝐴((−3)2 + 1) + [𝐵(−3) + 𝐶](−3 + 3)
9 – 69 = 10A + [𝐵(−3) + 𝐶](0)
-60 = 10A
−60
A= = −6
10

𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 3)
(0)2 + 23(0) = 𝐴((0)2 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 + 3)
0 = A + 3C
Put A = -6
-6 + 3C = 0


3C = 6
6
C=3=2

𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 3)
(1)2 + 23(1) = (−6) ((1)2 + 1) + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 + 3)
24 = (−6)(2) + 4[𝐵 + 𝐶]
24 = -12 + 4B + 4C
36 = 4B + 4C
B + C = 9 ……. Divide by 4
B+2=9
B=7
𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 −6 7𝑥 + 2
= +
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 2 + 1
Q.12) 3𝑥−2
Resolve into partial fraction (𝑥+2)(𝑥2 +4)
Ans: - Let 3𝑥−2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶

(𝑥+2)(𝑥2 +4)
= 𝑥+2 + 𝑥 2 +4 …… (1)
3𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 2) ……. (2)

3𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 2)
3(−2) − 2 = 𝐴((−2)2 + 4) + [𝐵(−2) + 𝐶](−2 + 2)
-6 – 2 = 8A + 0
-8 = 8A
−8
A= = −1
8

3𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 2)
3(0) − 2 = 𝐴(02 + 4) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 + 2)
-2 = 4A + 2C
Put A = -1


4 (-1) + 2C = -2
-4 + 2C = -2
2C = -2 + 4
2C = 2
2
C=2=1

3𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 4) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 2)
3(1) − 2 = 𝐴(12 + 4) + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 + 2)
1 = 5A + [𝐵 + 𝐶](3)
1 = 5A + 3B + 3C
Put A = -1 and C = 1
5 (-1) + 3B + 3 (1) = 1
-5 + 3B + 3 = 1
-2 + 3B = 1
3B = 3
3
B=3=1

3𝑥 − 2 −1 (1)𝑥 + 1 −1 𝑥+1
= + = +
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 4 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 4
Partial Fraction of Improper Fraction
𝑃(𝑥)
If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑄(𝑥) ; 𝑄(𝑥) ≠ 0 ; where P (x) and Q (x) are polynomials in x then it is called
rational function.
If degree of P (x) ≥ degree of Q (x) then it is called improper fraction.
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
= 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 +
𝑄(𝑥) 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
Q.13) 𝑥4
Resolve into partial fraction 𝑥 3 +1


Ans: -
x Quotient
𝑥 3 + 1 ⟌𝑥 4
x4 + x
-x Reminder
Divisor
𝑃(𝑥) 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
= 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 +
𝑄(𝑥) 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝑥4 𝑥
= 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 +1 ……… (1)
𝑥 3 +1
Using 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
𝑥 3 + 13 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥+𝐶
Let (𝑥+1)(𝑥2 −𝑥+1)
= 𝑥+1 + (𝑥 2 −𝑥+1) ---------- (2)
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 1) ……. (3)
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 1)
−1 = 𝐴((−1)2 − (−1) + 1) + [𝐵(−1) + 𝐶](−1 + 1)
-1 = A (1 + 1 + 1)
-1 = 3A
−1
A= 3
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 1)


0 = 𝐴(02 − 0 + 1) + [𝐵(0) + 𝐶](0 + 1)
0=A+C
−1
+𝐶 =0
3
1
C=3
𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + [𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶](𝑥 + 1)
1 = 𝐴(12 − 1 + 1) + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](1 + 1)
1 = A + [𝐵(1) + 𝐶](2)
1 = A + 2B + 2C
−1 1
Put A = and C = 3
3
−1 1
+ 2𝐵 + 2 ( ) = 1
3 3
−1 2
+ + 2𝐵 = 1
3 3
1
2𝐵 = 1 −
3
2
2𝐵 =
3
2 1 1
𝐵= 𝑋 =
3 2 3
−1 1 1
𝑥 (3) 𝑥 + 3
3
= +
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
Equation (1) becomes
−1 1 1
𝑥4 (3) 𝑥 + 3
3
= 𝑥 − { + }
𝑥3 + 1 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
1 −1 1
𝑥4 ( )𝑥−
3 3 3
=𝑥+ +
𝑥 3 +1 𝑥+1 (𝑥 2 −𝑥+1)


Unit-II
Trigonometry
Chapter 5
Trigonometric ratios of compound, allied, multiple and submultiple angles
Compound Angle: -
An angle obtained by algebraic sum or difference of two or more angles is called a
compound angle.
Allied Angle: -
If the sum or difference of the measures of two angles is either zero or is an integral multiple
𝜋
of 900, that is 𝑛 2 where 𝑛𝜖𝐼, then these angles are called allied angles.
Q.1) Without using calculator, find the value of sin (105)0

Ans: - 1050 = 600 + 450
sin (1050) = sin (600 + 450)
Using sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
Here A = 600 and B = 450
sin (1050) = sin600 cos450 + cos600 sin450
√3 1 1 1 √3 1
sin (1050) = 𝑋 +2𝑋 = 2√2 + 2√2
2 √2 √2
√3+1
sin (1050) = 2√2
Q.2) Without using calculator, find the value of cos (1050)

Ans: - 1050 = 600 + 450
cos (1050) = cos (600 + 450)
Using cos (A + B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
Here A = 600 and B = 450
cos (1050) = cos600 cos450– sin600 sin450
1 1 √3 1 1 √3
cos (1050) = 2 𝑋 − 𝑋 = 2√2 − 2√2
√2 2 √2
1−√3
cos (1050) = 2√2
Q.3) Without using calculator, find the value of sec (36600)
Prepared By: Prof. V.R.Patil- Department of Science & Humanity 1


Ans: - sec (36600) = sec (10X3600 + 600)

= sec 600
=2
Q.4) Without using calculator, find the value of cos (-7650)
Ans: - cos (-7650) = cos (7650)
= cos (2X3600 + 450)
= cos 450
1
=
√2
Q.5) Without using calculator, find the value of

cos 5700 sin 5100 + sin(−330)0 cos(−390)0
Ans: - cos 5700 = cos(1𝑋3600 + 2100 )
= cos(210)0
= cos(1800 + 300 )
= − cos 300
−√3
= 2
sin 510 = sin(1𝑋3600 + 1500 )

0
= sin 1500
= sin(900 + 600 )
= cos 600
1
=2
sin(−330)0 = − sin(330)0
= − sin(1𝑋3600 − 300 )
= −(− sin 300 )
1
= sin 300 = 2
0) 0
cos(−390 = cos 390
= cos(1𝑋3600 + 300 )
= cos 300


√3
= 2
−√3 1 1 √3
cos 5700 sin 5100 + sin(−330)0 cos(−390)0 = ( )( ) +( )( )
2 2 2 2
−√3 √3
= +
4 4
=0
Q.6) Without using calculator, prove that
sin 420 cos 390 + cos (–300) sin (–330) = 1
Ans: - √3
sin 4200 = sin(1𝑋3600 + 600 ) = sin 600 =
2
√3
cos 3900 = cos(1𝑋3600 + 300 ) = cos 300 =
2
cos(−3000 ) = cos(3000 )
= cos(1𝑋3600 − 600 )
= cos 600
1
=2
sin(−3300 ) = − sin(3300 )
= − sin(1𝑋3600 − 300 )
= −(− sin 300 )
= sin 300
1
=2
L.H.S = sin 420 cos 390 + cos (–300) sin (–330)

√3 √3 1 1 3 1
=(2 𝑋 ) + (2 𝑋 2) = 4 + 4 = 1 = R.H. S
2
Q.7) cos2(1800 −𝜃) cos2(2700 +𝜃)

Simplify +
sin(−𝜃) sin(1800 +𝜃)
Ans: - cos2 (1800 − 𝜃) cos 2 (2700 + 𝜃)

+
sin(−𝜃) sin(1800 + 𝜃)
(− cos 𝜃)2 (sin 𝜃)2
= +
− sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃


cos2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃 1
= = = − cosec 𝜃
− sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
Q.8) 3 8 77
If tan(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 15 , Prove that tan 2𝑥 = 36
Ans: - Let x + y = A ……. (1) and x – y = B …… (2)

3 8
tan 𝐴 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan 𝐵 = 15
(1) + (2) gives

x+y+x–y=A+B
2x = A + B
tan 2𝑥 = tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
tan 2𝑥 =
1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵
3 8
+ 15
4
tan 2𝑥 = 3 8
1 − (4 𝑋 15)
45+32 77
60 60
tan 2𝑥 = 24
= 36
1 − (60) 60
77
tan 2𝑥 =
36
Q.9) 1 1
If tan 𝐴 = 2 , tan 𝐵 = 3, find the value of tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
Ans: - tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵

tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) =
1 1 3+2
+3
2 6
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1 1
= 1
1 − (2 𝑋 3) 1−6
5
6
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 5 =1
6
Q.10) Prove that tan 700 −tan 500 −tan 200 = tan 700 tan 500 tan 200
Ans: - 700 = 500 + 200
tan 700 = tan(500 + 200 )
tan 𝐴+tan 𝐵
Using tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = 1−tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵


Put A = 500 and B = 200
0
tan 500 + tan 200
tan 70 =
1 − tan 500 tan 200
tan 700 (1 − tan 500 tan 200 ) = tan 500 + tan 200
tan 700 − tan 700 tan 500 tan 200 = tan 500 + tan 200
tan 700 −tan 500 −tan 200 = tan 700 tan 500 tan 200
Q.11) In any ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 , prove that tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
Ans: - In any ∆ 𝐴𝐵𝐶 , A + B + C = 1800
A + B = 1800 - C
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = tan(1800 − C)
Using tan(1800 − θ) = − tan 𝜃
tan(𝐴 + 𝐵) = − tan 𝐶
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵
= − tan 𝐶
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 = − tan 𝐶(1 − tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵)
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 = − tan 𝐶 + tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
tan 𝐴 + tan 𝐵 + tan 𝐶 = tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵 tan 𝐶
Q.12) 12 −4
If ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐵 are obtuse angles andsin 𝐴 = 13, cos 𝐵 = , find cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
5
Ans: - ∠𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∠𝐵 are obtuse angles. Therefore, they lie in second quadrant and in second quadrant
sine is positive and cosine is negative.
12 −4
Sin 𝐴 = 13 cos 𝐵 = ,
5
sin2 𝐴 + cos2 𝐴 = 1 sin2 𝐵 + cos2 𝐵 = 1

cos 2 𝐴 = 1 − sin2 𝐴 sin2 𝐵 = 1 − cos2 𝐵
12 2 −4 2
cos2 𝐴 = 1 − (13) sin2 𝐵 = 1 − ( 5 )
144 169−144 16 25−16
cos2 𝐴 = 1 − 169 = sin2 𝐵 = 1 − 25 =
169 25
2 25 2 9
cos 𝐴 = 169 sin 𝐵 = 25
5 3
cos 𝐴 = ± 13 sin 𝐵 = ± 5
−5 3
∴ cos 𝐴 = ∴ sin 𝐵 =
13 5
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵


−5 −4 12 3
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = ( 𝑋 )−( 𝑋 )
13 5 13 5
20 36 −16
cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = − =
65 65 65
Multiple Angles:
If 𝛳 is any angle then integral multiples of 𝛳 such as 2𝜃, 3𝜃, … … .. are known as multiple
angles.
Sub-Multiple Angles:
𝜃 3𝜃
Angles of the form , , … … are called Sub-Multiple Angles.
2 2
Q.13) 1
If sin 𝐴 = 2, find the value of sin3A
Ans: - 1
sin 𝐴 =
2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin 3𝐴 = 3 sin 𝐴 − 4 sin3 𝐴
1 1 3 3 1
sin 3𝐴 = 3 ( ) − 4 ( ) = − 4 ( )
2 2 2 8
3 1 2
sin 3𝐴 = − = = 1
2 2 2
Q.14) If cos 𝛼 = 0.4 , find the value of cos 3𝛼
Ans: - cos 𝛼 = 0.4
cos 3𝛼 = 4 cos3 𝛼 − 3 cos 𝛼
cos 3𝛼 = 4(0.4)3 − 3(0.4)
cos 3𝛼 = 0.256 − 1.2
cos 3𝛼 = −0.944
Q.15) A 1
If tan ( 2 ) = , find the value of (𝑖) cos A. (𝑖𝑖) sin 𝐴
√3
Ans:- A 1
tan ( ) =
2 √3
𝐴
1−tan2
2
(i) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos 𝐴 = 𝐴
1+tan2
2


1 2
1−( )
√3
cos 𝐴 = 2
1
1+( )
√3
1 2
1−3 2
3
cos 𝐴 = 1 = 4 =
1+3 4
3
1
cos 𝐴 =
2
𝐴
2 tan
2
(ii) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin 𝐴 = 𝐴
1+tan2
2
1 2
2( )
√3 √3
sin 𝐴 = 2 = 1
1 1+3
1+( )
√3
2
√3
sin 𝐴 = 4
3
2 3 √3
sin 𝐴 = = 𝑋
√3 4 2
Q.16) 𝜃 2
If tan 2 = 3, find the value of 2 sin 𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃
Ans: - tan 𝜃 = 2,
2 3
𝜃 𝜃
2 tan 2 1 − tan2 2
2 sin 𝜃 + 3 cos 𝜃 = 2 { 𝜃
}+ 3{ 𝜃
}
1 + tan2 2 1 + tan2 2
2 2 2
2( ) 1−( )
3 3
= 2{ 2 2
}+3{ 2 2
}
1+( ) 1+( )
3 3
4 4
1−
3 9
= 2{ 4} + 3 { 4 }
1+ 1+
9 9
4 5
3 9
= 2 { 13 } + 3 { 13 }
9 9
4 9 5 9
= 2 {3 𝑋 13} + 3 {9 𝑋 13}


24 15 39
= {13} + {13} = 13 = 3
Q.17) sin 4𝜃+sin 2𝜃

Prove that 1+cos 2𝜃+cos 4𝜃 = tan 2𝜃
Ans: - L.H.S = sin 4𝜃+sin 2𝜃

1+cos 2𝜃+cos 4𝜃
sin 4𝜃+sin 2𝜃
= (1+cos 4𝜃)+cos 2𝜃
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

sin 4𝜃 = 2 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃
1 + cos 2𝜃 = 2 cos2 𝜃
1 + cos 4𝜃 = 2 cos2 2 𝜃
2 sin2 𝜃 cos2 𝜃+sin 2𝜃
= (2 cos2 2 𝜃)+cos 2𝜃
sin 2𝜃(2 cos2 𝜃+1)

= cos 2𝜃(2 cos2 𝜃+1)
= tan 2𝜃 = R.H.S
Q.18) 1−tan2 A
If A = 300 , verifythat (i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A (ii) cos 2A = 1+tan2 A.
Ans: - A = 300
(i) L.H.S = sin 2𝐴 R.H.S = 2 sin A cos A
= sin 2(300 ) = 2 sin 300 cos 300
= sin 600 1
= 2 (2) ( 2 )
√3
√3
= ……… (1) √3
2 = 2
……… (2)
From (1) and (2), L.H.S = R.H. S

(ii) L.H.S = cos 2𝐴 1−tan2 A
R.H.S = 1+tan2 A
= cos 2(300 ) 1−tan2 (300 )
= 1+tan2(300)
= cos 600
1 1 2
= 2 …….. (1) 1−(
√3
)
= 1 2
1+( )
√3
1 2
1−
3 3
= 1 = 4
1+ 3
3
1
=2


= R.H. S ……. (2)

From (1) and (2), L.H.S = R.H.S
Q.19) 1
Prove sin A . sin(60 − A) . sin(60 + A) = sin 3A.
4
Ans: - L.H.S = sin A . sin(60 − A) . sin(60 + A)
= sin A(sin 60 cos 𝐴 − cos 60 sin 𝐴)(sin 60 cos 𝐴 + cos 60 sin 𝐴)
= sin 𝐴(sin2(60) cos2 𝐴 − cos 2 (60) sin2 𝐴)
2
√3 1 2
= sin 𝐴 (( 2 ) cos 2 𝐴 − (2) sin2 𝐴)
3 cos2 𝐴 sin2 𝐴
= sin 𝐴 (( )−( ))
4 4
3 cos2 𝐴−sin2 𝐴
= sin 𝐴 ( )
4
sin 𝐴
= {3(1 − sin2 𝐴) − sin2 𝐴}
4
sin 𝐴
= (3 − 3 sin2 𝐴 − sin2 𝐴)
4
sin 𝐴
= (3 − 4 sin2 𝐴)
4
1
= 4 (3 sin 𝐴 − 4 sin3 𝐴)
1
= 4 (sin 3𝐴)
= R.H. S


Chapter-6
Factorization and Defactorization Formulae
Factorization:
The process of conversion from sum/difference into product is known as Factorization.
Defactorization:
The process of conversion from product of terms into sum/difference of terms is known as
Defactorization.
Defactorization Formulae:
1) 2 sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) + sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)

2) 2 cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) − sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
3) 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)
4) 2 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) − cos(𝐴 + 𝐵)
Factorization Formulae:
1) 𝐶+𝐷 𝐶−𝐷
sin 𝐶 + sin 𝐷 = 2 sin ( ) cos ( )
2 2
sin 𝐶 − sin 𝐷 = 2 cos ( ) sin ( )
2 2
cos 𝐶 + cos 𝐷 = 2 cos ( ) cos ( )
2 2
4) 𝐶+𝐷 𝐷−𝐶
cos 𝐶 − cos 𝐷 = 2 sin ( ) sin ( )
2 2
Q.1) sin 4A+sin 5A+sin 6A
Prove that = tan 5A.
cos 4A+cos 5A+cos 6A


Ans: - sin 4A+sin 5A+sin 6A

L.H.S =
cos 4A+cos 5A+cos 6A
(sin 4𝐴+sin 6𝐴)+sin 5𝐴
= (cos 4𝐴+cos 6𝐴)+cos 5𝐴
4𝐴+6𝐴 4𝐴−6𝐴
(2 sin( ) cos( ))+sin 5𝐴
2 2
= 4𝐴+6𝐴 4𝐴−6𝐴
(2 cos( ) cos( ))+cos 5𝐴
2 2
(2 sin 5𝐴 cos 𝐴)+sin 5𝐴

= (2 cos 5𝐴 cos 𝐴)+cos 5𝐴
sin 5𝐴(2 cos 𝐴+1)
=
cos 5𝐴(2 cos 𝐴+1)
= tan 5𝐴
= R.H. S
Q.2) sin 3A − sin A
Prove that = tan A.
cos 3A + cos A
Ans: - sin 3A−sin A
L.H.S =
cos 3A+cos A
3𝐴+𝐴 3𝐴−𝐴
2 cos( ) sin( )
2 2
= 3𝐴+𝐴 3𝐴−𝐴
2 cos( ) cos( )
2 2
2 cos 2𝐴 sin 𝐴
=
2 cos 2𝐴 cos 𝐴
sin 𝐴
=
cos 𝐴
= tan 𝐴
= R.H. S
Q.3) cos 2A+2 cos 4A+cos 6A
Prove that = cos A − sin A tan 3A.
cos A+2 cos 3A+cos 5A
Ans: - cos 2A+2 cos 4A+cos 6A
L.H. S =
cos A+2 cos 3A+cos 5A
(cos 2𝐴+cos 6𝐴)+2 cos 4𝐴
= (cos 𝐴+cos 5𝐴)+2 cos 3𝐴
2𝐴+6𝐴 2𝐴−6𝐴
(2 cos( ) cos( ))+2 cos 4𝐴
2 2
= 𝐴+5𝐴 𝐴−5𝐴
(2 cos( ) cos( ))+2 cos 3𝐴
2 2


2 cos 4𝐴 cos 2𝐴+2 cos 4𝐴
=
2 cos 3𝐴 cos 2𝐴+2 cos 3𝐴
2 cos 4𝐴(cos 2𝐴+1)
=
2 cos 3𝐴(cos 2𝐴+1)
cos 4𝐴
=
cos 3𝐴
cos(3𝐴+𝐴)
=
cos 3𝐴
cos 3𝐴 cos 𝐴−sin 3𝐴 sin 𝐴
=
cos 3𝐴
cos 3𝐴 cos 𝐴 sin 3𝐴 sin 𝐴
= −
cos 3𝐴 cos 3𝐴
= cos 𝐴 − sin 𝐴 tan 3𝐴

= R.H.S
Q.4) sin 8𝜃 cos 𝜃−cos 3𝜃 sin 6𝜃
Prove that = tan 2𝜃
cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃−sin 3𝜃 sin 4𝜃
Ans: - sin 8𝜃 cos 𝜃−cos 3𝜃 sin 6𝜃

L.H.S =
cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃−sin 3𝜃 sin 4𝜃
2sin 8𝜃 cos 𝜃−2 cos 3𝜃 sin 6𝜃
=
2cos 2𝜃 cos 𝜃−2 sin 3𝜃 sin 4𝜃
{sin(8𝜃+𝜃)+sin(8𝜃−𝜃)}−{sin(3𝜃+6𝜃)−sin(3𝜃−6𝜃)}
= {cos(2𝜃+𝜃)+cos(2𝜃−𝜃)}−{cos(3𝜃−4𝜃)−cos(3𝜃+4𝜃)}
{(sin 9𝜃+sin 7𝜃)}−{(sin 9𝜃−sin(−3𝜃))}
= {cos 3𝜃+cos 𝜃}−{cos(−𝜃)−cos 7𝜃}
sin 9𝜃+sin 7𝜃−sin 9𝜃−sin 3𝜃
=
cos 3𝜃+cos 𝜃−cos 𝜃+cos 7𝜃
sin 7𝜃−sin 3𝜃
=
cos 3𝜃+cos 7𝜃
7𝜃+3𝜃 7𝜃−3𝜃
2 cos( ) sin( )
2 2
= 3𝜃+7𝜃 3𝜃−7𝜃
2 cos( ) cos( )
2 2
sin 2𝜃
=
cos 2𝜃
= tan 2𝜃
= R.H.S


Q.5) sin(190 )+cos(110 )

Without using calculator, show that = √3.
cos(190 )−sin(110 )
Ans: - sin(190 )+cos(110 )

L.H.S = cos(190 )−sin(110 )
Using cos 𝜃 = sin(900 − 𝜃) and sin 𝜃 = cos(900 − 𝜃)

cos 110 = sin(900 − 110 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 110 = cos(900 − 110 )
cos 110 = sin(790 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin 110 = cos(790 )
sin(190 )+cos(110 )
L.H.S = cos(190 )−sin(110 )
sin(190 )+sin(790 )
= cos(190 )−cos(790 )
190 +790 190 −790

2 sin( ) cos( )
2 2
= 190 +790 790 −190
2 sin( ) sin( )
2 2
sin 490 cos 300

= sin 490 sin 300
= cot 300 = √3 = R.H.S
Q.6) 1
Prove that cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80 = 16.
Ans: - L.H.S = cos 20 cos 40 cos 60 cos 80

1 1
= {cos 20 cos 40 cos 80} ∵ cos 60 = 2
2
1 1 1
= 2 {cos 20 cos 40} cos 80 = 2 𝑋 2 𝑋{2 cos 20 cos 40} cos 80
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 2 cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 = cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) + cos(𝐴 − 𝐵)

1
= 𝑋{cos(20 + 40) + cos(20 − 40)} cos 80
4
1
= {cos 60 + cos 20} cos 80
4
1 1
= { + cos 20} cos 80
4 2
1 1
= cos 80 + 4 cos 20 cos 80
8
1 1 1
= cos 80 + 4 𝑋 2 𝑋{2 cos 20 cos 80}
8
1 1 1
= cos 80 + 4 𝑋 2 𝑋{cos(20 + 80) + cos(20 − 80)}
8
1 1 1
= cos 80 + 4 𝑋 2 𝑋{cos(100) +cos(60)}
8


1 1 1
= cos 80 + 8 {cos 100 + 2}
8
1 1 1
= cos 80 + 8 cos 100 + 16
8
1 1 1
= 8 cos 80 + 8 cos(180 − 80) + 16
1 1 1
= 8 cos 80 − 8 cos 80 + 16 ∵ cos(180 − 𝜃) = − cos 𝜃
1
= 16
= R.H. S
Q.7) 3
Prove that sin 200 sin 400 sin 600 sin 800 = 16.
Ans: - L.H.S = sin 200 sin 400 sin 600 sin 800
√3
= 𝑋{sin 200 sin 400 } sin 800
2
√3 1
= 𝑋 2 𝑋{2 sin 200 sin 400 } sin 800
2
√3
= 𝑋{cos(200 − 400 ) − cos(200 + 400 )} sin 800
4
√3
= 𝑋{cos(200 ) − cos 600 } sin 800
4
√3 1
= 𝑋 {cos(200 ) − 2} sin 800
4
√3 √3
= cos(200 ) sin 800 − sin 800
4 8
√3 1 √3
= 𝑋 2 𝑋{2 cos 200 sin 800 } − sin 800
4 8
√3 √3
= 𝑋{sin(200 + 800 ) − sin(200 − 800 )} − sin 800
8 8
√3 √3
= 𝑋{sin(1000 ) + sin(600 )} − sin 800
8 8
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin 𝜃 = sin(1800 − 𝜃) = sin 𝜃

√3 √3
= 𝑋{sin(1800 − 800 ) + sin(600 )} − sin 800
8 8
√3 √3 √3
= 𝑋 {sin(800 ) + } − sin 800
8 2 8
√3 3 √3
= 8
sin 800 + 16 − 8
sin 800
3
= = R.H. S
16


Chapter 7
Inverse Trigonometric Ratios
Definition:
𝜋 𝜋
If −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 and 𝑥 = sin 𝜃 , where − 2 < 𝜃 < 2 , then 𝜃 is called inverse sine of x and is
written as 𝜃 = sin−1 𝑥.
This is read as “sine inverse x equals θ”
Example: -
1 1 𝜋
(𝑖) sin 450 = ∴ sin−1 ( ) = 450 𝑜𝑟
√2 √2 4
Properties of inverse trigonometric functions:

Property 1:
(𝑖)sin−1(sin 𝜃) = 𝜃 (𝑖) sin(sin−1 𝑥) = 𝑥

(𝑖𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1(cos 𝜃) = 𝜃 (𝑖𝑖)cos(𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(tan 𝜃) = 𝜃 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)tan(𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥) = 𝑥
(𝑖𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (cot 𝜃) = 𝜃 (𝑖𝑣)cot(𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
(𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (cosec 𝜃) = 𝜃 (𝑣)cosec(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
(𝑣𝑖) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(sec 𝜃) = 𝜃 (𝑣𝑖) sec(𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 𝑥) = 𝑥
Property 2:
1 1
(𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(𝑥) = sin−1 ( ) (𝑖𝑣) sin−1(𝑥) = cosec −1 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
(𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(𝑥) = cos −1 ( ) (𝑣) cos −1 (𝑥) = sec −1 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
1 1
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1(𝑥) = tan−1 ( ) (𝑣𝑖) tan−1(𝑥) = cot −1 ( )
𝑥 𝑥
Property 3:
(𝑖)𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (−𝑥) = −sin−1(𝑥) (𝑖𝑣) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(−𝑥) = −cosec −1(𝑥)

(𝑖𝑖)𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − cos −1(𝑥) (𝑣) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1(−𝑥) = 𝜋 − sec −1 (𝑥)
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑡𝑎𝑛−1(−𝑥) = −tan−1(𝑥) (𝑣𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−𝑥) = −cot −1(𝑥)
Property 4:


𝜋
(𝑖) sin−1 𝑥 + cos−1 𝑥 =
2
−1
𝜋 −1
(𝑖𝑖) cosec 𝑥 + sec
𝑥=
2
−1 −1
𝜋
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) tan 𝑥 + cot 𝑥 =
2
Property 5:
(𝑖)𝐼𝑓 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦 < 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]
1 − 𝑥𝑦
(𝑖𝑖)𝐼𝑓 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥𝑦 > 1, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]+𝜋
1 − 𝑥𝑦
(𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝐼𝑓 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑥−𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]
1 + 𝑥𝑦
Property 6:
−1 −1
2𝑥 −1
1 − 𝑥2 2𝑥
2 tan 𝑥 = sin [ 2
] = cos [ 2
] = tan−1 [ ]
1+𝑥 1+𝑥 1 − 𝑥2
Property 7:
𝑥
(𝑖) sin−1 𝑥 = cos −1 (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = tan−1 [ ]
√1 − 𝑥 2
1 √1−𝑥 2 1
= sec −1 (√1−𝑥2 ) = cot −1 [ 𝑥 ] = cosec −1 (𝑥)
√1 − 𝑥 2
(𝑖𝑖) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (√1 − 𝑥 2 ) = tan−1 [ ]
𝑥
1 𝑥 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (√1−𝑥 2) = cot −1 [√1−𝑥2 ] = sec −1 (𝑥)
Property 8:


(𝑖) sin−1 𝑥 + sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 [𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 ]

(𝑖𝑖) sin−1 𝑥 − sin−1 𝑦 = sin−1 [𝑥√1 − 𝑦 2 − 𝑦√1 − 𝑥 2 ]
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) cos−1 𝑥 + cos −1 𝑦 = cos−1 [𝑥𝑦 − √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 ]
(𝑖𝑣) cos−1 𝑥 − cos−1 𝑦 = cos −1 [𝑥𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 √1 − 𝑦 2 ]
Q.1) 4 12 33
Prove that cos −1 (5) + cos −1 (13) = cos −1 (65).
Ans: -
4 12
Let cos −1 (5) = 𝜃 Let cos −1 (13) = 𝜑
4 12
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜑 =
5 13
sin2 𝜃 = 1 − cos2 𝜃 sin2 𝜑 = 1 − cos2 𝜑
4 2 12 2
sin2 𝜃 = 1 − ( ) sin2 𝜑 = 1 − ( )
5 13
16 144
sin2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜑 = 1 −
25 169
25 − 16 169 − 144
sin2 𝜃 = sin2 𝜑 =
25 169
9 25
sin2 𝜃 = sin2 𝜑 =
25 169
3 5
sin 𝜃 = ± sin 𝜑 = ±
5 13
3 5
sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜑 =
5 13
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
cos(𝜃 + 𝜑) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜑 − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑
4 12 3 5
cos(𝜃 + 𝜑) = ( 𝑋 ) − ( 𝑋 )
5 13 5 13
48 15
cos(𝜃 + 𝜑) = −
65 65
33
cos(𝜃 + 𝜑) =
65
33 4 12
𝜃 + 𝜑 = cos −1 65 ∵ 𝜃 = cos −1 (5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = cos −1 (13)
4 12 33
cos−1 ( ) + cos−1 ( ) = cos −1 ( )
5 13 65
Q.2) 3 8 84
Prove that sin−1 (5) − sin−1 (17) = cos−1 (85).


Ans: -
3 8
Let sin−1 (5) = 𝜃 Let sin−1 (17) = 𝜑
3 8
sin 𝜃 = sin 𝜑 =
5 17
cos2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜑 = 1 − sin2 𝜑
2
3 2 2
8 2
cos 𝜃 = 1 − ( ) cos 𝜑 = 1 − ( )
5 17
9 64
cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − cos 2 𝜑 = 1 −
25 289
25 − 9 289 − 64
cos2 𝜃 = cos2 𝜑 =
25 289
16 225
cos2 𝜃 = cos2 𝜑 =
25 289
4 15
cos 𝜃 = ± cos 𝜑 = ±
5 17
4 15
cos 𝜃 = cos 𝜑 =
5 17
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin(𝐴 − 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 − cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵

sin(𝜃 − 𝜑) = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑
3 15 4 8
sin(𝜃 − 𝜑) = ( 𝑋 ) − ( 𝑋 )
5 17 5 17
45 32
sin(𝜃 − 𝜑) = ( ) − ( )
85 85
13
sin(𝜃 − 𝜑) =
85
13
𝜃 − 𝜑 = sin−1 ( )
85
3 8 13 3 8
sin−1 (5) − sin−1 (17) = sin−1 (85) ∵ 𝜃 = sin−1 (5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = sin−1 (17)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin−1 𝜃 = cos−1 √1 − 𝜃 2


3 8 13 2
sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( ) = cos−1 √1 − ( )
5 17 85
3 8 169
sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( ) = cos−1 √1 −
5 17 7225
3 8 7225 − 169
sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( ) = cos−1 √
5 17 7225
3 8 7056
sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( ) = cos−1 √
5 17 7225
3 8 84
sin−1 ( ) − sin−1 ( ) = cos−1
5 17 85
Q.3) 3 5 56
Prove that sin−1 (5) − cos −1 (13) = cos −1 (65).
Ans: -
3 5
Let sin−1 ( ) = 𝜃 Let cos −1 ( ) = 𝜑
5 13
3 5
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜑 =
5 13
cos2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜃 sin2 𝜑 = 1 − cos 2 𝜑
3 2 5 2
cos2 𝜃 = 1 − ( ) sin2 𝜑 = 1 − ( )
5 13
9 25
cos 2 𝜃 = 1 − sin2 𝜑 = 1 −
25 169
25 − 9 169 − 25
cos2 𝜃 = sin2 𝜑 =
25 169
16 144
cos2 𝜃 = sin2 𝜑 =
25 169
4 12
cos 𝜃 = ± sin 𝜑 = ±
5 13
4 12
cos 𝜃 = sin 𝜑 =
5 13


𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos(𝐴 − 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 + sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵

cos(𝜃 − 𝜑) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜑 + sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑
4 5 3 12
cos(𝜃 − 𝜑) = ( 𝑋 ) + ( 𝑋 )
5 13 5 13
20 36 20 + 36
cos(𝜃 − 𝜑) = + =
65 65 65
56
cos(𝜃 − 𝜑) =
65
56
𝜃 − 𝜑 = cos −1 ( )
65
3 5 56 3 5
sin−1 (5) − cos−1 (13) = cos −1 (65) ∵ 𝜃 = sin−1 (5) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜑 = cos −1 (13)
Q.4) Prove that

1 1 2 9
tan−1 (7) + tan−1 (13) = tan−1 (9) = cot −1 (2)
Ans: - 1 1
L.H.S = tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( )
7 13
𝑥+𝑦
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]
1 − 𝑥𝑦
1 1
+
−1 7 13
= tan [ 1 1 ]
1−(7𝑋13)
13+7
−1 91
= tan [ 1 ]
1−(91)
20
−1 91
= tan [ 90 ]
91
20
= tan−1 ( )
90
2
= tan−1 ( ) = R.H.S
9
1
Using tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 ( )
𝑥
1
= cot −1 [ 2 ]
9


9
= cot −1 ( ) = R.H.S
2
Q.5) 1 2
Prove that tan−1 (4) + tan−1 (9) = cot −1 (2)
Ans: - 1 2
L.H.S = tan−1 ( ) + tan−1 ( )
4 9
𝑥+𝑦
U𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]
1−𝑥𝑦
1 2
+
−1 4 9
= tan [ 1 2 ]
1−(4𝑋9)
9+8
−1 36
= tan [ 2 ]
1−(36)
17
−1 36
= tan [ 34 ]
36
17
= tan−1 ( )
34
1
= tan−1 ( )
2
1
Using tan−1 𝑥 = cot −1 ( )
𝑥
1
= cot −1 [ 1 ]
2
= cot −1 (2)
= R.H. S
Q.6) 5 π
Prove that 2 cot −1 (3) + cosec −1 (4) = 2 .
Ans: - 1
Using cot −1 𝑥 = tan−1 (𝑥)
1
cot −1 3 = tan−1 ( )
3
Using
2𝑥
2 tan−1 𝑥 = sin−1 [ ]
1 + 𝑥2


1
1 2 (3)
2 tan−1 ( ) = sin−1 [ ]
3 1 2
1 + (3)
2
1
2 tan−1 ( ) = sin−1 [ 3 1 ]
3 1+ 9
2
1 3
2tan−1 ( ) = sin−1 [ 10 ]
3
9
1 2 9
2tan−1 ( ) = sin−1 [ 𝑋 ]
3 3 10
1 3
2tan−1 (3) = sin−1 [5]
3 5
Let sin−1 (5) = 𝜃 Let cosec −1 (4) = 𝜑
3 5
sin 𝜃 = 5 cosec 𝜑 =
4
3 4
tan 𝜃 = tan 𝜑 =
4 3
3 4
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) 𝜑 = tan−1 ( )
4 3
3 3 5 4
sin−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) cosec −1 ( ) = tan−1 ( )
5 4 4 3
5
L.H.S = 2 cot −1 (3) + cosec −1 ( )
4
3 4
= tan−1 (4) + tan−1 (3)
𝑥+𝑦
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]
1−𝑥𝑦
3 4
+
−1 4 3
= tan [ 3 4 ]
1−(4𝑋3)
9+16
−1 12
= tan [ 1−1 ]


25
= tan−1 [ 12 ]
0
= tan−1 (∞)
𝜋
=
2
= R.H. S
Q.7) If tan−1(1) + tan−1(𝑥) = 0, find the value of x.
Ans: - tan−1(1) + tan−1(𝑥) = 0

tan−1(𝑥) = − tan−1(1) …….. (1)
Using − tan−1(1) = tan−1 (−1)
(1) becomes
tan−1(𝑥) = tan−1(−1)
x = -1
Q.8) Show that tan−1(1) + tan−1 (2) + tan−1(3) = π.
Ans: - L.H.S = {tan−1(1) + tan−1(2)} + tan−1(3)

𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 2, 𝑥𝑦 > 1
Using
𝑥+𝑦
tan−1 𝑥 + tan−1 𝑦 = tan−1 [ ]+𝜋
1 − 𝑥𝑦
1+2
= {tan−1 [1−(1𝑋2)] + 𝜋} + tan−1(3)
3
= {tan−1 [1−2] + 𝜋} + tan−1(3)
3
= {tan−1 [−1] + 𝜋} + tan−1(3)
= {tan−1[−3] + 𝜋} + tan−1(3)
Using tan−1(−3) = − tan−1(3)
= {−tan−1 3 + 𝜋} + tan−1 (3)
= 𝜋
= R.H.S


Unit-III
Co-Ordinate Geometry
Chapter 8
Straight Line
Slope of a line: -
I) The slope or gradient of a line is defined as the tangent ratio of its inclination provided that
the line is not parallel to Y-axis. It is denoted by m.
𝑚 = tan 𝜃
II) Slope of a line passing through two points:
Slope of a line passing through two points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) is
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
III) Slope of a general line ax+by+c=0 is
𝑎
𝑚=−
𝑏
Parallel Lines: -
Two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal i.e. 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
Perpendicular Lines: -
Two lines with slopes 𝑚1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 are perpendicular if 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1
Intercepts of a line: -


The x-intercept is the point where the graph of a line intersects the x-axis. The y-intercept is
the point where the graph of a line intersects the y-axis. These points have the form (x, 0) and
(0, y), respectively.
To find the x- and y-intercepts algebraically, use the fact that all x-intercepts have a y-value
of zero and all y-intercepts have an x-value of zero. To find the y-intercept, set x=0 and
determine the corresponding y-value. Similarly, to find the x-intercept, set y=0 and determine
the corresponding x-
Q.1) Find slope and intercepts of a line
i) 𝒙 𝒚 𝟏
− =
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒
Ans: - 𝑥 𝑦 1
− =
2 3 4
Multiply each term by 24
12x – 8y = 6
Divide each term by 2
6x – 4y = 3 ……. (1)
−𝑎 −6 3
Slope = m = = −4 = 2
𝑏
𝟑
Slope = 𝟐
To find X-intercept, put y = 0 in (1)


6x – 4(0) = 3
6x = 3
3 1
x=6=2
𝟏
X-intercept is (𝟐 , 𝟎)
To find Y-intercept, put x = 0 in (1)

6(0) – 4y = 3
-4y = 3
−3
y= 4
−𝟑
Y-intercept is (𝟎, )
𝟒
Standard Forms of Equations of Line: -

I) Slope-Point Form: -
The equation of straight line passing through the point 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) having slope m is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
II) Slope-Intercept Form: -
Equation of a line having slope m and Y intercept C is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐
III) Two-Point Form: -
Equation of a line passing through two points 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵(𝑥2, 𝑦2 ) is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
IV) Double Intercept Form: -
𝑥 𝑦
Equation of a line having X-intercept ‘a’ and Y-intercept ‘b’ is 𝑎 + 𝑏 = 1
V) Parametric Form: -
Equation of a line in Parametric Form is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
VI) Normal Form: -
Equation of a line in Normal Form is
𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝
Where p = Length of perpendicular from origin.


α = angle made by perpendicular with X-axis.

Q.2) 𝟑
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 (𝟑, −𝟒)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝟐.
Ans: - The equation of a line in Slope-Point form is
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
3
𝑥1 = 3, 𝑦1 = −4, 𝑚 =
2
3
y – (-4) = (x–3)
2
2(y + 4) = 3x – 9
2y + 8 = 3x – 9
3x – 2y – 17 = 0
Q.3) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 (−𝟒, 𝟔) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 (𝟖, −𝟑).
Ans: - Let 𝐴(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝐴(−4,6)
𝐵(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) = 𝐵(8, −3)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2
𝑥1 = −4, 𝑦1 = 6, 𝑥2 = 8, 𝑦2 = −3
𝑦−6 𝑥 − (−4)
=
6 − (−3) −4 − 8
𝑦−6 𝑥+4
=
9 −12
𝑦−6 𝑥+4
=
3 −4
−4(𝑦 − 6) = 3(𝑥 + 4)
−4𝑦 + 24 = 3𝑥 + 12
3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 12 − 24 = 0
𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟏𝟐 = 𝟎
Q.4) Find the equation of the line whose Y-intercept is 4 units and inclination is equal to 1500
Ans: - Inclination = θ = 1500
Y-intercept = c = 4 units
Slope = m = tan 𝜃


Slope = m = tan(150)0
= tan(1800 − 300 )
= − tan 300
−1
=
√3
Equation of a line having slope m and Y intercept C is 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐

−1
𝑦= 𝑥+4
√3
√3𝑦 = −𝑥 + 4√3
𝒙 + √𝟑𝒚 − 𝟒√𝟑 = 𝟎
Q.5) Find the equation of a straight line whose length of perpendicular from origin is 2 and the
angle made by perpendicular with X-axis is 300
Ans:- 𝑝 = 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑝 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝛼 = 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑋 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝛼 = 300
The equation of a line in Normal form is
𝑥 cos 𝛼 + 𝑦 sin 𝛼 = 𝑝
𝑥 cos 300 + 𝑦 sin 300 = 2
√3 1
𝑥( )+𝑦( ) = 2
2 2
√𝟑 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟒
Q.6) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 (𝟒, 𝟓)
𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝟕𝐱 − 𝟓𝐲 = 𝟒𝟐𝟎.
Ans: - Let L: 7x – 5y – 420 = 0
−𝑎 −7 7
∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑚 = = =
𝑏 −5 5
Required line ⊥ line L
−5
∴ Slope of required line = 7
Equation of line in Slope-Point form is


𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
−5
𝑥1 = 4, 𝑦1 = 5, 𝑚 =
7
−5
𝑦−5= (𝑥 − 4)
7
7(𝑦 − 5) = −5𝑥 + 20
7𝑦 − 35 = −5𝑥 + 20
5𝑥 + 7𝑦 − 35 − 20 = 0
𝟓𝒙 + 𝟕𝒚 − 𝟓𝟓 = 𝟎
Q.7) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 (𝟔, 𝟓) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥
𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬 𝟐 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟒 𝐨𝐧 𝐗 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐘 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐲.
Ans: - Let, X-intercept = 2
Y-intercept = 4
Equation of line in Double Intercept form is
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
2 4
4𝑥 + 2𝑦
=1
8
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 8
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 8 = 0
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0
−𝑎 −2
Slope of given line = = = −2
𝑏 1
Required line ∥ line L

∴ Slope of required line = -2
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
𝑥1 = 6, 𝑦1 = 5, 𝑚 = −2
y – 5 = -2 (x – 6)
y – 5 = -2x + 12


2x + y – 5 – 12 = 0
2x + y – 17 = 0
Q.8) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐗 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐨𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐘 − 𝐚𝐱𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 (𝟒, 𝟏).
Ans: - Let X-intercept = a
Y-intercept = b
a = 2b ……. (1)
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
+ 𝑏 = 1 …… from (1)
2𝑏
Multiple each term by 2b

x + 2y = 2b ……. (2)
Line passing through point (4,1)
Put x = 4, y = 1 in (2)
4 + 2 (1) = 2b
∴ 2𝑏 = 6
Equation of line is
x + 2y = 6 …… from equation (2)
Q.9) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 (𝟏𝟐, −𝟒) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐰𝐡𝐨𝐬𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐦 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐩𝐭𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝟏𝟎.
Ans: - Let X-intercept = a
Y-intercept = b
a + b = 10
a = 10 – b ……… (1)
𝑥 𝑦
+ 𝑏 = 1 ………. (2)
𝑎
𝑥 𝑦
10−𝑏
+𝑏 =1
Line passing through point (12, -4)


Put x = 12 and y = -4 in equation (2)

12 4
− =1
10 − 𝑏 𝑏
12𝑏 − 4(10 − 𝑏)
=1
𝑏(10 − 𝑏)
12𝑏 − 4(10 − 𝑏) = 𝑏(10 − 𝑏)
12𝑏 − 40 + 4𝑏 = 10𝑏 − 𝑏 2
𝑏 2 + 16𝑏 − 10𝑏 − 40 = 0
𝑏 2 + 6𝑏 − 40 = 0
(𝑏 + 10)(𝑏 − 4) = 0
b + 10 = 0 or b – 4 = 0
b = -10 or b = 4
When b = -10 then a = 10 – b = 10 – (-10) = 20
Put a = 20 and b = -10 in equation (2)
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
− =1
20 10
Multiply each term by 20
x – 2y = 20
When b = 4 then a = 10 – b = 10 – 4 = 6
Put a = 6 and b = 4 in equation (2)
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
𝑎 𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
+ =1
6 4
4𝑥 + 6𝑦
=1
24
4x + 6y = 24
2x + 3y = 12
Perpendicular Bisector: -
The perpendicular bisector of a line segment is the line which is perpendicular to a given line


segment and which divides it into two equal line segments.
Q.10) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐢𝐬 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐛𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞
𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐀(𝟖, −𝟏)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁(𝟔, 𝟑)
Ans: -
A (8, -1) C B (6, 3)
𝑦2 −𝑦1
Slope of AB = 𝑥2 −𝑥1
3−(−1)
= 6−8
4
= −2
Slope of AB = -2
8+6 −1+3
Mid-point of AB = C = ( , ) = (7,1)
2 2
1
Slope of perpendicular to AB = 2
Equation of perpendicular sector is


𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
1
𝑥1 = 7, 𝑦1 = 1, 𝑚 =
2
1
y – 1 = 2 (x – 7)
2 (y – 1) = x – 7
2y – 2 = x – 7
x – 2y – 5 = 0
Point of intersection of two lines
Q.11) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 (𝟐, 𝟓) 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞
𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝐱 − 𝐲 = 𝟗.
Ans:- Let 𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
𝐿2 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 9
Find point of intersection of two lines,
1 1
𝐷=| | = −1 − 2 = −3
2 −1
0 1
𝐷𝑥 = | | = 0 − 9 = −9
9 −1
1 0
𝐷𝑦 = | |= 9−0= 9
2 9
𝐷𝑥 −9 𝐷𝑦 9
𝑥= = −3 = 3 and 𝑦= = −3 = −3
𝐷 𝐷
Point of intersection of two lines is (3, -3)
L2
L1
P (3, -3) Required line

Q (2, 5)
Required line passes through two points P (3, -3) and ( 2, 5)

𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑥 − 𝑥1
=
𝑦1 − 𝑦2 𝑥1 − 𝑥2


𝑥1 = 3, 𝑦1 = −3, 𝑥2 = 2, 𝑦2 = 5
𝑦 − (−3) 𝑥 − 3
=
−3 − 5 3−2
𝑦+3 𝑥−3
=
−8 1
𝑦 + 3 = −8(𝑥 − 3)
𝑦 + 3 = −8𝑥 + 24
8𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 − 24 = 0
𝟖𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟎
Q.12) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝟒𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 =
𝟖 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝟓𝐱 − 𝟕𝐲 = 𝟑.
Ans: - Let 𝐿1 : 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 8
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1
4 3
𝐷=| |= 4−3= 1
1 1
8 3
𝐷𝑥 = | |= 8−3= 5
1 1
4 8
𝐷𝑦 = | | = 4 − 8 = −4
1 1
𝐷𝑥 5 𝐷𝑦 −4
𝑥= =1=5 and 𝑦= = = −4
𝐷 𝐷 1
Point of intersection of two lines is (5, -4)

−𝑎 −5 5
Slope of given line 5x – 7y = 3 is = −7 = 7
𝑏
Required line is parallel to given line and slopes of parallel lines are equal.
5
∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 7

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
5
𝑥1 = 5, 𝑦1 = −4, 𝑚 =
7
5
y – (-4) = 7 (x – 5)
7 (y + 4) = 5x – 25


7y + 28 = 5x – 25
5x – 7y – 25 – 28 = 0
5x – 7y - 53 = 0
Q.13) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬
𝟐𝐱 + 𝟑𝐲 = 𝟏𝟑 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟓𝐱 − 𝐲 − 𝟕 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞
𝟑𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟕 = 𝟎.
Ans: - Let 𝐿1 : 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13
𝐿2 : 5𝑥 − 𝑦 = 7
2 3
𝐷=| | = −2 − 15 = −17
5 −1
13 3
𝐷𝑥 = | | = −13 − 21 = −34
7 −1
2 13
𝐷𝑦 = | | = 14 − 65 = −51
5 7
𝐷𝑥 −34 𝐷𝑦 −51
𝑥= = −17 = 2 and 𝑦= = −17 = 3
𝐷 𝐷
Point of intersection of two lines is (2, 3)
−𝑎 −3 3
Slope of given line 3x – 2y + 7 = 0 is = −2 = 2
𝑏
Required line is perpendicular to given line and product of slopes of perpendicular lines is -1.
−2
∴ 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 3

𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
−2
𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = 3, 𝑚 =
3
−2
y–3= (x – 2)
3
3 (y – 3) = -2x + 4
3y – 9 = -2x + 4
2x + 3y – 13 = 0


Acute angle between lines

Q.14) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝐲 = 𝟓𝐱 + 𝟔 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐲 = 𝐱.
Ans: - Let 𝐿1 : 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6 = 0
−𝑎 −5
Slope = 𝑚1 = = −1 = 5
𝑏
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0
−𝑎 −1
Slope = 𝑚2 = = −1 = 1
𝑏
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
5−1
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1 + (5)(1)
4
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
6
𝟐
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
𝟑
Q.15) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝟑𝐱 − 𝐲 = 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝟑.
Ans: - Let 𝐿1 : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4 = 0
−𝑎 −3
Slope = 𝑚1 = = −1 = 3
𝑏
𝐿2 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0
−𝑎 −2
Slope = 𝑚2 = = = −2
𝑏 1
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
3 − (−2)
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1 + (3)(−2)
5
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1−6
5
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1−6
5
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
−5
𝜃 = tan−1 (1)


𝝅
𝜽=
𝟒
Q.16) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝟑𝐱 + 𝟐𝐲 + 𝟒 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟐𝐱 − 𝟑𝐲 − 𝟕 = 𝟎.
Ans: - Let 𝐿1 : 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4 = 0
−𝑎 −3
Slope = 𝑚1 = =
𝑏 2
𝐿2 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
−𝑎 −2 2
Slope = 𝑚2 = = −3 = 3
𝑏
𝑚1 − 𝑚2
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2
−3 2
−3
2
𝜃 = tan−1 | −3 2
|
1 + ( 2 ) (3)
−9−4
6
𝜃 = tan−1 | |
1−1
−13
−1 6
𝜃 = tan | |
0
𝜃 = tan−1 (∞)
𝝅
𝜽=
𝟐
Distance of a point from a line:
Length of perpendicular drawn from 𝑃(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to the given line Ax + By + C = 0 is

𝐴𝑥1 + 𝐵𝑦1 + 𝑐
𝑑=| |
√𝐴2 + 𝐵 2
Q.17) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 P (2,3) on 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟔𝐲 − 𝟑 = 𝟎.
Ans: - 𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝑐

Perpendicular distance from (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to a line Ax + By + C = 0 is 𝑑 = | √𝐴2 +𝐵2
|
𝐴 = 4, 𝐵 = −6, 𝐶 = −3, 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑦1 = 3
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝑐
Length of perpendicular = 𝑑 = | √𝐴2 +𝐵2
|


4(2)+(−6)(3)−3
= | |
√(4)2 +(−6)2
8−18−3
= | |
√16+36
−13
= | |
√52
𝟏𝟑
= 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
√𝟓𝟐
Q.18) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐞𝐧𝐠𝐭𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 P (5,4) on 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝟐𝐱 + 𝐲 = 𝟑𝟒.
Ans:- 𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝑐

Perpendicular distance from (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) to a line Ax + By + C = 0 = | √𝐴2 +𝐵2
|
𝐴 = 2, 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = −34, 𝑥1 = 5, 𝑦1 = 4
𝐴𝑥1 +𝐵𝑦1 +𝑐
Length of perpendicular = d = | √𝐴2 +𝐵2
|
2(5)+(1)(4)−34
= | |
√(2)2 +(1)2
10+4−34
= | |
√5
−20
= | |
√5
𝟐𝟎
= units
√𝟓
Distance between two parallel lines: -
Let 𝐿1 : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐1 = 0 ………. (1)

𝐿2 : 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐2 = 0 ………. (2)
𝑪𝟐 −𝑪𝟏
d= | |
√𝒂𝟐 +𝒃𝟐


Q.19) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐥 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬 𝟑𝐱 − 𝐲 + 𝟕 = 𝟎 𝐚𝐧𝐝

𝟑𝐱 − 𝐲 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎.
Ans: - Let
𝐿1 : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 7 = 0 ……… (1)
𝐿2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 16 = 0 …….. (2)
By using the formula for distance between two parallel lines, we have
𝐶 −𝐶1
d = |√𝑎22 |
+𝑏2
where 𝑐1 = 7, 𝑐2 = 16, 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −1
16−7
d= | |
√(3)2 +(−1)2
9
d= | |
√10
𝟗
d= 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
√𝟏𝟎
Q.20) Find the perpendicular distance between the parallel lines 5x – 12y + 1 = 0 and
10x = 24y + 1
Ans:- Let
𝐿1 : 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 + 1 = 0
Multiple throughout by 2
𝐿1 : 10𝑥 − 24𝑦 + 2 = 0 …….. (1)
𝐿2 : 10𝑥 − 24𝑦 − 1 = 0 ……... (2)
By using the formula for distance between two parallel lines, we have
𝐶 −𝐶1
d = |√𝑎22 |
+𝑏2
where 𝑐1 = 2, 𝑐2 = −1, 𝑎 = 10, 𝑏 = −24

−1−2
d= | |
√(10)2 +(−24)2
−3
d= | |
√100+576
−3
d= | |
√676
−3
d = | 26 |
𝟑
d = 𝟐𝟔 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔


Unit-IV
Mensuration
Chapter 9
Mensuration
Mensuration
Mensuration is a branch of mathematics which deals with the measurement of areas of surfaces,
volume of solids and lengths of lines.
Mensuration is classified into two parts
i) Mensuration of plane figures
Plane figures are flat two-dimensional (2D) shape. A plane figure can be made of straight lines,
curved lines, or both straight and curved lines.
It deals with the sides, perimeters and areas of plane figures of different shapes.
ii) Mensuration of solid figures
When a figure is bounded by one or more surfaces then it is called as solid figure. It will be a three-
dimensional figure having dimensions like length, breadth and thickness (height)
It deals with the areas and volumes of solid objects.
Conversions: -
i) 1m = 100 cm
1m = 102 cm and
1 cm = 10-2 m
ii) 1 m = 1000 mm and 1mm = 10-3 m
iii) 1m2 = 104 cm2
iv) 1 litre = 1000 ml
(i) Mensuration of plane figures
Q.1)
Ans: One side of rectangle = x = 8 cm
Let, another side of rectangle be y cm
Area of rectangle = x X y
But area of rectangle = 172cm2 ……. given


x X y = 172
8y = 172
y= = 21.5
Length of another side = 21.5 cm

Q.2)
Ans:
Area of rhombus = ( )
= ( )
= 41cm2
Q.3)
Ans: Let length of rectangular courtyard = 6x

breadth of rectangular courtyard = 5x
Area of rectangular courtyard = length X breadth
3000 = 6x X 5x
3000 = 30x2
x2 =
x2 = 100
x = 10
Length of rectangular courtyard = 6x = 6 X 10 = 60
Breadth of rectangular courtyard = 5x = 5 X 10 = 50
Perimeter = 2 (Length + Breadth)
= 2 (60 + 50)
= 2 (110)
Perimeter = 220 m
Q.4) The radius of a wheel is 42cm. How many revolutions will it make in going 26.4km?
Ans: Radius of a wheel = r = 42cm


Circumference of circle = one revolution of wheel
=
= = 264
1 km = 100000 cm
26.4km = 26.4 X 100000 = 2640000 cm
264 cm = 1 revolution
2640000 cm = revolutions
No. of revolutions = 10000

Q.5) Find the area between two concentric circles whose radii are 4m and 3m.
Ans: Let = radius of bigger circle
= radius of smaller circle
Area enclosed between two circles =
= ( )
= ( )( )
= ( )( )
=
Area enclosed between two circles = 22 m2

Q.6) Find the area of ring between two concentric circles whose circumferences are 75cm and
55cm.
Ans: Circumference of larger circle = 75 cm
Circumference of smaller circle = 55 cm
Area of ring = A (larger circle) – A (smaller circle)


=
= ( )
= ( )( )
= ( )( )
= ( )( )
= 207
Area of ring = 207 cm2
Q.7)
.
Ans: Outer side of the square grassy plot = 100 m
Outer area of the square grassy plot = side X side
= 100 X 100
= 10000 m2
Width of the gravel path = 10 m
Inner side of the square grassy plot = 100 – (2 X 10)
= 80 m
Inner area of square grassy plot = 80 X 80
= 6400 m2
Area of the gravel path = Outer area of the grassy plot – Inner area of the grassy plot
= 10000 – 6400
The area of the path = 3600 m2
Q.8) The length of one side of the rectangle is twice the length of its adjacent side. If the perimeter
of rectangle is 60cms, find the area of the rectangle.
Ans: Let, length of one side of rectangle be x cm
length of another side = 2x cm
Perimeter of rectangle = 2 (x + 2x)


60 = 2 (3x)
30 = 3x
x=
x = 10
Length of rectangle = x = 10 cm
Length of another side = 2x = 2 (10) = 20 cm
Area of rectangle = 10 X 20
Area of rectangle = 200 cm2
(ii)Mensuration of solid figures
Q.9)
Ans: - Radius of cone = r = 10 cm

Slant height of cone = l = 30 cm
Total Surface Area of a Cone = ( )
= ( )
= 3.14 X 10 X 40
= 1256 cm2
Total Surface Area of a Cone = 1256 cm2
Q.10)
Ans: - Volume of a sphere =
r = 1 cm
Surface area of a sphere =
= ( )
Surface area of a sphere = cm2
Q.11)


Ans: - Total Surface Area of cuboid = [ ]

= [( ) ( ) ( )]
= [ ]
= ( )
= 746
Total Surface Area of cuboid = 746 cm2
Q.12)
Ans: - Volume of Cube = ( )
1000 =
a = 10 cm
Total surface area = 6a2
= 6 (102)
Total surface area = 600 cm2
Q.13) Find the capacity of a cylindrical water tank whose radius is 2.1m and length is 5m.
Ans: - Capacity = Volume
Volume of a cylinder =
Volume of a cylinder = ( )
= ( )
=
= 69.3 m3
Capacity of a cylindrical water tank = 69.3 m3
Q.14) Find the length of the longest pole that can be placed in a room 12m long, 9m broad and 8
m high.
Ans: -
The longest pole that can be placed in the room will be equal to the length of its diagonal.
Longest pole = Length of diagonal
=√
= √( ) ( ) ( )


=√
=√
Length of pole = 17 m
Q.15) Find the volume of the sphere whose surface area is 616 sq. m.
Ans: - Surface Area of Sphere =
616 =
= 616 X
= 49
r=7m
Volume of Sphere =
Volume of Sphere = 1437.33 m3

Q.16) A cylinder has hemispherical ends having radius 14cm and height 50cm. Find the total
surface area.
Ans: - Total surface area = Curved surface area of cylinder + surface area of two hemispheres
= ( )
= ( )
= ( ( ))
=
Total surface area = 2184 cm2 = 6861.24 cm2
Q.17) A solid right circular cone of radius 2m and height 27m is melted and recasted into a
sphere. Find the volume and surface area of a sphere.
Ans: - Volume of right circular cone =
= ( )
= or 113.04
Volume of sphere = Volume of right circular cone = m3
Volume of sphere =


36 =
r=3
Surface area of the sphere =
= ( )
Surface area of the sphere = 36 m2
Q.18) The internal measures of a cuboidal room are 12m X 8m X 4m. Find the total cost of
whitewashing all four walls of a room, if the cost of whitewashing is Rs. 8 per . What
will be the cost of whitewashing if the ceiling of the room is also whitewashed?
Ans: - Length of the room = = 12m
Breadth of the room = = 8m
Height of the room = = 4m
The room is like a cuboid whose four walls (lateral surface) and ceiling are to be whitewashed.
Area of four walls of room = Perimeter of base X Height of room
= ( )
= ( )
= 160
the cost of whitewashing is Rs. 8 per
The cost of whitewashing four walls = 160 X 8
= 1280 Rs.
Area of ceiling = = 12 X 8 = 96
The cost of whitewashing ceiling = 96 X 8 = 768 Rs.
Total cost of whitewashing = 1280 + 768 = 2048 Rs.
Q.19) External dimensions of a wooden cuboid are 30cm X 25cm X 20cm. If the thickness of wood
is 2cm all round. Find the volume of the wood contained in the cuboid formed.
Ans:- External volume of a wooden cuboid = 30 X 25 X 20

= 15000 cm3


Internal volume of cuboid = ( ) ( ) ( )
= 26 X 21 X 16
= 8736 cm3
Volume of wood = External volume – internal volume
= 15000 – 8736
Volume of wood = 6264 cm3
Q.20) A metal strip having sides 17 X 7 X 5 is melted down and minted into coins each of diameter
1.4cm and thickness 0.08cm. Assuming no wastage, how many coins can be minted?
Ans: - Length of metal strip = 17
Breadth of metal strip = 7
Height of metal strip = 5
Volume of metal strip = V = L X B X H
=17 X 7 X 5 = 595 cm3
Diameter of coin = d = 1.4 cm
Radius of coin = 0.7 cm
Thickness of a coin = h = 0.08 cm
Volume of one coin =
=
= 0.1232 cm3
= 4830


Unit-V
Statistics
Chapter 10
Measures of Dispersion
Statistics: -
Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation and
presentation of masses of numerical data.
It is a collection of quantitative data.
Measures of Dispersion: -
The measure of dispersion indicates the scattering of data. In other words, Dispersion is the
extent to which values in distribution differ from the average of the distribution. It gives an
idea about the extent to which individual items vary from one another and from the central
value.
Measures of Dispersion are:-
1) The Range (Absolute Measure)
2) The Mean Deviation from (i) Mean, (ii) Median (Absolute Measure)
3) The Standard Deviation (Absolute Measure)
4) The Variance (Relative Measure)
1) The Range: -
I) For Ungrouped Data: -
The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in the set of data.
Let L = Largest value of the observation in the given set of data.
S = Smallest value of the observation in the given set of data.
Range = Largest value – Smallest value
Range = L – S
II) For Grouped Distribution: -
The range is the difference between the upper limit of highest class and the lower limit of the
lowest class.


Range = * + * +
III) Co-efficient of Range: -
Q.1) Find the range and co-efficient of range of the data:

120, 50, 90, 100, 180, 200, 150, 40, 80
Ans: - Range = Largest value – Smallest value
Range = 200 – 40
Range = 160
Q.2) Find the range and co-efficient of range.

40, 52, 47, 28, 45, 36, 47, 50
Ans: - Range = Largest value – Smallest value
Range = 52-28
Range = 24


Q.3) Find the range and coefficient of range

Marks 5 15 25 35 45 55
No. of students 10 20 30 40 50 60
Ans: - Range = * + * +
Range = 55 – 5
Range = 50
Q.4) Calculate the range and the co-efficient of range for the following data:
Class 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45

Frequency 4 16 38 12 10
Ans: -
Class Interval Frequency
20.5-25.5 4
25.5-30.5 16
30.5-35.5 38
35.5-40.5 12
40.5-45.5 10
Range = * + * +
Range = 45.5 – 20.5
Range = 25


Q.5) Calculate the range and coefficient of range from the following data:
Marks 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
No. of 6 10 16 14 8 4
students
Ans: -
Class Interval Frequency
9.5-19.5 6
19.5-29.5 10
29.5-39.5 16
39.5-49.5 14
49.5-59.5 8
59.5-69.5 4
Range = * + * +
Range = 69.5 – 9.5
Range = 60


2) The Mean Deviation (M.D.): -

I) For Raw Data: -
a) ∑| | ∑| |
Mean Deviation about Mean =
Where = Mean of N observations,

∑
Mean = =
N = Total number of observations.

Q.6) Calculate the Mean Deviation about the mean of the following data:
3, 6, 5, 7, 10, 12, 15, 18
Ans: -
̅
| |
̅
3 -6.5 6.5
6 -3.5 3.5
5 -4.5 4.5
7 -2.5 2.5
10 0.5 0.5
12 2.5 2.5
15 5.5 5.5
18 8.5 8.5
Total 34
∑
Mean = ̅
̅
∑| | ∑| |
II) For Discrete Frequency Distribution: -


a) ∑ | | ∑ | |
Mean Deviation about Mean = ∑
∑
Where = Mean = ∑ ∑
̅
N=∑
Q.7) Calculate the Mean Deviation about mean of the following distribution.
3 4 5 6 7 8
4 9 10 8 6 3
Ans: - Mean Deviation about mean
̅
| | | |
̅ = 5.3
3 4 12 -2.3 2.3 9.2
4 9 36 -1.3 1.3 11.7
5 10 50 -0.3 0.3 3
6 8 48 0.7 0.7 5.6
7 6 42 1.7 1.7 10.2
8 3 24 2.7 2.7 8.1
Total 40 212 47.8
∑
i) Mean = = Mean = ∑
∑ | | ∑ | |
Mean Deviation about mean = ∑ ∑
Mean Deviation about mean =


III) For Grouped Frequency Distribution: -

a) ∑ | | ∑ | |
Mean Deviation about Mean = ∑
Where = Mid-value or class mark

∑
Mean = ̅ ∑
OR
Mean by Step Deviation Method:

∑
Mean = ̅ ( ∑
) where
a = Assumed mean
c = Class width
Q.8) Find the mean deviation from mean
C.I 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
fi 5 8 15 16 6
Ans: - Mean Deviation about Mean
̅
C.I fi | | | |
̅ 27
a = 25, c= 10
0-10 5 5 -2 -10 -22 22 110
10-20 15 8 -1 -8 -12 12 96
20-30 25 15 0 0 -2 2 30
30-40 35 16 1 16 8 8 128
40-50 45 6 2 12 18 18 108
Total 50 10 472
∑
Mean = ̅ ( ∑
)
Mean = ̅ ( )
Mean = ̅
Mean = ̅ = 27


∑ | | ∑ | |

Q.9) Find mean deviation from mean
Weight (in gms) 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45
No. of Items 7 12 16 25 19 15 6
Ans:- Mean Deviation about Mean
̅
C.I fi | | | |
̅
a = 27.5, c=5
10-15 12.5 7 -3 -21 -15.3 15.3 107.1
15-20 17.5 12 -2 -24 -10.3 10.3 123.6
20-25 22.5 16 -1 -16 -5.3 5.3 84.8
25-30 27.5 25 0 0 -0.3 0.3 7.5
30-35 32.5 19 1 19 4.7 4.7 89.3
35-40 37.5 15 2 30 9.7 9.7 145.5
40-45 42.5 6 3 18 14.7 14.7 88.2
Total 100 6 646
∑
Mean = ̅ ( ∑
)
Mean = ̅ ( )
Mean = ̅
Mean = ̅ = 27.8
∑ | | ∑ | |
Mean Deviation about mean = 6.46

3) The Standard Deviation: -
The Standard Deviation (S.D.):


The standard deviation is defined as the square root of the mean of the squares of the
deviations from mean.
4) The Variance:
The square of standard deviation is called the variance.
Co-efficient of S.D.:
The rate of change of S.D. with respect to mean is called co-efficient of S.D.
Co-efficient of S.D. =
Co-efficient of Variance:
Co-efficient of Variance = , where
Note: -
To compare the consistency (variability) of different groups, we compare their co-efficient of
variance. A group of data having higher co-efficient of variance is less consistent (or more
variable) and a group of data having lower co-efficient of variance is more consistent (or less
variable)
I) For Raw Data:
∑( )
S.D. = √ √∑ where
∑
∑( ) ∑
Variance = where
∑
Q.10) Compute the standard deviation and co-efficient of variance for 15, 22, 27, 11, 9, 21, 14, 9
Ans: ∑
Mean = ̅
Mean = ̅
Mean = ̅ = 16


̅
̅ = 16
9 -7 49
9 -7 49
11 -5 25
14 -2 4
15 -1 1
21 5 25
22 6 36
27 11 121
Total 310
∑( )
S.D. = √ √∑
S.D. = √ √
S.D. = = 6.22
Co-efficient of Variance =
Co-efficient of Variance =
Co-efficient of Variance = 38.87%

Q.11) Compute standard deviation for the following data:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Ans: - ∑
Mean = ̅
Mean = ̅
Mean = ̅ = 4


̅
̅=4
1 -3 9
2 -2 4
3 -1 1
4 0 0
5 1 1
6 2 4
7 3 9
Total 28
∑( )
S.D. = √ √∑
S.D. = √ √
S.D. = =2
II) For Discrete Frequency Distribution: -
∑
S.D. = √ ( )
∑
Variance = ( )
Q.12) Calculate S.D. from the following data:

Marks 5 15 25 35 45 55
No. of Students 10 20 30 50 40 30


Ans: -
5 10 50 25 250
15 20 300 225 4500
25 30 750 625 18750
35 50 1750 1225 61250
45 40 1800 2025 81000
55 30 1650 3025 90750
Total 180 6300 256500
∑
(i) Mean = ̅ = ∑
Mean = ̅ =
Mean = 35
∑
(ii) S.D. = =√ ( ̅)
S.D. = =√ ( )
S.D. = =√
S.D. = =√
S.D. = = 14.14
∑
(i) Mean = ̅ = ∑
Mean = ̅ = = 18
Mean = 18
III) For Grouped Frequency Distribution: -
S.D. = √∑ (
∑
) ,
Where
= Mid-value or Class-mark =


a = Assumed mean
c = Class width
Variance =( )
Q.13) Find mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variance of the following:
Class: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50
Frequency: 3 5 8 3 1
Ans: -
C.I
a=25, c=10
0-10 5 3 -2 -6 4 12
10-20 15 5 -1 -5 1 5
20-30 25 8 0 0 0 0
30-40 35 3 1 3 1 3
40-50 45 1 2 2 4 4
Total 20 -6 24
∑
(i) Mean = ̅ = a + ( ∑
)
Mean = ̅ = 25 + ( )
Mean = ̅ = 25 - ( )
Mean = ̅ = 22
(ii) S.D. = √∑ (
∑
)
S.D. = √ ( )
S.D. = √
S.D. = √


S.D. = √
S.D. = = 1.054 X 10
S.D. = = 10.54
(iii) Coefficient of variance = ̅
Coefficient of variance =
Coefficient of variance = 47.91%

Q.14) Calculate standard deviation and coefficient of variance of the following table:
Marks Below 5 10 15 20 25
No. of Students 6 16 28 38 46
Ans: -
C.I
a=12.5, c=5
0-5 2.5 6 -2 -12 4 24
5-10 7.5 10 -1 -10 1 10
10-15 12.5 12 0 0 0 0
15-20 17.5 10 1 10 1 10
20-25 22.5 8 2 16 4 32
Total 46 4 76
∑
i) Mean = ̅ = a + ( ∑
)
Mean = ̅ = 12.5 + ( )
Mean = ̅ = 12.5 + ( )
Mean = ̅ = 12.5 + 0.43

Mean = ̅ = 12.93


(ii) S.D. = √∑ (
∑
)
S.D. = √ ( )
S.D. = √
S.D. = √
S.D. = = 6.4
Coefficient of variance = ̅
Coefficient of variance =
Coefficient of variance = 49.50%

Q.15) Find the standard deviation, variance and co-efficient of variance for the following
distribution
C.I 0-30 30-60 60-90 90-120 120-150 150-180 180-210
Frequency 9 17 43 82 81 44 24
Ans: -
C.I
a=105, c=30
0-30 15 9 -3 -27 9 81
30-60 45 17 -2 -34 4 68
60-90 75 43 -1 -43 1 43
90-120 105 82 0 0 0 0
120-150 135 81 1 81 1 81
150-180 165 44 2 88 4 176
180-210 195 24 3 72 9 216
Total 300 137 665
∑
i) Mean = ̅ = a + ( ∑
)
Mean = ̅ = 105 + ( )


Mean = ̅ = 105 + 13.7
Mean = ̅ = 118.7
ii) S.D. = √∑ ∑
( )
S.D. = √ ( )
S.D. = √
S.D. = √
S.D. = = 1.4171 X 30
S.D. = 42.51
iii) Variance = ( )
Variance = ( )
Variance = 1807.10
iv) Co-efficient of variance = ̅
Co-efficient of variance =
Co-efficient of variance = 35.81%

Q.16) If coefficient of variation of a distribution is 75% and standard deviation is 24, find its
mean.
Ans: - Coefficient of variation = 75%, standard deviation = = 24, mean = ̅ =?
Coefficient of variation = ̅
75 = ̅
̅ = 32
Q.17) If mean is 34.5 and standard deviation is 5, find the coefficient of variance.
Ans: - Standard deviation = = 5, mean = ̅ = 34.5, coefficient of variance =?
Coefficient of variation =


Coefficient of variation = 14.49%

Q.18) If the coefficient of variation of certain data is 5 and mean is 60. Find the standard
deviation.
Ans: - Coefficient of variation = 5%, mean = ̅ = 60, standard deviation = =?
5=
Q.19) The two sets of observations are given below. Which of them is more consistent?
Set-I Set-II
̅ = 82.5 ̅ =48.75
= 7.3 =8.35
Ans: - Set-I Set-II

Set-I is more consistent.

Q.20) In two factories A and B, engaged in the same area of the industry, the average weekly
wages (in Rs.) and the S.D. are as below:
Factory Average Wages S.D.
A 34.5 5.0
B 28.5 4.5
Which factory A or B has greater variability in individual wages?


Ans: - Factory A Factory B

= ̅
= ̅
= =
Factory B has greater variability in individual wages.

Subject: - Basic Mathematics (22103)

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Subject: - Basic Mathematics

Prepared By: Prof. V.R.Patil (Department of Science and Humanity) Page 1 of 5

5 Trigonometric ratios of Compound, Allied, Multiple and Sub-

6 Factorization and De-factorization Formulae 08

7 Inverse Trigonometric Ratios 08

Total Marks: - 102

Prepared By: Prof. V.R.Patil (Department of Science and Humanity) Page 2 of 5

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Allied, Multiple and Sub-

Q.2 Attempt any THREE 3*4=12

Prepared By: Prof. V.R.Patil (Department of Science and Humanity) Page 3 of 5

Q.3 Attempt any THREE 3*4=12

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Allied, Multiple and Sub-

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Allied, Multiple and Sub-

c) Factorization and De-factorization Formulae

d) Inverse Trigonometric Ratios

Q.4 Attempt any THREE 3*4=12

c) Factorization and De-factorization Formulae

Trigonometric Ratios of Compound, Allied, Multiple and Sub-

e) Inverse Trigonometric Ratios

Q.5 Attempt any TWO 2*6=12

Prepared By: Prof. V.R.Patil (Department of Science and Humanity) Page 4 of 5

ii) Straight Line

Q.6 Attempt any TWO 2*6=12

ii) Measures of Dispersion

Prepared By: Prof. V.R.Patil (Department of Science and Humanity) Page 5 of 5

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

Basic Properties of Logarithm

Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 1

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

i) Product: - The logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the

i) Product log 𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑏 𝑥 log 3 243 = log 3 9 + log 3 27

ii) Quotient log 𝑥 = log 𝑥 64

iii) Power log 𝑏 𝑥 𝑝 = 𝑝 log 𝑏 𝑥 log 2 64 = log 2 26 = 6 log 2 2

Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 2

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

Ex.2 Convert logarithmic form to exponential form

Ex.3 Find the values of the following.

Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 3

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

Ex.4 Solve the following

Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 4

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

Ex.5 Find the value of x

ii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟑 (𝒙 − 𝟒) = 𝟐

Change of Base Rule

ii) log 𝑎 𝑐 = log 𝑏 𝑐 𝑋 log 𝑎 𝑏

Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 5

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎𝑏𝑋𝑏𝑐𝑋𝑎𝑐)

= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2 )

= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 (𝑎𝑏𝑐)2

= 2 log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐

= log 6 (3𝑋8𝑋9) ………[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]

Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 6

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

= 3 log 6 6 …………[log 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑚]

= log 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑎𝑏𝑐

Prepared By: Prof.V.R.Patil-Department of Sceince & Humanity 7

MSBTE CODE-1002 DTE CODE:- 5247

= log 2 (8𝑋4) ……….[log 𝑚 + log 𝑛 = log 𝑚𝑛]

= 5 log 2 2 ………..[log 𝑚𝑛 = 𝑛 log 𝑚]

= log 1 + log 2 + log 3