Journal of Environmental

Science and Engineering

(http://www.neeri.res.in) ISSN 0367-827 X
Volume 54 No. 1 January 2012
CONTENTS
Environmental Systems Design Modelling and Optimization
∗ Effect of Organic Loading Rates and Proton Exchange Membrane Surface ...1-9
Area on the Performance of an Up-flow Cylindrical Microbial Fuel Cell
Partha S. Jana, Manaswini Behera and M. M. Ghangrekar
∗ Evaluation of Methanogenic Activity of Biogas Plant Slurry ...10-13
on Ossein Factory Wastes
P. Chellapandi and L.Uma
∗ Discritization of the Gaussian Plume Model ...14-20
A. Kameswara Rao and T. Srinivas

Environmental Monitoring
∗ Determination of Persistent Organochlorine Residues in a Commercial ...21-26
Fresh Water Catfish by GLC and Study of Their Accumulation Pattern
Ajay Srivastava, J. S. Gaur and P. K. Bajpai
∗ Accumulation of Few Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludges, ...27-42
Soils and Plants of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (India)
J. Somasundaram, R. Krishnasamy, P. Savithri, S. Mahimairaja, B. Satish Kumar,
K. Sivasubramanium, V. Arun Kumar, S. Poongothai, M. Vassanda Coumar and S. K. Behera
∗ Detection of Heavy Metal Resistance Bioluminescence Bacteria ...43-49
Using Microplate Bioassay Method
P. Ranjitha and E.S. Karthy
∗ Effect of Direct Dyes Effluent on Germination / Growth of Maize ...50-54
and Sorghum Plants
C. P. Kaushik And J. K. Sharma
∗ Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Distribution and Related Carcinogenic ...55-63
Potencies in Roadside Soil at Major Traffic Intercepts within a Developing
City of Northern India
Vaneet Kumar and N. C. Kothiyal
∗ Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater in Some Rural Areas of Nalgonda District, ...64-70
Andhra Pradesh, India
K. Brindha, R. Rajesh, R. Murugan and L. Elango
∗ Influence of Conjunctive Use of Coffee Effluent and Fresh Water on ...71-77
Performance of Robusta Coffee and Soil Properties
S R Salakinkop and P Shivaprasad
∗ Assessment of River Water Quality under Urban Influence: A Case Study ...78-84
Shobha Ram and Himanshu Joshi
∗ Morphometric Analysis of Kunderu River Basin, Kurnool District, A.P, India ...85-89
for Watershed Management
G. Sudarsana Raju and K. Raghu Babu
∗ Nitrate Contamination of Shallow Aquifer Groundwater ...90-97
in the Central Districts of Punjab, India
Anil Bhardwaj, Sunil Garg, S. K. Sondhi and D S Taneja
Environmental Biotechnology
∗ Microbial Desulfurization of Diesel by Desulfobacterium indolicum ...98-103
S. A. Kareem, D. S. Aribike, S. C. U. Nwachukwu and G. K. Latinwo
∗ Study of Ni Uptake and Its Compartmentalization in ...104-106
Nir, Pdr and Nis/ Pds Strain of Nostoc muscorum
Asha Lata Singh
Environmental Impact Assessment
∗ Assessing the Economic and Environmental Feasibility of Utility ...107-120
Scaled PV Electricity Production in the State of Georgia
Ruthie Taylor and John Critttenden

Wastewater Treatment Technology

∗ Study of the Efficiency of Immobilized Algal Technology for Wastewater Treatment ...121-127
S. V. Kanherkar, A. M. Late, P. M. Nalawade, B. J. Bhosale and A. S. Dhapate

Solid Waste Management

∗ Municipal Solid Waste Stabilisation by Leachate Recirculation ...128-133
U. Singh and C. Rout
∗ Vermi Composting - Organic Waste Management and Disposal ...134-139
J. Sudhir Kumar, K. Venkata Subbaiah and P. V. V. Prasada Rao
∗ Steel Slag : A Waste Industrial By-product as an Alternative ...140-146
Sustainable Green Building Material in Construction Applications
– An Attempt for Solid Waste Management
Arun Pofale and Mohammed Nadeem
Eco-Restoration
∗ Phytostabilisation Potential of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus ...147-152
(Nees ex Steud) Wats) on Iron Ore Tailings
M. Mohanty, N. K. Dhal, P. Patra, B. Das and P. S. R. Reddy
Environment and Health
∗ Osteo-dental Fluorosis in Relation to Chemical Constituents of Drinking Waters ...153-158
S. L. Choubisa
∗ Analysis of Finit in Urine Sample Using Thin Layer Chromatography ...159-161
A. K. Jaiswal and Nand Lal
Review
∗ Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Practices ...162-174
Onboard Ocean Going Vessels: A Review
Yeddanapudi Vrpp Swamy
Short Communication
∗ Creating Awareness of an Evidence-Based Approach to Urban Design ...175-180
Abhijit Paul

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 Jana January
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. 1-9, et al / J. Env.
2012Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Effect of Organic Loading Rates and Proton Exchange

Membrane Surface Area on the Performance of
an Up-flow Cylindrical Microbial Fuel Cell

PARTHA S. JANA1, MANASWINI BEHERA2 AND M. M. GHANGREKAR3+

The effect of organic loading rates (OLRs) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) surface area on the
performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) was evaluated. Three MFCs (MFC-1, MFC-2 and MFC-
3) having PEM surface area of 10 cm2, 20 cm2 and 40 cm2, respectively, were used in the study. The
MFCs were operated at influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 500 mg L-1 and hydraulic retention
time (HRT) of 20 h, 17 h, 13 h and 6 h in experimental Run-1 to Run-4. MFC-3, with highest PEM
surface area showed highest power generation throughout the study. The optimum performance was
obtained at HRT of 13 h. In Run-5 and Run-6, the influent COD was increased to 1000 mg L-1 and 1500
mg L-1, respectively, maintaining the HRT at 13 h. Maximum volumetric powers of 4.26 W m-3, 9.41 W
m-3 and 17.24 W m-3 were obtained in MFC-1, MFC-2 and MFC-3, respectively, in Run-5 under the
OLR of 1.84 kg COD m-3 d-1. These power values are among the higher values reported in literature.
MFCs with higher PEM surface area showed better electricity generation, which clearly demonstrates
that proton mass transfer is the main constraint in the MFCs which limits the power output. Combined
effect of influent COD and HRT was found on electricity generation.

Keywords: Organic loading rate, PEM surface area, hydraulic retention time, internal resistance,
power production

1
Senior Project Fellow, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721 302 (India)
e-mail: parth_jana@yahoo.co.in
2
Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721 302 (India)
e-mail: manaswini.iitkgp@gmail.com
3
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur-721 302 (India)
e-mail: ghangrekar@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
+
Corresponding author

1
 Evaluation
J Environ. Science & Engg. of methanogenic
Vol. 54, No. activity2012
1, p. 10-13, January of biogas plant slurry on ossein factory wastes

Evaluation of Methanogenic Activity of Biogas Plant Slurry

on Ossein Factory Wastes

P. CHELLAPANDI1+ AND L. UMA2

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the ossein factory wastes, which include primary
clarified bone waste (PCBW) and sinews for methane production, by monitoring methanogenic
activity of predigested biogas plant slurry. A specific methanogenic activity of biogas plant slurry
(anaerobic seed) was measured at 38oC using different proportions of ossein factory wastes in an
assay medium. The pH of slurry was intensively maintained until course of digestion. A moderate
proportion of both substrates showed a maximum methane production at 20 days of incubation in
batch mode. However, a maximum cumulative methane yield achieved by biogas plant slurry on
PCBW was low as compared to sinews. The best organic matter degradation was achieved even at a
high proportion of ossein factory wastes used in digesters. These substitutes would be useful, without
seriously reducing total gas production, for methane production if they partially mixed with cattle
dung. As a result of this preliminary study, we suggest that ossein factory wastes are potential
alternative sources for biogas production in ossein factory.

Key words : Co-digestion, methane, ossein factory waste, stickland pathway, biogas

1
Biogas Research Centre, Gujarat Vidyapith, Sadra-382 320, Gujarat, India
2
National Facility for Marine Cyanobacteria, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
+
Corresponding author : Present address: Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University,
Tiruchirappalli-620 024, Tamil Nadu, India; e-mail: pchellapandi@gmail.com

10
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. Discritization
14-20, Januaryof2012
the Gaussian plume model

Discritization of the Gaussian Plume Model

A.KAMESWARA RAO1 AND T. SRINIVAS2+

In general a plume is more known than a puff for stack emissions. A plume may be regarded as a
number of puffs ejected out in quick succession. Conversely a continuous plume can be discritized
(dissected) at intervals to form puffs. The main objective of the present study is to establish a
relationship between a plume and a puff by dissecting the plume longitudinally and equating the
contents of the segmented plume to a spheroidal shaped puff for different distances and stabilities to
meet vagaries of weather.

Key words : Air pollution, Gaussian plume model , Gaussian puff model, mathematical modeling,

1
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Chaitanya Engineering College, Visakhapatnam (India)
2
Professor, Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Technology, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam (India)
+
Corresponding author
14
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. Srivastava et al / 2012
21-26, January J. Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Determination of Persistent Organochlorine Residues in a

Commercial Fresh Water Catfish by GLC and Study of
Their Accumulation Pattern

AJAY SRIVASTAVA1+, J.S. GAUR2 AND P.K.BAJPAI3

Concentrations of various organochlorine pesticides in a commercial fresh water catfish,

Heteropneustes fossilis, were measured. This study reveals possible toxicological exposure
of human beings by way of consuming such fish containing pesticide and that will amount
to possible exposure. Tissue extracts obtained by Soxhlet apparatus were used for analysis
and the concentrations of analytes were determined by gas chromatography with electron
capture detection. The major organochlorines found in blood sample were Endosulfan,
Alpha-HCH, Beta-HCH and Gamma-HCH. However, the organochlorines found in edible
portion of fish (i.e.flesh) were mainly- Endosulfan, Delta-HCH, Aldrine , pp-DDE etc.
The concentrations of these organochlorines were at or above the theoretical threshold
limit and hence are supposed to be effectively toxic to fish eaters, due to biomagnification.

Key words: Heteropneustes fossilis, organochlorines, endosulfan, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH),

gas chromatography

1
Lecturer, Department of Chemistry, D.S.N.P.G. College, Unnao (India).
2
Industrial Toxicology Research Center, Lucknow-226 001 (India).
3
Reader, Department of Zoology, D.A.V.P.G.College, Kanpur (India).
+
Corresponding author: e-mail: ajay_k_srivastava@rediffmail.com; mob: +91 9450121211

21
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, Somasundaram et al2012
p. 27-42, January / J. Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Accumulation of Few Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludges,

Soils and Plants of Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu (India)

J. SOMASUNDARAM1, R. KRISHNASAMY2, P. SAVITHRI2, S. MAHIMAIRAJA3,

B. SATISH KUMAR3, K.SIVASUBRAMANIUM3, V. ARUN KUMAR2,
S. POONGOTHAI2, M. VASSANDA COUMAR4 AND S.K. BEHERA4

A study was carried out in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu (India) to assess the distribution
pattern of heavy metals in the soils and plants irrigated with sewage effluent / sludge. About 69 soil
samples (surface and subsurface), 65 plant samples as well as 34-sewage sludge samples were
collected from various tehsils of Coimbatore. Six tehsils in Coimbatore have been identified and
categorized into two groups– Class I City (densely populated tehsils) and Class II city (thinly populated
tehsils). The available micronutrients like Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu; heavy metals: Cr, Cd, Ni, and Pb were
within the safe limits. However, the total Cr and Cd concentrations were relatively higher in the
sludge samples collected from Coimbatore and Tiruppur tehsils compared to other tehsils, while for
Ni, the sequence was in the order Coimbatore > Tiruppur > Palladam > Pollachi > Avinashi >
Mettupalayam and for Pb, Coimbatore > Mettupalayam > Palladam > Tiruppur > Avinashi > Pollachi.
Soil analysis results indicated that heavy metal concentration recorded higher level in soils of Class
I city (densely populated tehsils) compared to Class II city (thinly populated tehsils). The plant
samples analyzed had also registered higher concentration of total Cd, Ni and Pb, which were classified
under toxic, excessive and below excessive level, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that
iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) were significantly negatively correlated
with pH of soil. EC had a significant positive correlation with available iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cadmium
(Cd) and lead (Pb). A significant positive correlation of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cd and Pb was also registered
with OC. Among the plant samples collected, it was evident that heavy metal concentrations were
recorded higher in grass spp followed by Amaranthus spp. It was inferred from the study that soils
samples had higher levels of heavy metals even though the values recorded were below the critical
value/toxic limit. However, long term and indiscriminate application of untreated (raw) sewage
sludge and/or letting of sewage effluent directly to agricultural field without prior treatment may
result in accumulation of toxic metals in surface and subsurface soils and subsequent biotransfer
(bioaccumlation) into the food chain, it may further lead to toxicity not only to plants and animals
but also to consumers of the harvested crops.

Key words: Heavy metals, sewage sludge, bioaccumulation, soil pollution

1
Sr. Scientist, Indian Institute of Soil Science, Berasia Road, Nabibagh, Bhopal -462 038.
2
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu-641 003 (India)
3
Department of Environmental Science, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu-641 003 (India)
4
Indian Institute of Soil Science, Berasia Road, Nabibagh, Bhopal - 462 038 (India)
+
Corresponding author : email: somajayaraman@yahoo.co.in, Tel.: +91 755- 2730970

27
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, Ranjitha
p. 43-49,and Karthy2012
January / J. Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Detection of Heavy Metal Resistance Bioluminescence

Bacteria Using Microplate Bioassay Method

P. RANJITHA+ AND E.S. KARTHY

Effects of different heavy metals on Vibrio harveyi, V. fischeri, Photobacterium phosphoreum and
P. leiognathi were examined. Checkerboard assay was used for the detection of the natural metal
tolerance levels of a large number of marine luminous eubacteria. 57 strains of luminous bacteria
were investigated for their natural patterns of heavy metal tolerance. The behaviors of these strains
were not homogeneous with respect to all metals tested, even within the strains belonging to the
same genus. At least 1 to 4 different MICs were detected for every metal except barium and cobalt.
Isolated bacteria were tested for the presence of plasmids using the modified alkaline lysis method,
was effective for identification of plasmids of different sizes. This study revealed the frequency of
the occurrence of plasmids in heavy metal resistance bacteria and inferred that plasmids are highly
ubiquitous and predominant in most heavy metal resistant bacteria.

Keywords: Heavy metal resistant, bioluminescence bacteria, plasmids, marine photobacterium,

Vibrio

AWE CARE, Analytical & Research Laboratories, 11, Postal Nagar, Erode- 638 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
+
Corresponding author : e-mail: ranjithaponn@gmail.com

43
 Effect
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol.of direct
54, dyes
No. 1, effluentJanuary
p. 50-54, on germination
2012 / growth of maize and sorghum plants

Effect of Direct Dyes Effluent on Germination / Growth

of Maize and Sorghum Plants

C. P. KAUSHIK+ AND J. K. SHARMA

The effect of direct dyes effluent used for irrigation of maize and sorghum plants was examined in
germination of seeds, shoot length, root length and chlorophyll contents. Studies were also carried
out by irrigating these plants with 50% water diluted effluent sample and as such. Here effluent of
four different colored direct dyes, i.e. Direct Red 28, Direct Yellow 12, Direct Orange 26 and Direct
Blue 1 have been used for irrigation. On comparing the results with water (control),it was found that
unexhausted dye and its concentration in the effluent leads to decrease in germination of the seeds,
shoot length, root length, chlorophyll contents of the plants up to 44%,55%,45% and 48% respectively.

Key words : Direct dyes, effluent, maize and sorghum plant, germination, chlorophyll contents

+
Department of Chemistry, G J University of Science & Technology, Hisar-125 001, India
Corresponding author : Dr. C. P. Kaushik, Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, G. J. University of Science & Technology,
Hisar-125 001, India; e-mail : kaushikcp@yahoo.co.in

50
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, Kumar andJanuary
p. 55-63, Kothiyal2012
/ J. Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Distribution and Related

Carcinogenic Potencies in Roadside Soil at Major Traffic
Intercepts within a Developing City of Northern India

VANEET KUMAR AND N. C. KOTHIYAL+

The objective of the study was to ascertain contamination levels of soil with Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons (PAHs), their distribution behavior and human exposure during summer, winter and
rainy seasons in one of the developing city of Jalandhar in the state of Punjab, India. PAHs
concentration was measured at 10 different locations (within 3 m) in roadside soil, covering all
major traffic intercepts of the city. Recovery range was between 30 % and 70 % with the lower value
corresponds to the lower molecular weight PAHs compound. Identification and quantification of
PAHs were done by GC-FID. Average PAHs concentrations (city average) were found to be 16.53,
4.04 and 7.82 µg g-1, during summer, winter and rainy seasons respectively. Average concentrations
of low and high carcinogenic PAHs during summer, winter and rainy seasons were found 5.1 and
31.29, 2.1 and 6.4, & 3.97 and 12.77µg g-1 respectively. The average ratios of low and high
carcinogenic PAHs were found to be 1:6, 1:3 and 1:7.6 during summer, winter and rainy seasons at
most intercepts. Dibenzo (ah) Anthracene and Benzo (a) Pyrene were the two individual PAH found
in highest concentration during summer, winter and rainy seasons. It was worth also observed that
high carcinogenic PAHs concentration was quite higher (around 85%) in comparison to low
carcinogenic PAHs (around 15%) at most intercepts round the year. Five ringed PAHs were in highest
concentration at all intercepts and seasons.

Key words: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gas chromatography, pollutants, concentration,

season

Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar,
Punjab-144 011 (India)
+
Corresponding author : e-mail : kothiyalnc@nitj.ac.in; Tel.: +91 9417274496

55
J Environ. ScienceNitrate
& Engg.pollution
Vol. 54,inNo.
groundwater
1, p. 64-70,inJanuary
some rural
2012 areas of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India

Nitrate Pollution in Groundwater in Some Rural Areas of

Nalgonda District, Andhra Pradesh, India

K. BRINDHA, R. RAJESH, R. MURUGAN AND L. ELANGO+

Intake of water with high concentration of nitrate is a major problem in many countries as it affects
health of humans. The present study was carried out with the objective of determining the causes for
higher nitrate concentration in groundwater in parts of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India.
The study area is located at a distance of about 135 km towards ESE direction from Hyderabad.
Nitrate concentration in groundwater of this area was analysed by collecting groundwater samples
from 46 representative wells. Samples were collected once in two months from March 2008 to
January 2009. The nitrate concentration was analysed in the laboratory using Metrohm 861 advanced
compact ion chromatograph using appropriate standards. The highest concentration recorded during
the sampling period was 879.65 mg/L and the lowest concentration was below detection limit. Taking
into consideration 45 mg/L of nitrate as the maximum permissible limit for drinking water set by
BIS, it was found that 13.78% of the groundwater samples collected from this study area possessed
nitrate concentration beyond the limit. Overall, wells present in agricultural fields had nitrate levels
within permissible limits when compared to those groundwater samples from wells present in
settlements which are used for domestic purpose. This indicates that the high nitrate concentration
in groundwater of this area is due to poor sanitation facilities and leaching from indiscriminate
dumping of animal waste.

Key words : Nitrate, groundwater, Nalgonda, Andhra Pradesh, India

Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai- 600 025, India.

+
Corresponding author : e-mail : elango@annauniv.edu, elango34@hotmail.com

64
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No.Salakinkop andJanuary
1, p. 71-77, Shivaprasad
2012 / J. Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Influence of Conjunctive Use of Coffee Effluent and Fresh Water

on Performance of Robusta Coffee and Soil Properties

S R SALAKINKOP*+ AND P SHIVAPRASAD**

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of treated coffee effluent irrigation on
performance of established robusta coffee, nutrient contribution and microbial activities in the soil.
The results revealed that the field irrigated with coffee effluent from aerobic tank having COD of
1009 ppm, did not affect the yield of clean coffee (1309 kg/ha) and it was statistically similar (on
par) with the plots irrigated with fresh water (1310 kg/ha) with respect to clean coffee yield. Effluent
irrigation increased significantly the population bacteria, yeast, fungi, actinomycetes and PSB (122,
52, 12, 34 and 6 x 104/g respectively) ) in the soil compared to the soil irrigated with fresh water
(87, 22, 5, 24 and 2 x 104/g respectively). The organic carbon (2.60%), available nutrients in the soil
like P (57.2 kg/ha), K (401.6 kg/ha, Ca (695.3ppm), S (5.3ppm),Cu (4.09 ppm) and Zn(4.78 ppm)
were also increased due to effluent irrigation compared to fresh water irrigation. Thus analysis of
coffee effluent for major and minor plant nutrients content revealed its potential as source of nutrients
and water for plant growth.

Key words: Coffee effluent, nutrient, COD, microbial population, clean coffee, fruit

*Asst.Professor,Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005, Karnataka (India)

e-mail:salakinkop@gmail.com
**Research Assistant, Central Coffee Research Institute, Chickmagalure, Karnataka (India)
+
Corresponding author : salakinkop@gmail.com; Tel. : 0836-2448681; Mob. +91 9481259541

71
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol.Assessment of78-84,
54, No. 1, p. river water quality
January 2012 under urban influence - a case study

Assessment of River Water Quality under Urban Influence

A Case Study

SHOBHA RAM1 AND HIMANSHU JOSHI2+

In this study, the water quality status of river Solani in India was assessed under the influence of
urbanization. Physico-chemical and biological analysis of water reflected maximum adverse impact
during summer low flow season. Variation in river flows during monsoon, post monsoon and low
flow seasons was found to substantially affect the river water quality regime. Whereas the monsoon
season displayed addition of suspended impurities and provided dilution in the dissolved components,
the summer low flow season revealed an anaerobic condition in the river as the entire river flow
comprised of only drain effluents. All the drains were observed to carry contaminated water with
impurities from various point and non-point sources emanating from diverse human activities. The
present study indicated that the drain waste water deserves a prior treatment in order to protect the
Solani river water from pollution.

Key words: Solani river, water quality, physico-chemical & biological, environmental impact, urban
influence, point and non point sources, trace elements

1
Principal Research Assistant, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247 667, India
e-mail: sram_1964@yahoo.com; Tel + 91 1332 272718
2
Professor, Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee - 247 667, India
e-mail: joshifhy@iitr.ernet.in; Tel. +91-1332-285236 ; Mob. + 91-9412394288
+
Corresponding author
78
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. Raju andJanuary
85-89, Babu / 2012
J. Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Morphometric Analysis of Kunderu River Basin, Kurnool

District, A.P, India for Watershed Management

G. SUDARSANA RAJU+ AND K. RAGHU BABU

Morphometric analysis has been carried out to assess the drainage characteristics of Kunderu river
basin of India. The basin is mostly dendritic to subdendritic in nature. Bifurcation ratio of successive
orders has shown a gradual decrease from one order to next and this is attributed to differences in
rock types and stage of development. The high values for lower stream orders indicate that the lower
streams are mostly found in mountainous and highly dissected areas and the low bifurcation ratio
approaching a value of in higher order streams indicates the flow of these streams in a flat to rolling
terrain. The drainage density ranged from 0.54 to 0.76 and stream frequencies ranged from 0.09 to
0.23 in Kunderu river sub-basins. The drainage density and drainage frequency are low, which indicate
a higher recharge of groundwater and a higher transimissibity of aquifers. The low drainage density
ranged from 0.54 to 0.76 for sub-basins and low stream frequencies ranged from 0.09 to 0.23 in
Kunderu river sub-basins, indicating a higher recharge of groundwater.

Key words : Morphometric analysis, Kunderu river basin, Kurnool district, A. P. (India), watershed
management

Assistant Professors, Department of Geology & Geoinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa (India)
+
Corresponding author : e-mail : gsraju05@gmail.com; Mob : +91 9052237765

85
 Nitrate
J Environ. Science & Engg. contamination
Vol. 54, No. 1, of
p. shallow aquifer 2012
90-97, January groundwater in the central districts of Punjab, India

Nitrate Contamination of Shallow Aquifer Groundwater

in the Central Districts of Punjab, India

ANIL BHARDWAJ+, SUNIL GARG, S K SONDHI AND D S TANEJA

The increasing trend in nitrogenous fertilizer use and extensive irrigation in the agricultural production
system in Punjab, India are the reasons of contamination of groundwater, which is the main source
of drinking water. A study was conducted to determine the extent of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N)
contamination of groundwater in the shallow aquifers of Ludhiana district. Pre and post-monsoon
groundwater samples from hand pumps of 36 villages, located at or near the nodes of 6-12 km grid,
were collected during the years 1998 and 1999 and were analyzed for NO3-N concentration. During
the period of study, the NO3-N concentration in 34.7%, 37.5%, 15.3%, 11.1% and 1.4% of the
groundwater samples was between 0-5mg/L, 6-10mg/L, 11-15mg/L, 16-20mg/L and 21-25 mg/L,
respectively. Around 72% of the groundwater samples were safe and did not exceed the critical limit
of NO3-N concentration (10mg/L) prescribed for drinking water. Although, statistically no change
in the mean NO3-N concentration level has been observed during the study period and is within the
safe limit in most of the samples (72%), yet there is every possibility of further contamination of
groundwater due to continuous high N-fertilizer use and over irrigation which necessitates judicious
and efficient N-fertilizer and irrigation water use in Punjab (India).

Key words : Nitrate contamination, groundwater, N-fertilizer use, Nitrate-nitrogen

Department of Soil & Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141 004 (India)
+
Corresponding author: Dr. Anil Bhardwaj, Professor (Soil & Water Engg.), Department of Soil & Water Engineering, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana - 141 004; Tel.: +91 9463394774 (M); 0161-277483 (O); e-mail: abhardwaj_2000@rediffmail.com

90
 Microbial
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p.desulfurization
98-103, Januaryof2012
diesel by Desulfobacterium indolicum

Microbial Desulfurization of Diesel by

Desulfobacterium indolicum

S. A. KAREEM1+, D. S. ARIBIKE2, S. C. U. NWACHUKWU3 AND G. K. LATINWO 4

Recalcitrant organosulfur compounds such as Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and its derivatives in real
petroleum fractions such as diesel cannot be removed by convectional hydrodesulfurization (HDS)
treatment using metallic catalysts as well as extremes of conditions of high pressure and temperature.
Biodesulfurization was identified as one of the possible routes for the removal of sulfur from middle
distillate fractions of petroleum. The desulfurizing bacterium Desulfobacterium indolicum was
isolated and subsequently identified by the Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of
Lagos, Nigeria. The bacterium exhibited very high desulfurizing ability towards diesel at 300C and
normal atmospheric pressure. The biodesulfurization of diesel by Desulfobacterium indolicum
resulted in reduction of sulfur from 166.037 ppm to 33.412 ppm over a period of 72 hours. Gas
chromatography analysis with a pulsed flame photometric detector revealed that the peaks of
benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene significantly decreased after biodesulfurization. Thus,
Desulfobacterium indolicum could effectively desulfurize diesel and therefore, may be a promising
biocatalyst for practical biodesulfurization of diesel.

Key words: Biodesulfurization, Desulfobacterium indolicum, diesel

1
Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology Yola, Nigeria
2
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria
3
Department of Botany & Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka Yaba Lagos, Nigeria
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
+
Correspondent author : sakareem_1@yahoo.co.uk; Tel. +234 803 441 4673

98
J Environ. Science & Engg.
Study of NiVol. 54, No.
uptake and 1, 104-106, January 2012in Nir, Pdr and Nis/ Pds strain of Nostoc muscorum
itsp.compartmentalization

Study of Ni Uptake and Its Compartmentalization in Nir, Pdr

and Nis/ Pds Strain of Nostoc muscorum

ASHA LATA SINGH

A Nir20 and its analog Pdr20 mutant strain was obtained from its Nis/Pds (nickel and palladium sensitive)
strain of Nostoc muscorum. Nir20 and Pdr20 mutant strain of Nostoc muscorum was resistant to 20 µM
Ni and Pd. Ni uptake was observed in Nis/Pds, Nir20 and Pdr20 mutant strain of Nostoc muscorum by
treating with 120 µM Ni saturating concentration. Ni uptake was two fold more in Nir20 cells (31.0
nmol µg-1 protein) than the Nis cells, however Pdr20 strain took less Ni (9.31 nmol µg-1 protein ).
Phosphate uptake was also investigated to determine the poly phosphate synthesis. The cells of Nis/
Pds, Nir20 and Pdr20 strain were treated for four hours in 2mM K2HPO4 exposure. Phosphate uptake in
Nir20 strain was 1.8 fold more over Nis/Pds, and was least in Pdr20 strain. Polyphosphate level was
determined to better understand the Ni transport in Nis, Nir20, Pdr20 strain. Poly p level was increased
two fold in Nir strain and least in Pdr strain followed by Nis strain. Results based on the Ni distribution
pattern in Nis, Nir20, Pdr20 are the evidence that poly p is the main metal sink.

Key words: Ni uptake, polyphosphate bodies, Nis, Nir20, Pdr20

Assistant Professor of Environmental Science, Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221 005, India

104
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1,Taylor and Critttenden
p. 107-120, / J. Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012
January 2012

Assessing the Economic and Environmental Feasibility of Utility

Scaled PV Electricity Production in the State of Georgia

RUTHIE TAYLORa+ AND JOHN CRITTTENDENb

Photovoltaic (PV) technology, an increasingly popular source for renewable energy, is being deployed
in places with solar insolation that is comparable to that in state of Georgia. This study assesses the
feasibility and environmental impact of utility scale photovoltaic (PV) electricity production in
Georgia by assessing the economic costs, avoided costs, health benefits, and environmental benefits.
The cost of PV used in this study is 3.52 $/kW. The RETScreen model was employed to analyze the
impact of incentives on the economic viability of the plants that produce 93 GWh, 371 GWh, and
1,484 GWh, respectively. 57% of the capital cost is required in the form of incentives or subsidies
to make the projects economically feasible. The high estimated cost of cleaning the equivalent
amount of emissions from a coal-fired power plant is $14.5 million, $58 million, and $232 million
for a 50MW, 200MW, and 800MW plant, respectively. Avoided costs in health damages are estimated
to be $28 million, $112 million, and $449 million and the numbers of jobs to be created are 2,500,
10,000, and 40,000 for 50MW, 200MW, and 800MW plants, respectively. And, the cumulative
value of renewable energy credits from a 50MW, 200MW, and a 800MW plant are $59million,
$237million, and $789million, respectively.

Key words : Economic and environmental feasibility, utility scaled PV electricity production,
photovoltaic technology, Georgia

a
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
b
Professor, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
+
Corresponding author: e-mail : ruetaylo@gatech.edu, mobile: 404 519 5417

107
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. Kanherkar et al / J. 2012
121-127, January Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Study of the Efficiency of Immobilized Algal Technology for

Wastewater Treatment

S. V. KANHERKAR, A. M. LATE+, P. M. NALAWADE, B. J. BHOSALE AND A. S. DHAPATE

The present paper deals with the study of efficiency of immobilized algal technology in wastewater
treatment. The acclimatized algal species and wastewater samples were collected from three different
sampling sites such as Kham River, Waluj [MIDC], Salim Ali Lake for the study. The encapsulation
of collected algal species such as Spirogyra, Cyanobacteria in mixture form and Arthospira from
selected sampling sites were made in sodium alginate for wastewater treatment. The percentage
efficiency of immobilized algal technology for wastewater treatment was studied with respect to
physico-chemical parameters. The physicochemical parameters were analyzed before and after
treatment and compared for percentage efficiency study. The results obtained from present
investigation reveal that the immobilized algal technology has maximum percentage efficiency in
reduction of BOD, COD, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Chloride. TSS, TDS and TSS. Whereas,
the minimum fluctuations were found in pH and temperature. However, the immobilized algal
technology is also useful to increase the dissolved oxygen concentration in wastewater treatment
process.

Key words: Immobilization, spirogyra, sodium alginate, Kham river, wastewater

Department of Environmental Science, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad – 431 004 (M.S.) India.
+
Corresponding author : e-mail : amolmlate@gmail.com
121
J. Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, Municipal
No. 1, p. 128-133, January
solid waste 2012
stabilisation by leachate recirculation

Municipal Solid Waste Stabilisation by Leachate Recirculation

U. SINGH*AND C. ROUT**+

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of leachate recirculation on stabilisation of
municipal solid wastes. The study was carried out by using two lab-scale landfill bioreactors containing
approximately 10 kg of waste each, in order to follow waste degradation over 16 weeks of time
period. The main difference between anaerobic recirculated and without recirculation bioreactors
options is determined in leachate quality. Leachate quality is regularly measured by the means of
pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, total kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphate and chemical
oxygen demand (COD). It has been observed that leachate recirculation is more effective on anaerobic
degradation of solid waste than non-recirculated degradation. The leachate recirculated bioreactor
appears to be the more effective option in the removal of COD by 89.93% and stabilisation of pH at
7.5. After 16 weeks of anaerobic degradation, waste stabilization seemed to have reached for the
recirculated bioreactor. Therefore, further studies are required to determine the optimum operational
conditions for leachate recirculation rates, also with the operational costs of recirculation for solid
waste stabilisation.

Keywords: Municipal solid waste, leachate, leachate recirculation, landfill bioreactor, cow dung

*M.Tech. Student, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and
Technology, Hisar, Haryana (India)-125 001.
**Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department (Environment), Maharishi Markandeswar University, Mullana-133 203, Ambala,
Haryana (India)
+
Corresponding author : email : visionchadetrik@gmail.com; Mob. : +91 9813988267

128
 Vermi
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. composting
1, p. - organic
134-139, January waste management and disposal
2012

Vermi Composting - Organic Waste Management and Disposal

J.SUDHIR KUMAR1+, K.VENKATA SUBBAIAH2 AND P.V.V.PRASADA RAO3

Solid waste is an unwanted byproduct of modern civilization. Landfills are the most common means
of solid waste disposal. But the increasing amount of solid waste is rapidly filling existing landfills,
and new sites are difficult to establish. Alternatives to landfills include the use of source reduction,
recycling, composting and incineration, as well as use of landfills. Incineration is most economical
if it includes energy recovery from the waste. Energy can be recovered directly from waste by
incineration or the waste can be processed to produce storable refuse derived fuel (RDF). Information
on the composition of solid wastes is important in evaluating alternative equipment needs, systems,
management programs and plans. Pulverization of municipal solid waste is done and the pulverized
solid waste is dressed to form a bed and the bed is fed by earthworms which convert the bed into
vermi compost. The obtained vermi compost is sent to Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF)
recognized lab for estimating the major nutrients, i.e. Potassium (K), Phosphorous (P), Nitrogen (N)
and Micro-nutrient values. It is estimated that 59 – 65 tons of wet waste can be collected in a town
per day and if this wet waste is converted to quality compost, around 12.30 tons of vermi compost
can be generated. If a Municipal Corporation manages this wet waste an income of over $ 0 . 8 9
crore per anum can be earned which is a considerable amount for providing of better services to
public.

Key words: Municipal solid waste (MSW), vermi compost , landfill, garbage

1
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sir C. R. Reddy College of Engineering, Eluru-534 007 (India)
e-mail : jastisudhir@yahoo.com
2
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (India)
e-mail : drkvsau@yahoo.co.in
3
Professor, Department of Environment Science, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam (India)
e-mail : peddinenipvv@yahoo.com
+
Corresponding author

134
J Environ. Science Steel
& Engg.
slagVol. 54, No.industrial
: A waste 1, p. 140-146, January
by-product as2012
an alternative sustainable green building material

Steel Slag : A Waste Industrial By-product as an Alternative

Sustainable Green Building Material in Construction
Applications – An Attempt for Solid Waste Management
ARUN D. POFALE*+ AND MOHAMMED NADEEM**

This investigation explores the possibility of utilizing granular slag as an alternative to fine aggregate
(natural sand) in construction applications like masonry and plastering. Construction industry utilizes
large volume of fine aggregate in all the applications which has resulted into shortage of good
quality naturally available fine aggregate. Use of granular slag serves two fold purposes, i.e. waste
utilisation as well as alternative eco-friendly green building material for construction. The investigation
highlights comparative study of properties with partial and full replacement of fine aggregate (natural
sand) by granular slag in cement mortar applications (masonry and plastering). For this purpose,
cement mortar mix proportions from 1:3, 1:4, 1:5 & 1:6 by volume were selected for 0, 25, 50, 75 &
100% replacement levels with w/c ratios of 0.60, 0.65, 0.70 & 0.72 respectively. Based on the study
results, it could be inferred that replacement of natural sand with granular slag from 25 to 75%
increased the packing density of mortar which resulted into reduced w/c ratio, increased strength
properties of all mortar mixes. Hence, it could be recommended that the granular slag could be
effectively utilized as fine aggregate in masonry and plastering applications in place of conventional
cement mortar mixes using natural sand.

Key words: Granular slag, compressive and split tensile strength, plastering, masonry applications

*
Professor in Civil Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India.
e-mail : pophalearun@rediffmail.com
**
Research Scholar in Civil Engineering Department, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, India.
e-mail : nadeem1972@rediffmail.com
+
Corresponding author

140
 Mohanty et
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. 147-152, al / J. Env.
January 2012Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Phytostabilisation Potential of Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon

flexuosus (Nees ex Steud) Wats) on Iron Ore Tailings

M. MOHANTY, N.K. DHAL+, P. PATRA, B. DAS AND P.S.R. REDDY

The present pot culture study was carried out for the potential phytostabilisation of iron
ore tailings using lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) a drought tolerant, perennial,
aromatic grass. Experiments have been conducted by varying the composition of garden
soil (control) with iron ore tailings. The various parameters, viz. growth of plants, number
of tillers, biomass and oil content of lemon grass are evaluated. The studies have indicated
that growth parameters of lemon grass in 1:1 composition of garden soil and iron ore
tailings are significantly more (~5% increase) compared to plants grown in control soil.
However, the oil content of lemon grass in both the cases more or less remained same.
The results also infer that at higher proportion of tailings the yield of biomass decreases.
The studies indicate that lemongrass with its fibrous root system is proved to be an
efficient soil binder by preventing soil erosion.

Key words: Lemon grass, iron ore tailings, phytostabilisation

CSIR - Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar-751 013, Odisha (India)
+
Corresponding author : Dr. N. K. Dhal, Principal Scientist, Natural Products Department, CSIR - Institute of
Minerals and Materials Technology (CSIR-IMMT), Bhubaneswar-751 013, Odisha (India)
e-mail : nkdhal@immt.res.in

147
 Choubisa
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. 153-158, / J. Env.
January Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012
2012

Osteo-dental Fluorosis in Relation to Chemical Constituents

of Drinking Waters

S. L. CHOUBISA

Study was conducted in 17 fluoride endemic villages to find out association between the prevalence
and severity of osteo-dental fluorosis with different chemical constituents of drinking waters. These
villages were arranged in 7 sets, each containing 2 to 3 villages with identical mean fluoride (F)
concentrations in the range 1.0 to 5.8 mg/L but having different mean values of total hardness,
alkalinity and nitrate (NO3) content in drinking water sources. A close association or relationship
was found between the prevalence of fluorosis and the total hardness and alkalinity of potable waters.
A low prevalence of fluorosis was found at low alkalinity and at high total hardness. But no specific
association was observed between the prevalence figures of fluorosis with pH and NO3 levels which
is also discussed in the present communication.

Key words: Constituents, drinking water, fluorosis, prevalence, Rajasthan

P.G. Department of Zoology, Government Meera Girls College, Udaipur-313 001, Rajasthan, India.
Address for correspondence : 205, Chanakyapuri, Sector 4, Hiran Magri, Udaipur-313 002, Rajasthan, India.
e-mail : choubisasl@yahoo.com

153
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. Jaiswal andJanuary
159-161, Lal / J.2012
Env. Sci. Eng., 54(1), 2012

Analysis of Finit in Urine Sample Using

Thin Layer Chromatography
A.K.JAISWAL1 AND NAND LAL2+

Finit is a common insecticide generally used to control a variety of insects in homes. Routinely it is
analysed by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography
(HPLC). An attempt has been made to develop a new method for analysis of finit in urine samples
using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) technique which is inexpensive, accurate and
non-destructive. Finit was extracted from urine using solvent extraction methods and then identified
on the TLC plates. For detection on developed plates, palladium chloride, silver nitrate, iodine
vapour and bromophenol blue were used which successfully increased the sensitivity without
dispensing with the simplicity of the method. The method developed is simple, inexpensive, accurate
and non-destructive that allows for sensitive and reproducible analysis of finit.

Key words : Finit, urine, thin layer chromatography

1
Chemist, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS),
New Delhi -110 021, India
2
Asst. Professor, Department of Chemistry, V.S.S.D.College, Kanpur-208 020, India
+
Corresponding author :Tel + 91 512 2562613, Mob : +91 9838103307

159
 Solid Vol.
J Environ. Science & Engg. and hazardous waste
54, No. 1, p. management
162-174, practices onboard ocean going vessels: A review
January 2012

Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Practices Onboard

Ocean Going Vessels: A Review

YEDDANAPUDI VRPP SWAMY

Shipping or carriage of goods play an important role in the development of human societies and
international shipping industry, which carries 90% of the world trade, is the life blood of global
economy. During ships operational activity a number of solid and hazardous wastes, also referred as
garbage are produced from galleys, crew cabins and engine/deck departments stores. This review
provides an overview of the current practices onboard and examines the evidence that links waste
management plan regulations to shipping trade. With strict compliance to International Maritime
Organization’s MARPOL regulations, which prevents the pollution of sea from ships various
discharges, well documented solid and hazardous waste management practices are being followed
onboard ships. All ship board wastes are collected, segregated, stored and disposed of in appropriate
locations, in accordance with shipping company’s environmental protection policy and solid and
hazardous waste management plan. For example, food residues are ground onboard and dropped
into the sea as fish food. Cardboard and the like are burned onboard in incinerators. Glass is sorted
into dark/light and deposited ashore, as are plastics, metal, tins, batteries, fluorescent tubes, etc. The
residue from plastic incineration which is still considered as plastic is brought back to shore for
disposal. New targets are being set up to reduce the volume of garbage generated and disposed of to
shore facilities, and newer ships are using baling machines which compress cardboard etc into bales
to be taken ashore. The garbage management and its control system work as a ‘continual improvement’
process to achieve new targets.

Key words: Shipping, solid and hazardous waste management plan, garbage, regulations, storage,
disposal practices, documentation, implementation.

Chief Engineer, M.V. Morning Concert, WLCC (Wilhelmsen Lines Car Carriers Ltd), Southampton, United Kingdom.
Address for correspondence : Rajee-Panth, Door No: 49-55-8/1, Vidyutnagar, Saligramapuram Post, Visakhapatnam-530 024,
Andhra Pradesh, India; e-mail : panthu105@hotmail.com

162
 Paul /January
J Environ. Science & Engg. Vol. 54, No. 1, p. 175-180, J. Env. Sci.
2012Eng., 54(1), 2012

Creating Awareness of an Evidence-Based Approach

to Urban Design

ABHIJIT PAUL

Urban Design is a framework of urban studies that helps to understand the behavior of a city and,
thus, the reasoning of its formation in a multidisciplinary way. Appropriate design policies help to
attain solutions to urban problems by minimizing development impacts and by optimizing socio-
economic values of inner-city environments. However, development impacts and socio-economic
values of an urban built-environment have a strong relationship with its spatial and organizational
characteristics. That is, the pattern of the space organization itself helps to understand how the space
is being used, and perhaps, what changes will make the space more interactive, usable, and
environment-friendly. This study explores the spatial and organizational characteristics of urban
morphology in evaluating urban development impacts by using the theory of space syntax. Conclusions
suggest that space syntax simulates the likely effects of urban development solutions and, consequently,
helps to evaluate urban design policies with data-based evidence before making recommendations
for capital investments.

Key words : Urban design, space syntax, space-people relationship, congestion, environment-
friendly design

Visiting Faculty, Department of Architecture, Jadavpur University, Calcutta, India

e-mail: abhijitpaul2002@yahoo.com. Mob.: +91 9748491529
175