Chemical

changes

PHYSICALANDCHEMICALCHANGE

physicalchange

nonewsubstancesareformed

changescanusually bereversed

constituentscan beseparatedbyphysicalseparationmethods e.g fitration

propertiesofproduct s aresameas reactant s

chemicalchange

oneormorenewsubstancesareformed

changesareusuallynoteasilyreversed

a productcan
onlybebrokendownintosimplersubstancesbychemicalmethods

properties ofproducts are differentfromreactant s

CHEMICALREACTIONS

wordequations

showreactantsused

productsformed

conditionsunderwhichchemicalreactionoccurs

examples
methane t oxygen hats carbondioxide water

Tactantstondition products

BALANCINGCHEMICALEQUATIONS

duringchemicalreaction atomsofreactantsrearrangethemselves andcombine

chemicallytoformproducts

atoms areneithercreatednordestroyedinchemicalreaction

reaction
atiinsmisetoiteratiattetienation

intinaitgeintiinter

mass is conservedduringchemicalreaction

H c H H
o o

c
O O
fay g o O

T H H H

H carbon

methane oxygen dioxide water



1 2HCl Zn ZnCla t Hz

2 H250 2NaOH Naz504 21420

3 214202 02 2420

4 Ha504 Caco CaSou t CO2 H2O

TYPES OFCHEMICAL CHANGES

1 thermal decomposition

processinwhichsubstancebreaksdownintotwo ormoresimplersubstancesupon

heating

e9 calciumcarbonate

calciumoxide carbondioxide

2 oxidation

process inwhichsubstancegainsoxygenandundergoeschemicalchange

rusting

ironreactswithoxygen and water toformrust reddishbrownflakysolid

cellularrespiration

foodmoleculeslikeglucose isbrokendown inpresenceofoxygento providecells

withenergyto survive andreproduce

glucose oxygen hats carbondioxide t water

combustion

substance is heated in presence ofoxygen toform one or more new

substances

heatandlight are usuallygivenout

e g sparklers charcoal carbon

conditions thermaldecomposition combustion oxidation

oxygenneededtostart

heatneeded to start

heatgiven off

lightgivenoff

gain in oxygen

3 neutralisation

reactionwhenacid is mixedwith alkali

salt and water are formed

ACIDSANDALKALIS

acids

compound that produceshydrogen ions Ht when dissolved in water

sour

corrosive in nature

turns bluelitmuspaperred

found in lab strongacids

hydrochloricacid HCl

sulfuric acid H2504

nitricacid HNOst

i found in

daily life weakacids

citricacid in orangeslimes

ethanoicacid in vinegar

lacticacid in yoghurt

tartic acid in grapes

tannicacid in tea

alkalis

compound thatproduceshydroxideions OH whendissolved in water

bitter

soapyfeel

turns red litmuspaperblue

found in lab strongalkalis

sodiumhydroxide NaOH

potassiumhydroxide KOH

Editionnmyato.ie IYY

i
found in daily life weakalkalis

sodiumbicarbonate in bakingsoda

magnesium hydroxide calciumcarbonate in indigestiontabletsactalacid

CHEMICAL REACTIONS OFACIDS

productofacidreaction is salt

saltisgeneraltermfor compoundcontainingelementthatismetal

e.g magnesiumchloride potassiumsulfate zincnitrate

differentacidsreactwithdifferentreactants toformdifferentsalts

acidsandmetals

acid t metal salt t hydrogen

e.g hydrochloricacid magnesium magnesiumchloride hydrogen

somemetalssuchascopper silver gold do not react with acids

to testforhydrogen gas placelighted burningsplint at mouth of testtube

ifhydrogen is present flame willextinguish with pop sound



namingsaltproduced

hydrochloricacid t metal metalchloride hydrogen

sulfuricacid metal s metalsulfate hydrogen

nitric acid metal metal nitrate hydrogen

eg hydrochloricacid t calcium calciumchloride t hydrogen

e g sulfuricacid t magnesium magnesium sulfate t hydrogen

eg Zinc t nitric acid zinc nitrate t hydrogen

acid and carbonates

acid carbonate salt carbondioxide water

e.g hydrochloric acid sodium carbonate sodiumchloride carbon

dioxide water

to test for carbondioxidegas bubble the gas into limewater

if carbondioxideis present whitepercipitatewill beformed

namingsalt produced

nitricacid zinccarbonate zinc nitrate carbondioxide water

hydrochloricacid t coppercarbonate copperchloride carbon

dioxide water

iron carbonate sulfuricacid iron sulfate carbondioxide t wate

acids and alkalis

acid alkali salt t water

e g hydrochloric acid sodiumhydroxide sodiumchloride t water

reaction iscalledneutralisation

to test for salt add sodiumhydroxide to dilute hydrochloricacid

colourlesssolution is formed

if saltis present whitesolidwill appearwhenheated to dryness

namingsalt produced

hydrochloricacid t sodiumhydroxide s sodium chloride t water

sulfuricacid potassium hydroxide potassiumsulfate water
calcium hydroxide nitricacid calciumnitrate water

measuring acidity and alkalinity of solution

pHscale is used to measure howacidic or alkaline solution is
valuesofpHscale rangefrom 0 to 14
solutionswithpHvalueslessthan 7 are acidic
lowerpH moreacidicsolution
solutions with pHvaluesmorethan 7 are alkaline
higherpH morealkalinesolution
solution is neutralwhen it has pH value of 7
e g distilledwater
 acid neutral alkali
I 2 3 4 5 6 77 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
red green purple

INDICATORS
canbeused to find outwhether a solution is acidic or alkaline by their change
of colour in presence of acid or alkali
litmus paper

typeof redlitmuspaper blue litmuspaper

solution

acidic remains red turns red

neutral remains red remainsblue
alkaline turns red remains blue

not verygood
cannottell intensityprecisely
universal indicator
madeup of mixture ofwiderange of colours
provides approximatepHvalues
available in form of paperstrips or solution
othercommonlyused indicators
methyl orange
thymolblue phenol red
bromo
natural pHindicators
obtained fromplants
pHmeter
able tomeasure pHvaluesaccurately
e
has precision of 2 d p
bestindicator

OCCURANCE OFCHEMICALCHANGES
mixing
two or more reactantsmixedtogether
combineirreversibly to form one or more products
e.g mixingacidswithmetals mixingacidswithalkali
heating
eg combustion buring of coal
eg thermal decomposition heating ofcalciumcarbonate
exposure to light
photosynthesis
chemicalreactionoccurring in greenplants
greenplantsuse chlorophyll in theirleaves carbondioxide water toproduceglucose
and oxygen in presence of light
carbondioxide water glucose oxygen
ultravioletradiation
light
colours in clothes photographs and books can fade over timewhenexposed
to sunlight
due tochemicalreactioncausedby UVrays in sunlight
interactionwithoxygen
oxygen ishighlyreactivemoleculethat can reactwithseveral chemicals to cause
chemicalchanges
eg rusting cellularrespiration reaction of copperand oxygen
redand browncolours oftropical soils arealsoresultof chemicalreactions
withoxygen
usingelectriccurrent
possible to coat objects with differentmetals
e.g gold platedorchid chromium plated tap
HELPOF KNOWLEDGE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN OURDAILYLIVES
cooking
makes it easier forbodyto absorbnutrientsfrom food although somenutrients
maybe destroyed during process
respiration
glucosemoleculesreactwithoxygen to produce carbondioxide and water
energyreleaseallowseachcell in an organism to survive and reproduce
decay decomposition
in bacteriaand fungi
processof breakingdown organicmatterinto simpler substances and allows
nutrients to be returned to environment
decay can causefood to spoil
vacuum packingslows decay
involves removing airfrompackageprior to sealing
reduces amount of oxygen in package
limitsgrowth of bacteria andother microorganisms
rusting
unwelcomed oxidationreaction
caused bypresenceofoxygen andwatervapourin air
 waysto preventrusting by preventing iron orsteelobjectcoming intocontact
withwater or oxygen
painting
oiling
drying
glavanising coatingiron with protectivelayerof zinc
combustion
Whensubstances containingcarbone.g fossilfuels wood are burnt air
pollutants are released
irreversible
pollutant source Effects

acidification of oceans
caused whenlargeamount of carbondioxidedissolves in seawaterto form
carbonicacid
seawaterbecomesmoreacidicovertime

shellsand skeletons ofsmall marineorganisms likeoysterandcorals contain

calciumcarbonatewhichcanreact withacidic seawater
marineorganisms unable to formnewshells or skeletons easily

organisms e.g fish plants maydie

unable to surviveunderconditions of lowerpH
affectsotherorganisms thatdepend onthem asfood
mangroves marshes and sea grassmeadowsstore large amounts ofcarbon
releasecarbon ascarbondioxideinto atmosphere and oceanswhen
destroyed