Grammar: Essential 1

may, might, will: Degrees of certainty

1 Look at the chart. Complete the sentences with the correct form of may,
might, or will, and the words in parentheses.

won’t 0%
probably won’t 25%
may / may not; might / might not 50%
probably will 75%
will 100%

Doug and Joe have an exam on Monday, so they

may not / might not be (be) at Fran’s party tonight. (50%)
1 Tina doesn’t enjoy traveling, so she (visit) her
friends in Peru next summer. (0%)
2 You love helping people, so you (go)
to university and become a doctor. (100%)
3 I have some money, so I (buy) that hat. (50%)
4 Mike and I (get) engaged this year. (25%)
5 Grant (leave) home after he graduates. (75%)

2 Look at the information in the chart. Write sentences about Miguel and Julia
using the correct form of may, might, or will.

Miguel Julia

get a driver’s license 0%

1 get engaged 75%

2 do volunteer work 25%

3 go traveling 50%

4 earn lots of money 100% 25%

Miguel won’t get a driver’s license.

1
2
3
4

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Grammar: Essential 1
Defining relative clauses
3 Choose the correct alternatives.
Millie got married to a boy that / which lived in the house next to hers.
1 That’s the café who / where my brother works.
2 Orange is a color whose / which I love.
3 She’s the woman who / where cleans our house.
4 That’s the boy which / whose mother is my teacher.
5 The movie that / who we saw was very good.

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Grammar: Essential 2
have to, (not) be allowed to
1 Look at the information in the chart. Write sentences using the correct form
of have to or don’t have to.

go shopping sweep the floor make breakfast

I ✗ ?

1 you ? ✗

2 he ✗ ✓

3 she ? ✓

4 we ? ✓

5 they ✓ ✗

I don’t have to go shopping.

Do I have to make breakfast?
1

2

3

4

5

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Grammar: Essential 2
2 Complete the sentences with the phrases in the box.

(A)  Are we allowed to sit ​ (B)  Are you allowed to ride ​

(C)  ’re allowed to wear ​ (D)  ’s not allowed to come in ​
(E)  ’s not allowed to stay up ​ (F)  ’m not allowed to

Dad says I can’t have a party–he’s so strict!

Dad says I F have a party–he’s so strict!
1 Can we sit here or are these seats yours?
here or are these seats yours?
2 Tina can’t stay up late during the week.
Tina late during the week.
3 Their school’s great–they can wear jeans if they want to.
Their school’s great–they jeans if they want to.
4 Can you ride your bicycle in this park?
your bicycle in this park?
5 I’m sorry, but she can’t come in if she’s under 19 years old.
I’m sorry, but she if she’s under 19 years old.

must not vs. don’t have to

3 Choose the correct answers.
I A eat chocolate. It makes me feel sick.
A mustn’t B don’t have to
1 We be late for school.
A mustn’t B don’t have to
2 Liam be home before 10 p.m. tonight–it’s Friday!
A mustn’t B doesn’t have to
3 You wear those shoes in the house. They’re very dirty.
A mustn’t B don’t have to
4 Brianna wear make up at school–it’s a rule.
A mustn’t B doesn’t have to
5 They go on the school trip if they don’t want to.
A mustn’t B don’t have to

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Grammar: Essential 3
Present perfect with for and since
1 Match columns A, B, and C to make sentences.

A B C

I’ve been attracted to Pedro they found jobs for the summer.

1 Rhiannon has been Joseph’s three months. They’re very

for
girlfriend happy.

2 Your dog has been in my we were fifteen years old.

backyard

3 This old school has been here since more than 70 years.

4 The boys have been happy 20 minutes.

5 You’ve stopped being friends you learned you can’t trust her.
with Angela

I’ve been attracted to Pedro since we were fifteen years old.

1
2
3
4
5

2 Correct the underlined mistakes in the sentences.

Helen knows Jack for five years. has known
1 Mr. Jackson have traveled for two hours.
2 Emer has lived in this house for she was born.
3 They hasn’t answered my calls for weeks.
4 I haven’t seen Julia since a long time.
5 How many have you been together?

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Grammar: Essential 3
Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns
3 Choose the correct alternatives.
Put that knife down, Anna–you’ll cut each other / yourself !
1 Juanita bought himself / herself some new jeans.
2 I’m making myself / each other something to eat.
3 Mom and Dad love each other / themselves.
4 Juan took a picture of itself / himself for his blog.
5 We enjoyed yourselves / ourselves at the party–it was great!

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Grammar: Essential 4
Passive: Simple present and simple past
1 Complete the sentences with is, isn’t, are, aren’t, was, wasn’t, were, or
weren’t.
The video was shown on MTV in 1990.
1 These days, Hollywood stars paid lots of money.
2 The director driven to the studio–she walks.
3 These books written in the 18th century–I wrote them
last year.
4 Most of the concert tickets bought by teenagers who
wanted to see their favorite band.
5 A special camera used to shoot the scenes–it’s very
expensive.

2 Check (✓) the correct passive sentences.

Last Sunday’s special news show was watched by many people.  ✓
1 The star wasn’t taught to act by an acting instructor. 
2 The paintings were create by a Brazilian artist in the 1970s. 
3 Where is Swahili spoken? 
4 Pictures are drew by students and the teacher hangs them on the
wall. 
5 These T-shirts aren’t make in the U.S. 

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Grammar: Essential 4
used to
3 Choose the correct answers.
That boy A with my cousin.
A used to hang out B use to hang out
1 Did you a movie critic?
A used to be B use to be
2 People didn’t movies in this city.
A use to shoot B used to shoot
3 Did he a favorite director?
A used to have B use to have
4 Craig and I to be movie stars.
A use to want B used to want
5 I didn’t watching the news.
A use to like B used to like

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Grammar: Essential 5
have / get something done
1 Match the sentence halves.
Dev’s phone is broken. It’s very old, so C
1 We’re having a new wall
2 The room looked better before
3 Dad buys things on the Internet and
4 No, that actor hasn’t had
5 Is Becky having a white

(A) has them delivered to our house.

(B) they had the walls painted orange!
(C) he isn’t getting it repaired.
(D) her teeth whitened.
(E) dress made for the wedding?
(F) built around our backyard.
2 Rewrite the sentences in the affirmative (✓), negative (✗), or interrogative (?).
I had my dog’s fur cut last Friday. (✗)
I didn’t have my dog’s fur cut last Friday.
1 The girls are having their ears pierced at a beauty salon. (?)

2 Jacob didn’t have his eyes tested last week. (✓)

3 Will we have a new house built? (✓)

4 You have your car checked every year. (?)

5 She is having her nails painted now. (✗)

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Grammar: Essential 5
should
3 Choose the correct alternatives.
Colin pulled a muscle. Should / Shouldn’t he see the doctor?
1 I should / shouldn’t be rude to people.
2 We have an important exam tomorrow, so we should / shouldn’t go out
tonight.
3 Pam and Antonio love snacks. They should / shouldn’t eat more healthy
food.
4 A It’s very cold today. Should I wear a T-shirt?
B No, you should / shouldn’t.
5 Someone has stolen my friend’s bicycle. She should / shouldn’t go to the
police.

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Grammar: Essential 6
Present perfect progressive
1 Reorder the words to make sentences.
documentary / this / since / watching / we’ve / three / been / o’clock
We’ve been watching this documentary since three o’clock.
1 long / have / they / how / waiting / been / us / for ?

2 Samuel / enjoying / tennis lessons / his / hasn’t / since / been / year / last .

3 for / I / reading / hours / book / have / this / been .

4 recycling / they / plastic / haven’t / very / for / been / long .

5 you / long / have / working / here / been / how ?

2 Complete the dialogues. Write one word or a contraction in each space.

A Why are you hot and tired?
B It’s because I’ve been walking for hours.
1 A You look sad.
B It’s because my boyfriend and I been arguing a lot.
2 A What’s that wonderful smell?
B Mom been baking cakes all afternoon.
3 A Why are Tyler’s boots dirty?
B He has been working in the garden nine o’clock.
4 A The boys look tired.
B Oh? they been staying up late every night recently?
5 A Why didn’t you answer my email earlier?
B Sorry, I been going online lately.

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Grammar: Essential 6
Present perfect simple vs. present perfect progressive
3 Choose the correct answers.
We love our jobs. We’ve A tree farmers for years.
A been B been being
1 Declan’s Portuguese isn’t very good because he hasn’t it for very long.
A learned B been learning
2 My parents have a recycling bin since May.
A been having B had
3 How long have you about the conservation project?
A known B been knowing
4 Gill’s to finish her homework all evening, but she still has two
exercises to do.
A been trying B tried
5 I want to help animals, so I’ve volunteer work at the local zoo
recently.
A done B been doing

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Grammar: Essential 7
Modals of deduction: Present possibility and past
1 Check (✓) the correct modals.
1
Ryan Look! That woman must ✓ be in the band–she’s carrying a guitar
and she looks famous!
Iris No, she 1must be in the band because her face isn’t on that
poster over there.
Ryan That’s true. Well, she 2might work for the band, then!
2
Bethany Have you seen my Art book anywhere?
Dad You 3can’t find it in the kitchen. Have you looked there?
Bethany Yes, I have, but it isn’t there. And Joel 4can’t have it because he
doesn’t study Art.
Dad Well, keep looking. It 5might be somewhere!

2 Circle the correct alternatives.

It must have / can’t have been a ghost! It was your imagination!
1 Liam’s family used to have three homes, so they might have / can’t have
been rich in the past.
2 The lights that we saw in the sky last night may have / couldn’t have
been airplanes because they moved too quickly–and they didn’t make
any noise!
3 He might not have / can’t have been at the party with Nia–she’s on
vacation in Chile.
4 It can’t have / must have been amazing to swim with dolphins!
5 The cat can’t have / may not have eaten your sandwich–the dog was in
the room, too!

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Grammar: Essential 7
Non-defining relative clauses
3 Choose the correct answers.
We often spend our vacations at our grandparents’ house, B is near the
ocean.
A that B which
1 My dog, name is Billy, eats a lot.
A which B whose
2 Brasília, I was born, is an amazing city.
A where B who
3 The sculpture, my parents bought last month, is fantastic.
A whose B which
4 My aunt, designs wonderful buildings, lives in a beautiful house.
A that B who
5 We stayed in a hotel near Lake Tahoe, you can do lots of water sports.
A where B which

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Grammar: Essential 8
Second conditional
1 Match the sentence halves. Use a different color for each pair.

1 If we lived in the U.S. for years, (A) if we didn’t have our skis with
us.

2 I wouldn’t be in a swimsuit (B) she’d be at home right now!

3 If Joe stayed in a hotel, (C) would we speak English well?

4 If Sheila didn’t enjoy going out at (D) if I wasn’t on the beach

night, sunbathing.

5 If I went to South America, (E) I’d buy my family lots of

souvenirs.

6 We’d rent snow sports equipment (F) would he have his own room?

wish + simple past

2 Gloria is on vacation in Greece. She’s unhappy about her trip. Use the
prompts to write about the things Gloria wishes she could change.
it / not be cold and windy
I wish it wasn’t cold and windy.
1 I / speak / better Greek
I wish .
2 my hotel room / not be so small
I wish .
3 the food in the hotel restaurant / taste better
I wish .
4 the other people at the hotel / not make / noise late at night
I wish .
5 I / can go / home
I wish .

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Grammar: Essential 8
could, was / were able to, managed to
3 Check (✓) the best sentence ending.
Before they closed the station,
A ✓   could people get buses from here?
B   did people manage to get buses from here?
1 Three years ago, those big buildings weren’t there, and you
A   were able to see the ocean from our house.
B   managed to see the ocean from our house.
2 My friend’s foot is getting better, he
A   managed to walk a little yesterday.
B   could walk a little yesterday.
3 The climb up the mountain was difficult, but
A   wasn’t everyone able to do it?
B   did everyone manage to do it?
4 It took him ages to save money, but my uncle
A   could go on a cruise for the first time!
B   was able to go on a cruise for the first time!
5 I paint now, but when I was a child I
A   managed to draw very well.
B   couldn’t draw very well.

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