(PSIT) Engineering Mathematics- I (BAS-103) Module 1: Matrices

1. Find the inverse of the following matrices using elementary operations:

0 1 2 2
1 2 1  0 1 2   i −1 2i  1 2 3  2 3 4  
          1 1 2 3
(i) 3 2 3 (ii) 1 2 3  (iii)  2 0 2 (iv)  2 4 5  (v)  4 3 1  (vi) 
2 2 2 3
1 1 2 3 1 1   − 1 0 1   3 5 6 1 2 4  
2 3 3 3

 −3 3 −3 2 
 1 −3 4   1 −1 1   0 1 −2  1 −3 2  −10 4 9   
1
Ans: (i) − − 3 1
 1  1    1 
0  (ii)  − 8 6 − 2 (iii) − 4 3i 2i  (iv) − 3 3 − 1 (v)  15 − 4 − 14  (vi)  3 − 4 4 − 2
4 2 4 5 − 3 4 − 5 3 
 1 1 − 4  5 − 3 1   0 1 2   2 − 1 0   − 5 1 6   
 2 − 2 3 − 2
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by using elementary transformations (echelon form):
1 2 −1 3 1 2 3 4 5 12 22 32 42 
0 2 3 1 1 1   0 i −i  1 5 4       2 
        4 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 32 4 2 52 
(i) 0 4 6 (ii)  2 2 2 (iii)  − i 0 i  (iv) 0 3 2  (v)  (vi)  (vii)  2
2
 3 − 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 42 52 6 2 
0 6 9   3 3 3 − 3 1 0   2 13 10       
1 2 0 1  4 5 6 7 8 42 52 62 7 2 
Ans: (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 3 (iv) 2 (v) 3 (vi) 2 (vii) 3
3a − 8 3 3  1 5 4
  2 11
3. Find the value of a for which rank of matrices is less than 3: (i)  3 3a − 8 3  (ii) [0 3 2 ] Ans(i)𝑎 = 3 , 3 (ii) 2
 3 3 3a − 8 𝑎 13 10
𝑥1 𝑦1 1
4. Show that the points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ), (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ), (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 ) are collinear if and only if the rank of the matrix [𝑥2 𝑦2 1] is less than three.
𝑥3 𝑦3 1
5. Reduce the following matrices to normal form and hence find rank:
2 3 2 4 2 3 −1 −1  0 1 −3 −1 1 2 −1 4 0 0 0 0 0
         
3 − 2 1 2 1 − 1 − 2 − 4 1 0 1 1 2 4 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
(i)   (ii)   (iii)   (iv)  (v) 
3 2 3 4 3 1 3 − 2 3 1 0 2 1 2 3 4 0 2 3 4 1
         
− 2 4 0 5 6 3 0 − 7  1 1 − 2 0  − 1 − 2 6 7 0 3 4 1 2
Ans: (i) 4 (ii) 3 (iii) 2 (iv) 3 (v) 3
 3 − 3 4 
 
6. For the matrix A =  2 − 3 4 , find non-singular matrices 𝑃 and 𝑄 such that 𝑃𝐴𝑄 is in the normal form and hence find 𝐴−1 . Hint: 𝐴−1 =
0 − 1 1 
1 −1 0
𝑄𝑃 𝐴−1 = [−2 3 −4]
−2 3 −3
1 −1 2
7. (i) Find the rank of the matrix [ 2 1 −1] . Ans 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
−1 −2 0
3 −1 −1 1
(ii) Find the rank of the matrix [−2 2 −2 −2] .Ans 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
−1 1 3 −1
1 2 0 2 1
0 1 1 −1 0
(iii) Find rank for the matrix 𝐴 = [ ] Ans 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0
1 2 0 2 1
𝑇 0 1 1 −1 0
(iv) Find rank for the matrix 𝐴 ,where 𝐴 = [ ] Ans 𝜌(𝐴𝑇 ) = 2
0 2 2 −2 0
0 −1 −1 1 0
8. Check the consistency of the following system of non-homogeneous linear simultaneous equations and find the solution if
exists
(i) x + y + z = −3, 3x + y − 2z = −2, 2x + 4y + 7z = 7)
(ii) 2x − 2y + 4z + 3w = 9, x − 2y + 2z + 2w = 6, 2x − 2y + z + 2w = 3, x − y + w = 2
 (iii) 2x − 2y + 4z + 3w = 9, −2y + 2z + 2w = 6, 2x − 2y + z + 2w = 3, x − y + w = 2
(iv) x + y + z = 3, x + 2y + 3z = 4, x + 4y + 9z = 6
(v) 4x − y = 12, −x + 5y − 2z = 0, −2y + 4z = −8
(vi) x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14, x + 4y + 7z = 30
Ans: (i) & (ii) No Solution(iii)Unique Solution; x = −2, y = 5, z = −1, w = 9 (𝑖v) Unique Solution; x = 2, y = 1, z = 0
44 4 32
(v) Unique solution; x = , y = − , z = − (vi) Infinitely many solutions; x = k − 2, y = 8 − 2k, z =k
15 15 15
9. Discuss values of & for which following system equations has (a) no solution (b) unique solution and (c)Infinitely many
solutions:
(i) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇
(ii) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9, 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 8, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇
Ans: (i) (a) 𝜆 = 3 (b) 𝜆 ≠ 3, any value of 𝜇 (c) 𝜆 = 3, 𝜇 = 10, (ii) (a) 𝜇 ≠ 9 (b) 𝜆 ≠ 5 (c) 𝜆 = 5, 𝜇 = 9
10. (i) Show that the equations 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 𝑎, 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 𝑏, 5𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 𝑐 do not have a solution unless 𝑎 +
𝑐 = 2𝑏.
11. Determine the values of 𝑘 so that the following system of equations has (a) unique solution (b) no solution (c) infinitely
many solutions
(A) 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 1, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = −2, 𝑘𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 6
(B)𝑘𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 1
𝐀𝐧𝐬: (A) (a) 𝑘 ≠ ±2 (b) 𝑘 = 2 (c) 𝑘 = −2 , (B) (a) 𝑘 ≠ −2 &1 (b) 𝑘 = −2 (c) 𝑘 = 1.
12. Find the values of k for which the following system of equations has a solution. Also solve the system in each case
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 𝑘, 4𝑥 + 𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 𝑘 2 .
Ans: 𝑘 = 1,2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 1, 𝑥 = −3𝑐, 𝑦 = 2𝑐 + 1, 𝑧 = 𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 2, 𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑑, 𝑦 = 2𝑑, 𝑧 = 𝑑
13. Solve the following system of homogeneous simultaneous linear equations:
(i) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0, 7𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 12𝑧 = 0
(ii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 7𝑧 + 10𝑤 = 0, 5𝑥 + 7𝑦 + 11𝑧 + 17𝑤 = 0, 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 13𝑧 + 16𝑤 = 0
(iii) 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 0, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 − 𝑤 = 0, 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5𝑧 + 8𝑤 = 0, 5𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 2𝑧 − 𝑤 = 0
(iv) 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 + 3𝑤 = 0, 6𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 + 7𝑤 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑤 = 0
Ans: (i) & (ii) Trivial solutions; (iii) & (iv) Infinitely many solutions
14. Find the values of 𝜆 for which the following system of equations is consistent and has non-trivial solution. Also solve the
equations for all values of 𝜆:
(𝜆 − 1)𝑥 + (3𝜆 + 1)𝑦 + 2𝜆 𝑧 = 0, (𝜆 − 1)𝑥 + (4𝜆 − 2)𝑦 + (𝜆 + 3)𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 + (3𝜆 + 1) 𝑦 + 3(𝜆 − 1) 𝑧 = 0
Ans: 𝜆 = 3, 0 (𝑎) 𝑥 = 𝑘1 , 𝑦 = 𝑘2 , 𝑧 = 1/3 (−𝑘1 + 5𝑘2 ) (b) 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0
15. For the given matrices find characteristic equation, eigen values and eigen vectors:
1 −3 3 4 1 −1 3 2 4 −2 2 −3 8 −6 2 −1 2 −2
5 6
(i) [ ] (ii) [3 −5 3] (iii) [2 5 −2] (iv) [2 0 2] (v) [ 2 1 −6] (vi) [−6 7 −4] (vii) [ 1 2 1]
3 −2
6 −6 4 1 1 2 4 2 3 −1 −2 0 2 −4 3 −1 −1 0
𝐀𝐧𝐬: (i) 𝜆2 − 3𝜆 − 28 = 0, 𝜆1 = 7, 𝜆2 = −4, 𝑋1 = [3] & 𝑋2 = [ 2 ]
1 −3
1 1 1
(ii) 𝜆3 − 12𝜆 − 16 = 0, 𝜆1 = −2, 𝜆2 = −2, 𝜆3 = 4; 𝑋1 = 𝑘1 [1] + 𝑘2 [ 0 ] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘1 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑘2 ≠ 0& 𝑋2 = 𝑘3 [1] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘3 ≠ 0
0 −1 2
1 1 1
(iii) 𝜆3 − 11𝜆2 + 39𝜆 − 45 = 0, 𝜆1 = 3, 𝜆2 = 3, 𝜆3 = 5; 𝑋1 = 𝑘1 [−1] + 𝑘2 [0] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘1 ≠ 0𝑜𝑟 𝑘2 ≠ 0& 𝑋2 = 𝑘3 [2] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘3 ≠ 0
0 1 1
2 −1 0
(iv) 𝜆3 − 6𝜆2 − 15𝜆 − 8 = 0, 𝜆1 = 8, 𝜆2 = −1, 𝜆3 = −1, 𝑋1 = 𝑘1 [1] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘1 ≠ 0& 𝑋2 = 𝑘2 [ 2 ] + 𝑘3 [ 2 ] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘2 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑘3 ≠ 0
2 0 −1
1 2 3
3 2
(v) 𝜆 + 𝜆 − 21𝜆 − 45 = 0, 𝜆1 = 5, 𝜆2 = −3, 𝜆3 = −3; 𝑋1 = 𝑘1 [ 2 ] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘1 ≠ 0& 𝑋2 = 𝑘2 [−1] + 𝑘3 [0] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘2 ≠ 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑘3 ≠ 0
−1 0 1
1 2 2
3 2
(vi) 𝜆 − 18𝜆 + 45𝜆 = 0, 𝜆1 = 0, 𝜆2 = 3, 𝜆3 = 15; 𝑋1 = 𝑘1 [2] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘1 ≠ 0, 𝑋2 = 𝑘2 [ 1 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘2 ≠ 0, 𝑋3 = 𝑘3 [−2] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘3 ≠ 0
2 −2 1
1 (1 − √5 (1 + √5
(v𝑖i) 𝜆3 − 𝜆2 − 5𝜆 + 5 = 0, 𝜆1 = 1, 𝜆2 = √5, 𝜆3 = −√5; 𝑋1 = 𝑘1 [ 0 ] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘1 ≠ 0 & 𝑋2 = 𝑘2 [ −1 ] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘2 ≠ 0, 𝑋3 = 𝑘3 [ −1 ] , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘3 ≠ 0
−1 1 1
1 2 −3
16. Find the eigen values of the matrix 3𝐴3 + 5𝐴2 − 6𝐴 + 2𝐼 , where 𝐴 = [0 3 2 ] . 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝜇1 = 4, 𝜇2 = 110, 𝜇3 = 10
0 0 −2
,
1 6 1 −1 0 0
17.(i) Diagonalise the matrix [1 2 0] by similarity transformation. Ans:𝐷 = [ 0 3 0]
0 0 3 0 0 4
  −1 2 −2
 
(ii) A square matrix A is defined as A = 1 2 1 . Find the modal matrix P and the resulting diagonal matrix D of A.
− 1 − 1 0 

1 √5 − 1 √5 + 1 1 0 0
Ans: 𝑀 = [ 0 1 −1 ] and 𝐷 = [0 √5 0 ]
−1 −1 1 0 0 −√5
4 1
(iii) Find the matrix P which diagonalise the matrix A =[ ] , verify P-1AP =D where D is the diagonal matrix.
2 3
1 −1 2 1 0 0
(iv) Reduce the matrix A= [0 2 −1] to diagonal form. Ans:D = [0 2 0]
0 0 3 0 0 3
2 3 4
(v) Is the matrix the matrix A =[ 0 2 − 1] is Diagonalise?. Ans: A is not Diagonalise.
0 0 2
2 1 1
18. Verify the Caley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = [0 1 0] and hence compute 𝐴−1 . Also show that
1
1 2
5 58 2 −1 −1
1
𝐴8 − 5𝐴7 7+ 7𝐴6 − 3𝐴5 + 𝐴4
− 5𝐴3
+ 8𝐴2 − 2𝐴 + 𝐼 = [0
3 0]. 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝐴−1 = [ 0 3 0]
3
5 85 −1 −1 2
2
1 −1
2 −1] and hence compute 𝐴−1 .
19. Verify the Caley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = [−1
1
−2 2
63 −102 80 3 1 −1
1
Also show that 𝐴6 − 6𝐴5 + 9𝐴4 − 2𝐴3 − 12𝐴2 + 23𝐴 − 9𝐼 = [−80 85 −80]. 𝐀𝐧𝐬: 𝐴−1 = 4 [ 1 3 1]
102 −147 94 −1 1 3
2 −1 1
20. Verify the Caley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 𝐴 = [0 1 −1] .
3 −1 1
21. (i) If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB-BA is a Skew-Symmetric matrix.
1 2 −1
(ii)Express the matrix [0 1 −1] as the sum of a Symmetric and a Skew-symmetric matrix.
3 −1 1
 4 2 − i 5 + 2i 
(iii) Define Hermitian and Skew-Hermitian matrix. Show that  2 + i 1

2 − 5i  is Hermitian matrix.
5 − 2i 2 + 5i 2 

2 + i 3 − 1 + 3i 
(iv) If A =  verify that A*A is the Hermitian matrix. Where A* is conjugate transpose of A
 −5 i 4 − 2i 
𝛼 + 𝑖𝛾 −𝛽 + 𝑖𝛿
(v) Define Unitary matrix, show that [ ] is Unitary matrix if  2 +  2 +  2 +  2 =1 .
𝛽 + 𝑖𝛿 𝛼 − 𝑖𝛾
1 1 1+𝑖
(vi) Define the Unitary matrix. Show that the following matrix is Unitary: [ ]
√3 1 − 𝑖 −1
(vii) Show that the characteristic roots of a Skew- Hermitian matrix are either zero or purely an imaginary number.
0 1 + 2𝑖
(viii) If A = [ ] , 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 (𝐼 − 𝐴)(𝐼 + 𝐴)−1 is Unitary matrix.
−1 + 2𝑖 0
(ix) Show that in a Skew-Symmetric matrix the diagonal elements are zero.
(x) If 𝐴 is a Skew-Hermitian matrix, then show that 𝑖𝐴 is Hermitian.
(xi) Show that the characteristic roots of a Skew-Hermitian matrix is either zero or purely an imaginary number.
(xii) If 𝜇 is an Eigen value of a non-singular matrix 𝐴, show that 𝜇 −1 is an Eigen value of 𝐴−1 .

22. In a T20 match, Chennai Super Kings needed just 6 runs to win with 1 ball left to go in the last over. The last ball was
bowled and the batsman at the crease hit it high up. The ball traversed along a path in a vertical plane and the equation of the
path is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 with respect to a xy-coordinate system in the vertical plane and the ball traversed through the points
(10,8), (20,16), (30,18), can you conclude that Chennai Super Kings won the match?
Justify your answer. (All distances are measured in metres and the meeting point of the plane of the path with the farthest
boundary line is (70, 0).)
23. The upward speed v(t) of a rocket at time t is approximated by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, 0 ≤ t ≤ 100, where a, b, and c are
constants. It has been found that the speed at times t = 3, t = 6 , and t = 9 seconds are respectively, 64, 133, and 208 miles per
second respectively. Find the speed at time t = 15 seconds.