D R . V I K A R I Z K I A , S . T . , M .

T
M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G
S T A T E P O L Y T E C H N I C O F J A K A R T A
CLASSIFICATION OF METAL ALLOYS

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 FERROUS ALLOYS
Those of which iron is the prime constituent, are produced in larger
quantities than any other metal type, BECAUSE :

1 2 3

exist in abundant may be produced extremely versatile,

quantities using relatively in that they may be
economical tailored to have a
extraction, refining, wide range of
alloying, and mechanical
fabrication and physical
techniques; properties

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PERBEDAAN BAJA DAN BESI
BAJA BESI
• C < 2%
• C > 2%
• Dipukul nyaring
• Dipukul tidak nyaring
• C terikat/larut membentuk
• C bebas sebagai GRAFIT
fasa alpha/Fe3C lamel
• Temp lebur 1300-1400oC
• Temp lebur > 1550oC
• Ductility rendah
• Ductility tinggi
• Tidak bisa ditempa
• Bisa ditempa
• Geram pendek/putus
• Geram panjang
• Bunga api banyak
• Bunga api sedikit Your Logo or Name Here 4
 STEELS
Steel is material which consists of Fe as
the base metal with C addition up to 2
%.
Carbon is the most important alloying element
in steel

Different elements are added to steels to given

the steel different properties.

IMPURITIES:
Si, P, S, Mn can’t be removed from steel

ALLOYING:
Cr, Ni, Mo, etc intentionally added

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6
PLAIN CARBON STEELS
Group by their percentage of carbon content per
weight.

The higher the carbon content the greater the hardness,

strength and wear resistance after heat treatment.

Contains a 1.5% C max, 1.65 % Mn max, 0.60% Si

max, 0.60% Cu max, and 0.05 % S and P max.

The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) & The

American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) designation
for these steels is a four-digit number

The first two digits indicate the alloy content

the last two, the weight percent carbon multiplied by 100

PLAIN CARBON STEELS : the first two digits = 1 and 0;

ALLOY STEELS : other initial two-digit combinations
(e.g., 13, 41, 43) Your Logo or Name Here 7
 LOW CARBON STEELS
Contains a maximum of 0.25 percent
carbon
Soft and weak, but have outstanding ductility and
toughness

It is easily machined, formed, and welded

It is less strong but cheap

Its surface hardness can be increased by carburizing

produced in the greatest quantities than other alloys

APPLICATIONS : structural shapes, tin cans, automobile

body components, buildings, nails, screws, pipes,
panels, sheets, wires
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LOW CARBON STEELS

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LOW CARBON STEELS

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MEDIUM CARBON STEELS
Carbon content between 0.25 % - 0.65%

Less ductile than low carbon steels

These alloys can be heat treated to improve their
strength

Medium-carbon steels are the most versatile of all

plain carbon steels and used for a wide range of
applications

These are stronger than low carbon steels

APPLICATION : railway tracks & wheels,

gears, crankshafts, planet pinion shafts, struts,
and tie rod ends, mining equipment, cranes,
garden tools, structural steel
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MEDIUM CARBON STEELS

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 HIGH CARBON STEELS
Contains between 0.60% - 1.0% C

Microstructure consist of pearlite + cementite

(Fe3C) = the strongest and hardest of carbon
steels, and of course their ductility is very limited,
brittle

They possess very high wear resistance, and

capable of holding sharp edges
High-carbon steels are more costly to make and
have poor formability and weldability

Application: tool steel, die, cutting blade

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14
 STAINLESS STEELS
The name comes from their high resistance to corrosion i.e. they
are rust-less (stain-less)

1 2 3

highly resistant to Chromium (Cr) forms a Based on the phase

corrosion (rusting) in a surface oxide film that constituent of the
variety of protects the metal from microstructure :
environments further corrosion martensitic, ferritic, or
austenitic
Corrosion resistance
by addition a
may also be enhanced
minimum of 12% Cr
by Ni and Mo additions
along with Ni and Mo

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FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL
Their microstructure remains mostly as
ferrite at normal heat treatment
conditions

Fe-Cr alloys containing 12 - 30%

chromium and a limited amount of
carbon

Low ductility, are sensitive to surface

damage, and have poor weldability

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AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL
Their structure remains austenitic at all
normal heat treatment temperatures

Fe-Cr-Ni alloys containing 16-25% Cr

and 7-20%Ni

The most common austenitic stainless

steel is type 304. It contains 18% Cr and
8% Ni and is referred to as 18-8 stainless
steel.

Austenitic stainless steels are popular

mainly because of their high corrosion
resistance and formability

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MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL
iron-chromium alloys containing 12-
17% Cr
Compared with ferritic stainless
steels, martensitic stainless steels
contain larger amounts of carbon.

martensitic stainless steels are used

primarily in applications that require
high hardness

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19
 TOOL STEELS

1 2 3

a variety of High hardness Alloying elements

carbon and alloy Carbon (C)
resistance to
steels that are
abrasion and
particularly well- Chromium (Cr)
deformation
suited to be
made into tools Resistance to Vanadium (V)
elevated Molybdenum (Mo)
temperatures
Tungsten (W)
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CLASSIFICATION OF TOOL STEELS
Hot Work
Shock Resisting
H-Series
S-Series

Cold Work
TOOL Mold
O-Series, D-Series, A-Series
STEELS P-Series

High Speed Special Purpose

M-Series, T-Series L-Series

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 HIGH SPEED STEELS
High-speed steel (HSS or HS) is a subset of tool
steels, commonly used in tool bits and cutting
tools

It is superior to the older high-carbon steel tools

used extensively through the 1940s in that it can
withstand higher temperatures without losing its
temper (hardness)

often used in power-saw blades and drill bits

Types :
M Series = Molybdenum
T Series = Tungsten

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HIGH SPEED STEELS

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 HOT WORK STEELS
H-group tool steels were specifically developed to
maintain strength and hardness while exposed to
prolonged elevated temperatures

used to cut or shape material at high temperatures

Types :

H1 to H19 are based on a chromium content of 5%;

H20 to H39 are based on a tungsten content of 9-
18% and a chromium content of 3–4%;
H40 to H59 are molybdenum based

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HOT WORK STEELS

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 COLD WORK STEELS
The steels in the group have high hardenability
and wear resistance, with average toughness.

they are in the production of larger parts or

parts that have a minimum distortion
requirement when being hardened

Types :
A-Series = Air hardening
O-Series = Oil hardening
D-Series = High Carbon- Chromium

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COLD WORK STEELS

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 SHOCK RESISTING STEELS
It is designed to resist shock at
both low and high
temperatures.
It also has a very high impact
toughness and relatively low
abrasion resistance
An example of its use is in the
production of jackhammer bits

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 MOLD STEEL
P-type tool steel is short for
plastic mold steels
They are designed to meet
the requirements of zinc die
casting and plastic injection
molding dies
Common steel grades like P20,
420 etc

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 SPECIAL PURPOSE STEELS
L-type tool steel is short for low alloy special purpose tool steel. L6 is extremely tough.

L- type tool steels are used in springs, bearings, chuck parts or rollers.

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Thank You
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