CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION

S PHASE – Chromosomes are duplicated during what stage of the cell phase?
Centrosomes – The mitotic spindles arise from which structure?
Prometaphase – Attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochores is a characteristic
of which stage of mitosis?
Telophase – Unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a
characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
Anaphase – Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?
Which of the following is true about cell cycle?
---is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new
daughter cells and cells on the path to cell division proceed to a series of precisely timed and
carefully regulated stages of growth.
Mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other

The male has sex chromosomes designed as XY

Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction
DNA is the blueprint of life or the genetic material of the organism.
The father provides the other set of 23 chromosomes in the sperm that fertilizes the egg.
Epithelial Cells are also called body cells such as sperm cells.
In Meiosis 2 the resulting chromosomes are four haploid cells.
Chromosomes have same size, shape, and genes on them are called homologous
chromosomes.
Metaphase plate is an imaginary line that that is equidistant from the two poles.
Gametes are the reproductive cell (egg cell and sperm cell).

Prophase

 The chromosomes condense and become visible.

Prometaphase

 Kinetochores appear at the centrosomes.

 Mitotic spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores
Metaphase

 Chromosomes are lined up at the metaphase plate.

Anaphase

 Cohesion proteins binding the sister chromatids together break down

 Sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) are pulled toward opposite poles.
Telophase

 Chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles and begin to decondense.

 Nuclear envelope materials surround each set of chromosomes.
 The mitotic spindle breaks down.

IMPORTANCE OF FEATHERS IN BIRDS

Plays an important role in regulating their body temperature, much as hair does for
mammals. Camouflage. This helps them to stay hidden from predators or sneak up on a
potential prey.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS
1. Warm-blooded
2. Have hair or fur
3. More complex brain than other animals
4. Most are born alive
5. The young are fed milk produced by the mother’s mammary glands

CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATES
1. Large brains (in relation to body size)
2. Complex social groups
3. Long life span and slow growth
4. Few offspring
5.

AMPHIBIANS
The term amphibian loosely translates from the Greek as: “Dual Life”
Anura: frogs Urodela: Salamanders Apoda: Caecilians
Salamanders move by bending their bodies from side to side, called lateral undulation.
Mammals and Birds
Different types of birds

 Perching birds
 Large flightless birds
 Ostrich
 Raptors
 Seabirds
 Waterfowl

Arthropoda means a large phylum of invertebrate animals that includes spiders, insects, and
crustaceans. The body is usually segmented, and the segments bear paired jointed appendages,
from which the name arthropod (“jointed feet”) is derived.

Hexapoda means a class of six-legged arthropods that comprises the insects. Have head, thorax,
and abdomen.
Reptiles have four main group, this are: Crocodiles, Lizards, Snakes and turtles

Five Classes of echinoderms

 Asteroidea (star fish)

 Holothuroidea (Sea cucumber)
 Sea urchins
 Crinoidea (sea lilies)
 Ophiuroidea (brittle stars or snake fish)
 Cystoidea (

Process of Obtaining Nutrition and Energy

1. Ingestion (The act of taking in food)
2. Digestion
3. Absorption (the process by which the products of digestion are absorbed by the blood
to be supplied to the rest of the body.
--form of a small, round slurry mass called bolus
--it will travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis.
--Salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food.
4. Elimination (Final step in digestion is the elimination of undigested food content of
waste products

PHYLUM PORIFERA AND PHYLUM CNIDARIA

1. Which of the following is true about sponge larvae? -they are able to swim
2. Why water is vital for sponges? -excretion, feeding, and gas exchange
 3. What is the function of mesohyl? – acts like an endoskeleton
4. What class under phylum porifera contains spongin? – demospongia
5. What are the modes of asexual reproduction of phylum porifera? – fragmentation &
budding.
6. What is the body plan of organisms in phylum cnidaria? -radial symmetry
7. How polyp differs from medusoid? -the mouth and tentacles of polyp is facing up while
medusoid is facing down.
8. Why is the life cycle of jellyfish can be described as polymorphic? -because they exhibit
both a medusa and polypoid body plan at some point their life cycle.
9. What class of phylum cnidaria exhibit a polyp body plan only? -anthozoa
10. What is the most venomous group of cnidarians? -cubozoa

PHYLUM NEMATODA AND PHYMLUM ANNELIDA

1. Which of the following does not describe phylum nematoda? -Are diploblastic and
possess an embryonic mesoderm
2. The name nematoda is derived from the gree word “____”, which means “___”. -
nemos,thread
3. What is the overall morphology of nematodes? – cylindrical
4. Where does sperm stored in Caenorhabditid elegans? -spematheca
5. How humans infected by Dracuculus medinensis? -when they drink unfiltered water
containing coperpods
6. How do hookworm feed? -infest the intestines and feed on the blood of mammals
7. Clitellum is responsible for? -reproduction
8. What insect is caple of transmitting dicofilaria infection? -mosquito
9. What do you called to a large intestinal roundworm, steals nutrition from its human
host and may create physical blockage of its intestines? -ascaris
10. What parasite infects the lymph nodes of human, resulting is the non-lethal but
deforming condition? -Wucheraria bancrofti